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Li H, Wang J, Jiao L, Hao E. BODIPY-based photocages: rational design and their biomedical application. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5770-5789. [PMID: 38752310 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01412j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Photocages, also known as photoactivated protective groups (PPGs), have been utilized to achieve controlled release of target molecules in a non-invasive and spatiotemporal manner. In the past decade, BODIPY fluorophores, a well-established class of fluorescent dyes, have emerged as a novel type of photoactivated protective group capable of efficiently releasing cargo species upon irradiation. This is due to their exceptional properties, including high molar absorption coefficients, resistance to photochemical and thermal degradation, multiple modification sites, favorable uncaging quantum yields, and highly adjustable spectral properties. Compared to traditional photocages that mainly absorb UV light, BODIPY-based photocages that absorb visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) light offer advantages such as deeper tissue penetration and reduced bio-autofluorescence, making them highly suitable for various biomedical applications. Consequently, different types of photoactivated protective groups based on the BODIPY skeleton have been established. This highlight provides a comprehensive overview of the strategies employed to construct BODIPY photocages by substituting leaving groups at different positions within the BODIPY fluorophore, including the meso-methyl position, boron position, 2,6-position, and 3,5-position. Furthermore, the application of these BODIPY photocages in biomedical fields, such as fluorescence imaging and controlled release of active species, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Medicinal and Food Homologous Natural Resources Exploration, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Lijuan Jiao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Erhong Hao
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Doležel J, Poryvai A, Slanina T, Filgas J, Slavíček P. Spin-Vibronic Coupling Controls the Intersystem Crossing of Iodine-Substituted BODIPY Triplet Chromophores. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303154. [PMID: 37905588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
4,4-Difluoro-4-borata-3a-azonia-4a-aza-s-indacene (BODIPY) dyes are extensively used in various applications of their triplet states, ranging from photoredox catalysis, through triplet sensitization to photodynamic therapy. However, the rational design of BODIPY triplet chromophores by ab initio modelling is limited by their strong interactions of spin, electronic and vibrational dynamics. In particular, spin-vibronic coupling is often overlooked when estimating intersystem crossing (ISC) rates. In this study, a combined experimental and theoretical approach using spin-vibronic coupling to correctly describe ISC in BODIPY dyes was developed. For this purpose, seven π-extended BODIPY derivatives with iodine atoms in different positions were examined. It was found that the heavy-atom effect of iodine atoms is site specific, causing high triplet yields in only some positions. This site-specific ISC was explained by El-Sayed rules, so both the contribution and character of the molecular orbitals involved in the excitation must be considered when predicting the ISC rates. Overall, the rational design of BODIPY triplet chromophores requires using (i) the high-quality electronic structure theory, including both static and dynamical correlations; and (ii) the two-component wave function Hamiltonian, and rationalizing; and (iii) ISC based on the character of the molecular orbitals of heavy atoms involved in the excitation, expanding El-Sayed rules beyond their traditional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Doležel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Poryvai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Filgas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Shrestha P, Kand D, Weinstain R, Winter AH. meso-Methyl BODIPY Photocages: Mechanisms, Photochemical Properties, and Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17497-17514. [PMID: 37535757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
meso-methyl BODIPY photocages have recently emerged as an exciting new class of photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) that release leaving groups upon absorption of visible to near-infrared light. In this Perspective, we summarize the development of these PPGs and highlight their critical photochemical properties and applications. We discuss the absorption properties of the BODIPY PPGs, structure-photoreactivity studies, insights into the photoreaction mechanism, the scope of functional groups that can be caged, the chemical synthesis of these structures, and how substituents can alter the water solubility of the PPG and direct the PPG into specific subcellular compartments. Applications that exploit the unique optical and photochemical properties of BODIPY PPGs are also discussed, from wavelength-selective photoactivation to biological studies to photoresponsive organic materials and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Roy Weinstain
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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Shrestha P, Mukhopadhyay A, Dissanayake KC, Winter AH. Efficiency of Functional Group Caging with Second-Generation Green- and Red-Light-Labile BODIPY Photoremovable Protecting Groups. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14334-14341. [PMID: 36255274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BODIPY-based photocages release substrates by excitation with wavelengths in the visible to near-IR regions. The recent development of more efficient BODIPY photocages spurred us to evaluate the scope and efficiency of these second-generation boron-methylated green-light and red-light-absorbing BODIPY photocages. Here, we show that these more photosensitive photocages release amine, alcohol, phenol, phosphate, halides, and carboxylic acid derivatives with much higher quantum yields than first-generation BODIPY photocages and excellent chemical yields. Chemical yields are near-quantitative for the release of all functional groups except the photorelease of amines, which react with concomitantly photogenerated singlet oxygen. In these cases, high chemical yields for photoreleased amines are restored by irradiation under an inert atmosphere. The photorelease quantum yield has a weak relationship with the leaving group pKa of the green-absorbing BODIPY photocages but little relationship with the red-absorbing derivatives, suggesting that factors other than leaving group quality impact the quantum yield. For the photorelease of alcohols, in all cases a carbonate linker (that loses CO2 upon photorelease) significantly increases both the quantum yield and the chemical yield compared to those for direct photorelease via the ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa50010, United States
| | - Atreyee Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa50010, United States
| | - Komadhie C Dissanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa50010, United States
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa50010, United States
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Da Lama A, Pérez Sestelo J, Sarandeses LA, Martínez MM. Microwave-assisted direct synthesis of BODIPY dyes and derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9132-9137. [PMID: 36177899 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microwave-assisted one-pot synthesis of BODIPY dyes from pyrroles and acyl chlorides is reported. This protocol features short reaction times, low temperatures, minimum amount of solvent, scalability, versatility, and good yields of the products. These simple, efficient and sustainable conditions can be also applied to the synthesis of derivatives such as BOPHY, BOAHY and BOPAHY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Da Lama
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - José Pérez Sestelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Luis A Sarandeses
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - M Montserrat Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Departamento de Química, Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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Giofrè SV, Tiecco M, Ferlazzo A, Romeo R, Ciancaleoni G, Germani R, Iannazzo D. Base‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Click Cycloadditions (CuAAc) in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green and Catalytic Reaction Media**. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Vincenzo Giofrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali Università di Messina Viale Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Matteo Tiecco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Angelo Ferlazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Università of Messina Contrada Di Dio 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Roberto Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali Università di Messina Viale Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale (DCCI) Università di Pisa Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Raimondo Germani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Daniela Iannazzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Università of Messina Contrada Di Dio 98166 Messina Italy
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Seo E, Oh J, Lee S. Metal‐Free Decarboxylation of Alkynoic Acids for the Synthesis of Terminal Alkynes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyeong Seo
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Oh
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University Gwangju 61186 Republic of Korea
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Discovery of novel anti-angiogenesis agents. Part 9: Multiplex inhibitors suppressing compensatory activations of RTKs. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:440-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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