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Shukla AK, Bhandari S, Mitra S, Kim B, Dey KK. Buoyancy-Driven Micro/-Nanomotors: From Fundamentals to Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308580. [PMID: 38225699 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The progression of self-powered micro/-nanomotors (MNMs) has rapidly evolved over the past few decades, showing applications in various fields such as nanotechnology, biomedical engineering, microfluidics, environmental science, and energy harvesting. Miniaturized MNMs transduce chemical/biochemical energies into mechanical motion for navigating through complex fluidic environments with directional control via external forces fields such as magnetic, photonic, and electric stimuli. Among various propulsion mechanisms, buoyancy-driven MNMs have received noteworthy recognition due to their simplicity, efficiency, and versatility. Buoyancy force-driven motors harness the principles of density variation-mediated force to overcome fluidic resistance to navigate through complex environments. Restricting the propulsion in one direction helps to control directional movement, making it more efficient in isotropic solutions. The changes in pH, ionic strength, chemical concentration, solute gradients, or the presence of specific molecules can influence the motion of buoyancy-driven MNMs as evidenced by earlier reports. This review aims to provide a fundamental and detailed analysis of the current state-of-the-art in buoyancy-driven MNMs, aiming to inspire further research and innovation in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Shukla
- Laboratory of Soft and Living Materials, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Satyapriya Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry, Kandi Raj College, University of Kalyani, Murshidabad, Kandi, West Bengal, 742137, India
| | - Shirsendu Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Byungki Kim
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31253, Republic of Korea
- Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Krishna Kanti Dey
- Laboratory of Soft and Living Materials, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382055, India
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Huang H, Yang S, Ying Y, Chen X, Puigmartí-Luis J, Zhang L, Pané S. 3D Motion Manipulation for Micro- and Nanomachines: Progress and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305925. [PMID: 37801654 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, micro- and nanomachines (MNMs) have made outstanding achievements in the fields of targeted drug delivery, tumor therapy, microsurgery, biological detection, and environmental monitoring and remediation. Researchers have made significant efforts to accelerate the rapid development of MNMs capable of moving through fluids by means of different energy sources (chemical reactions, ultrasound, light, electricity, magnetism, heat, or their combinations). However, the motion of MNMs is primarily investigated in confined two-dimensional (2D) horizontal setups. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) motion control remains challenging, especially for vertical movement and control, significantly limiting its potential applications in cargo transportation, environmental remediation, and biotherapy. Hence, an urgent need is to develop MNMs that can overcome self-gravity and controllably move in 3D spaces. This review delves into the latest progress made in MNMs with 3D motion capabilities under different manipulation approaches, discusses the underlying motion mechanisms, explores potential design concepts inspired by nature for controllable 3D motion in MNMs, and presents the available 3D observation and tracking systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shihao Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yulong Ying
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiangzhong Chen
- Institute of Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland
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Mujtaba J, Liu J, Dey KK, Li T, Chakraborty R, Xu K, Makarov D, Barmin RA, Gorin DA, Tolstoy VP, Huang G, Solovev AA, Mei Y. Micro-Bio-Chemo-Mechanical-Systems: Micromotors, Microfluidics, and Nanozymes for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007465. [PMID: 33893682 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wireless nano-/micromotors powered by chemical reactions and/or external fields generate motive forces, perform tasks, and significantly extend short-range dynamic responses of passive biomedical microcarriers. However, before micromotors can be translated into clinical use, several major problems, including the biocompatibility of materials, the toxicity of chemical fuels, and deep tissue imaging methods, must be solved. Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (e.g., catalase, oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase), that is, nanozymes, can significantly expand the scope of micromotors' chemical fuels. A convergence of nanozymes, micromotors, and microfluidics can lead to a paradigm shift in the fabrication of multifunctional micromotors in reasonable quantities, encapsulation of desired subsystems, and engineering of FDA-approved core-shell structures with tuneable biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Microfluidic methods are used to prepare stable bubbles/microbubbles and capsules integrating ultrasound, optoacoustic, fluorescent, and magnetic resonance imaging modalities. The aim here is to discuss an interdisciplinary approach of three independent emerging topics: micromotors, nanozymes, and microfluidics to creatively: 1) embrace new ideas, 2) think across boundaries, and 3) solve problems whose solutions are beyond the scope of a single discipline toward the development of micro-bio-chemo-mechanical-systems for diverse bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawayria Mujtaba
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Krishna K Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Tianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Rik Chakraborty
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Kailiang Xu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman A Barmin
- Center of Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Center of Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobelya Str, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Valeri P Tolstoy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Abubakar AA, Yilbas BS, Al-Qahtani H, Hassan G, Yakubu M, Hatab SB. Carbonated water droplets on a dusty hydrophobic surface. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7144-7155. [PMID: 32666999 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dust mitigation from surfaces remains essential, particularly for the efficient operation of energy harnessing devices. Although various dust removal methods have been introduced, the self-cleaning method is favorable because of the cost-effective cleaning process. Dust mitigation from surfaces by water droplets, mimicking nature, is fruitful because it involves low-cost operations. The dust removal rate from surfaces by rolling water droplets can be increased by creating bubbles inside the rolling droplets through which dust pinning on surfaces can be lowered and the droplet liquid infusion on dust surfaces can be enhanced. This study provides insight into bubble formation and dust mitigation in carbonated and distilled water droplets located on hydrophobic surfaces by examining bubble formation and dust distribution inside the water droplets. The behavior of bubbles inside the carbonated water droplet and emanating from the hydrophobic surface was recorded and analyzed by incorporating high-speed camera data. The influence of environmental dust particles on bubble formation was also assessed. Bubble velocity was formulated analytically and the findings are compared with those of the experimental values. Findings revealed that the bubble formation inside the carbonated droplet fluid had a significant effect on the transition of dust particles from the hydrophobic surface towards the droplet fluid. The volume concentration of dust particles in the carbonated water droplet was almost 1.5 to 2.5 times larger than that of the distilled water droplet. The dissolution of alkaline and alkaline earth metal compounds in the carbonated droplet fluid acted like nucleation centers for bubble formation; hence, the number of bubbles formed on the dusty hydrophobic surface was greater than that of the clean hydrophobic surface. Some bubbles attached at the dust particle surface contributed to dust mobility in the droplet fluid, which occurred particularly in the droplet bottom region. This enhanced the velocity of the dust particles transiting from the dusty hydrophobic surface to the droplet fluid interior by almost 1.5 times in the early period.
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Lin X, Xu B, Zhu H, Liu J, Solovev A, Mei Y. Requirement and Development of Hydrogel Micromotors towards Biomedical Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020. [PMID: 32728669 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7659749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With controllable size, biocompatibility, porosity, injectability, responsivity, diffusion time, reaction, separation, permeation, and release of molecular species, hydrogel microparticles achieve multiple advantages over bulk hydrogels for specific biomedical procedures. Moreover, so far studies mostly concentrate on local responses of hydrogels to chemical and/or external stimuli, which significantly limit the scope of their applications. Tetherless micromotors are autonomous microdevices capable of converting local chemical energy or the energy of external fields into motive forces for self-propelled or externally powered/controlled motion. If hydrogels can be integrated with micromotors, their applicability can be significantly extended and can lead to fully controllable responsive chemomechanical biomicromachines. However, to achieve these challenging goals, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and motive mechanisms of hydrogel micromotors need to be simultaneously integrated. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of micromotors and hydrogels and proposes next steps required for the development of hydrogel micromotors, which become increasingly important for in vivo and in vitro bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alexander Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Lin X, Xu B, Zhu H, Liu J, Solovev A, Mei Y. Requirement and Development of Hydrogel Micromotors towards Biomedical Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:7659749. [PMID: 32728669 PMCID: PMC7368969 DOI: 10.34133/2020/7659749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With controllable size, biocompatibility, porosity, injectability, responsivity, diffusion time, reaction, separation, permeation, and release of molecular species, hydrogel microparticles achieve multiple advantages over bulk hydrogels for specific biomedical procedures. Moreover, so far studies mostly concentrate on local responses of hydrogels to chemical and/or external stimuli, which significantly limit the scope of their applications. Tetherless micromotors are autonomous microdevices capable of converting local chemical energy or the energy of external fields into motive forces for self-propelled or externally powered/controlled motion. If hydrogels can be integrated with micromotors, their applicability can be significantly extended and can lead to fully controllable responsive chemomechanical biomicromachines. However, to achieve these challenging goals, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and motive mechanisms of hydrogel micromotors need to be simultaneously integrated. This review summarizes recent achievements in the field of micromotors and hydrogels and proposes next steps required for the development of hydrogel micromotors, which become increasingly important for in vivo and in vitro bioapplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Lin
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Borui Xu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Alexander Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of ASIC and Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Wang Y, Li Z, Solovev AA, Huang G, Mei Y. Light-controlled two-dimensional TiO 2 plate micromotors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29433-29439. [PMID: 35528446 PMCID: PMC9071806 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, UV light-controlled two-dimensional (2D) TiO2 plate micromotors are demonstrated for the first time. The 2D TiO2 micromotors are produced by the well-known anodic oxidation method in combination with a cracking and separation process. When the motor is placed in H2O2 aqueous solution under UV irradiation, oxygen bubbles are generated in the holes of the TiO2 membrane. The 2D micromotor thus moves upon O2 bubbles under its own weight. In contrast to bubble-propelled micromotors, which require an addition of surfactants to chemical fuels, the 2D micromotor is capable of moving in aqueous H2O2 solution without surfactants. Moreover, speed of the 2D TiO2 micromotor can be controlled by the intensity of the UV light. Such surfactant-free micromotors and their facile fabrication hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications in the biomedical and energy fields, for example, and in new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 201300 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Shanghai University of Electric Power Shanghai 201300 People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander A Solovev
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
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Naeem S, Naeem F, Liu J, Quiñones VAB, Zhang J, He L, Huang G, Solovev AA, Mei Y. Oxygen Microbubble Generator Enabled by Tunable Catalytic Microtubes. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2431-2434. [PMID: 31087618 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumayyah Naeem
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Farah Naeem
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Material Science and EngineeringDonghua University Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrun Liu
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jing Zhang
- College of ScienceDonghua University Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Le He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & DevicesSoochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander A. Solovev
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 People's Republic of China
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Wang Q, Dong R, Wang C, Xu S, Chen D, Liang Y, Ren B, Gao W, Cai Y. Glucose-Fueled Micromotors with Highly Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalytic Propulsion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6201-6207. [PMID: 30672287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic micro/nanomotors fueled by glucose are highly desired for numerous practical applications because of the biocompatibility of their required fuel. However, currently all of the glucose-fueled micro/nanomotors are based on enzyme-catalytic-driven mechanisms, which usually suffer from strict operation conditions and weak propulsion characteristics that greatly limit their applications. Here, we report a highly efficient glucose-fueled cuprous oxide@N-doped carbon nanotube (Cu2O@N-CNT) micromotor, which can be activated by environment-friendly visible-light photocatalysis. The speeds of such Cu2O@N-CNT micromotors can reach up to 18.71 μm/s, which is comparable to conventional Pt-based catalytic Janus micromotors usually fueled by toxic H2O2 fuel. In addition, the velocities of such motors can be efficiently regulated by multiple approaches, such as adjusting the N-CNT content within the micromotors, glucose concentrations, or light intensities. Furthermore, the Cu2O@N-CNT micromotors exhibit a highly controllable negative phototaxis behavior (moving away from light sources). Such motors with outstanding propulsion in biological environments and wireless, repeatable, and light-modulated three-dimensional motion control are extremely attractive for future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Renfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Chun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Shuyu Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Decheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Yuying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Biye Ren
- Research Institute of Materials Science , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Yuepeng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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