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Jeong S, Joo JM. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Divergent C-H Functionalization of Five-Membered Heteroarenes. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4518-4529. [PMID: 34886664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of common reactants to diverse products is a key objective of organic syntheses. Recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization have increased the interest in such conversions. Both the position of functionalization and the type of the substituent can be varied, allowing systematic diversification of common structural cores. Because five-membered heteroarenes (pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, pyrrole, and thiophene) are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and organic functional materials, the selective C-H functionalization of these heterocyclic cores facilitates both the optimization of their physicochemical properties and streamlining of their preparation. In addition, the parent forms of these heterocycles are more readily available and inexpensive than any other derivatives of their families. Hence, their nondirected C-H functionalization is highly desirable. Although various regioselective reactions have been developed, many of them target the most reactive site; hence, except for some extensively studied arylation reactions, regiodivergent functionalization of two or more sites has been limited.This Account summarizes our work on the regiodivergent, nondirected C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes with alkenes and alkynes. These unsaturated hydrocarbons are readily available, and all the composing atoms can be incorporated into products with high atom efficiency. Furthermore, the installed alkenyl groups can be transformed to other useful functional groups. To achieve comparable selectivity to that observed in the traditional reactions of these heteroarenes with highly electrophilic reagents and strong bases, a transition metal catalytic system was carefully devised with a more streamlined synthesis. A judicious choice of metals, ligands, acid and base additives, and solvents orchestrates divergent transformations using electronic and steric effects of the heteroarenes. Although C-H cleavage is a rate- and site-selectivity-determining step in most cases, the subsequent steps involving the formation of C-C bonds are often more critical than the other steps. For the C-H cleavage step, modulating the electronic properties of catalysts to make them electrophilic allows preferential alkenylation at the nucleophilic position. In addition, the presence of an internal base that can be exploited for concerted metalation-deprotonation of the acidic C-H bond offers alternative regioselectivity. Furthermore, we developed our own ligand system based on a conformationally rigid pyrazolonaphthyridine scaffold that enables aerobic C-H alkenylation reactions with steric control. We showed that the electronic and steric effects of heteroarenes can be further extended to chemodivergent reactions with norbornene derivatives. Depending on whether the palladacycle is formed, heteroarenes selectively undergo 1:2 annulation with norbornene derivatives and three-component reactions with other azoles through the Pd-norbornene adducts or Catellani and 2:1 annulation reactions through the palladacycle intermediates.Other research groups have also contributed to the development of divergent reactions, in investigations ranging from the pioneering studies in the early days of research on C-H functionalization to recent studies with new ligands. We have also discussed these studies in context. These approaches provide access to many heteroarenes with systematically varied substituents. We believe that new ligand systems and mechanistic insights gained through these studies will enrich fields beyond C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
CuH-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular allylation of benzimidazoles with allenes have been described. The reaction proceeded smoothly with the catalytic system of Cu(OAc)2/Xantphos and catalytic amount of (MeO)2MeSiH. This protocol features mild reaction conditions and a good tolerance of substrates bearing electron-withdrawing, electron-donating, or electron-neutral groups. A new catalytic mechanism was proposed for this copper hydride catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Dong
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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3
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Palladium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative C-2 Alkenylation of 5-Arylimidazoles and Related Azoles with Styrenes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of carbon–carbon bonds by direct involvement of two unactivated carbon–hydrogen bonds, without any directing group, ensures a high atom economy of the entire process. Here, we describe a simple protocol for the Pd(II)/Cu(II)-promoted intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of 5-arylimidazoles, benzimidazoles, benzoxazole and 4,5-diphenylimidazole at their C-2 position with functionalized styrenes. This specific CDC, known as the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction or oxidative Heck coupling, also allowed the C-4 alkenylation of the imidazole nucleus when both 2 and 5 positions were occupied.
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4
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Panda P, Pal K, Chakroborty S. Robust molecular trends in Pd-catalyzed C(sp2/sp3)-H activation reactions – A review. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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5
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Bellina F, Biagetti M, Guariento S, Lessi M, Fausti M, Ronchi P, Rosadoni E. Ligand-free Pd/Ag-mediated dehydrogenative alkynylation of imidazole derivatives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25504-25509. [PMID: 35478867 PMCID: PMC9036978 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05303e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of 2-alkynyl(benzo)imidazoles have been synthesized by dehydrogenative alkynylation of (benzo)imidazoles with terminal alkyne in NMP under air in the presence of Ag2CO3 as the oxidant and Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst precursor. The data obtained in this study support a reaction mechanism involving a non-concerted metalation deprotonation (n-CMD) pathway. The regioselective synthesis of 2-alkynyl(benz)imidazoles was successfully achieved by Pd(ii)/Ag(i)-mediated dehydrogenative alkynylation of the corresponding (benz)imidazoles with terminal alkynes in an open vessel.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bellina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Matteo Biagetti
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A
- Centro Ricerche
- 43122 Parma
- Italy
| | - Sara Guariento
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A
- Centro Ricerche
- 43122 Parma
- Italy
| | - Marco Lessi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Mattia Fausti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Chemistry Research and Drug Design
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A
- Centro Ricerche
- 43122 Parma
- Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosadoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- Università di Pisa
- 56124 Pisa
- Italy
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6
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Chen S, Ranjan P, Voskressensky LG, Van der Eycken EV, Sharma UK. Recent Developments in Transition-Metal Catalyzed Direct C-H Alkenylation, Alkylation, and Alkynylation of Azoles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214970. [PMID: 33121108 PMCID: PMC7662665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition metal-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization of azoles has emerged as one of the most important strategies to decorate these biologically important scaffolds. Despite significant progress in the C–H functionalization of various heteroarenes, the regioselective alkylation and alkenylation of azoles are still arduous transformations in many cases. This review covers recent advances in the direct C–H alkenylation, alkylation and alkynylation of azoles utilizing transition metal-catalysis. Moreover, the limitations of different strategies, chemoselectivity and regioselectivity issues will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (S.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (S.C.); (P.R.)
| | - Leonid G. Voskressensky
- Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya street 6, RU-117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Erik V. Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (S.C.); (P.R.)
- Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya street 6, RU-117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (E.V.V.d.E.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Upendra K. Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; (S.C.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.V.d.E.); (U.K.S.)
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Bhandari MR, Herath AK, Rasapalli S, Yousufuddin M, Lovely CJ. Total Synthesis of the Nagelamides - Synthetic Studies toward the Reported Structure of Nagelamide D and Nagelamide E Framework. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12971-12987. [PMID: 32880173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nagelamides are a small subset of the oroidin family of marine sponge-derived alkaloids and are, for the most part, dimeric in nature. As part of our efforts to develop synthetic access to this family, a Stille cross-coupling strategy is used to construct the bis-imidazolyl core skeleton. Reduction of the bis-vinylimidazole delivered the core framework of nagelamide D. Introduction of the 2-amino groups via the corresponding azides and introduction of the pyrrolecarboxamides through a double Mitsunobu reaction using a pyrrole hydantoin provided the putative structure of nagelamide D. The spectroscopic data for the synthetic and sponge-derived materials did not match well, whereas the spectroscopic data were a good match for closely related oroidin alkaloids, supporting the structure of the synthetic material. The structure of the synthetic material was further corroborated by obtaining an X-ray crystal structure of a derivative. Electrocyclization of an advanced precursor affords a dihydrobenzimidazole, which is expected to serve as a key intermediate en route to nagelamide E and ageliferin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar R Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas of Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Apsara K Herath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas of Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Sivappa Rasapalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Rd, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | - Muhammed Yousufuddin
- Life and Health Sciences Department, University of North Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75241, United States
| | - Carl J Lovely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas of Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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8
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Cui H, Liu S, Xiao X. Palladium Catalyzed Direct Alkenylation of Dihydropyrrolo[2,1‐
a
]isoquinolines through the Oxidative Heck Reaction. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences 319 Honghe Ave. 402160 Chongqing, Yongchuan P.R. China
| | - Si‐Wei Liu
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences 319 Honghe Ave. 402160 Chongqing, Yongchuan P.R. China
- Tonichem Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. 516008 Huizhou P.R. China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences 319 Honghe Ave. 402160 Chongqing, Yongchuan P.R. China
- Tonichem Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. 516008 Huizhou P.R. China
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9
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Herrera F, Luna A, Fernández I, Almendros P. Transition metal-free cyclobutene rearrangement in fused naphthalen-1-ones: controlled access to functionalized quinones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1290-1293. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08628e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The divergent preparation of 1,4-naphthoquinones and tetraphene-7,12-diones, which bear the ABCD-ring of landomycins, has been accomplished directly through oxidative reorganization of previously non-isolable cyclobuta[a]naphthalen-4(2H)-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Herrera
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Unidad Asociada al CSIC
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | - Amparo Luna
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Unidad Asociada al CSIC
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Facultad de CC. Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Pedro Almendros
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General
- IQOG-CSIC
- Juan de la Cierva 3
- 28006-Madrid
- Spain
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Lee W, Shin C, Park SE, Joo JM. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Thiazole-Containing Triarylethylenes by Hydroarylation of Alkynes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12913-12924. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woohyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Eun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lvov AG, Kavun AM, Kachala VV, Lyssenko KA, Shirinian VZ. Photorearrangement of dihetarylethenes as a tool for the benzannulation of heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4990-5000. [PMID: 30964495 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A general strategy for the preparative benzannulation of aromatic heterocycles via photocyclization of 1,2-dihetarylethenes was proposed for the first time. The strategy includes two steps, namely, modular assembly of dihetarylethenes from widely available 3-hetarylacetic acids and 2-bromo-1-hetarylethanones, and subsequent preparative photorearrangement (using a UV lamp at 365 nm as the light source). This approach is efficient for the annulation of a wide range of heterocycles and provides C-, N-, O- or S-substituents in the benzoheterocycles obtained. The photochemical step is a metal-, acid-, and oxidant-free reaction, which requires non-inert conditions, and can be easily monitored by NMR spectroscopy. Applicability of the proposed strategy was tested in the synthesis of a wide range of substituted carbazoles and benzo[b]thiophenes as well as on a gram-scale benzannulation of 3-indoleacetic acid. Our study disclosed how to overcome two notable obstacles to the successful photorearrangement of dihetarylethenes: undesired reactions associated with photogenerated singlet oxygen, and the instability of desired products. The first problem was successfully solved by the addition of DABCO, while development of an in situ alkylation protocol to trap unstable photoproducts allowed us to overcome the second issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey M Kavun
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation. and Higher Chemical College, D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V Kachala
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valerii Z Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prospect, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Togo T, Sohma Y, Kuninobu Y, Kanai M. Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Heteroarylation of 2,5-Disubstituted Imidazoles. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:196-198. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Togo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Youhei Sohma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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