1
|
Sudol ASL, Crispin M, Tews I. The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 are distinguished by conformation and antibody recognition. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107245. [PMID: 38569940 PMCID: PMC11063906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The IgG-specific endoglycosidases EndoS and EndoS2 from Streptococcus pyogenes can remove conserved N-linked glycans present on the Fc region of host antibodies to inhibit Fc-mediated effector functions. These enzymes are therefore being investigated as therapeutics for suppressing unwanted immune activation, and have additional application as tools for antibody glycan remodeling. EndoS and EndoS2 differ in Fc glycan substrate specificity due to structural differences within their catalytic glycosyl hydrolase domains. However, a chimeric EndoS enzyme with a substituted glycosyl hydrolase from EndoS2 loses catalytic activity, despite high structural homology between the two enzymes, indicating either mechanistic divergence of EndoS and EndoS2, or improperly-formed domain interfaces in the chimeric enzyme. Here, we present the crystal structure of the EndoS2-IgG1 Fc complex determined to 3.0 Å resolution. Comparison of complexed and unliganded EndoS2 reveals relative reorientation of the glycosyl hydrolase, leucine-rich repeat and hybrid immunoglobulin domains. The conformation of the complexed EndoS2 enzyme is also different when compared to the earlier EndoS-IgG1 Fc complex, and results in distinct contact surfaces between the two enzymes and their Fc substrate. These findings indicate mechanistic divergence of EndoS2 and EndoS. It will be important to consider these differences in the design of IgG-specific enzymes, developed to enable customizable antibody glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S L Sudol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Z, Zou X, Tang F, Huang W. Recent advances in antibody glycoengineering for the gain of functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 78:102420. [PMID: 38168590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Glycans play important roles in antibody functions, and antibody glycoengineering has long been an important research field. Here, we summarize the significant strategies of antibody glycoengineering, including expressed antibody glycoengineering in mammalian cell expression systems, chemo-enzymatic antibody glycoengineering, and yeast expression system-based antibody engineering, as well as the applications of glycoengineering in antibody-drug conjugates. These advances in antibody glycoengineering will provide a comprehensive understanding and inspire us to develop more advanced techniques to achieve glycoengineered antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiangman Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang HW, Shivatare VS, Tseng TH, Wong CH. Cell-based production of Fc-GlcNAc and Fc-alpha-2,6 sialyl glycan enriched antibody with improved effector functions through glycosylation pathway engineering. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.18.572280. [PMID: 38187613 PMCID: PMC10769250 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.18.572280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylation of antibody plays an important role in Fc-mediated killing of tumor cells and virus-infected cells through effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) and vaccinal effect. Previous studies showed that therapeutical humanized antibodies with α2-6 sialyl complex type (SCT) glycan attached to Fc-Asn297 exhibited optimal binding to the Fc receptors on effector cells associated with ADCC, ADCP and vaccinal effect. However, the production of antibodies with homogeneous Fc-SCT needs multiple in vitro enzymatic and purification steps. In this study, we report two different approaches to shorten the processes to produce SCT-enriched antibodies. First, we expressed a bacterial endoglycosidase in GNT1-KO EXPI293 cells to trim all N -glycans to mono-GlcNAc glycoforms for in vitro transglycosylation to generate homogeneous SCT antibody. Second, we engineered the glycosylation pathway of HEK293 cells through knockout of the undesired glycosyltransferases and expression of the desired glycosyltransferases to produce SCT enriched antibodies with similar binding affinity to Fc receptors and ADCC activity to homogenous SCT antibody.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shivatare VS, Huang HW, Tseng TH, Chuang PK, Zeng YF, Wong CH. Probing the Internalization and Efficacy of Antibody-Drug Conjugate via Site-Specific Fc-Glycan Labelling of a Homogeneous Antibody Targeting SSEA-4 Bearing Tumors. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202300042. [PMID: 38348405 PMCID: PMC10861153 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADC) are an emerging class of pharmaceuticals consisting of cytotoxic agents covalently attached to an antibody designed to target a specific cancer cell surface molecule followed by internalization and intracellular release of payload to exhibit its anticancer activity. Targeted delivery of cytotoxic payload to a variety of specific cells has been demonstrated to have significant enhancement in clinical efficacy and dramatic reduction in off-target toxicity. Site-specific conjugation of payload to the antibody is highly desirable for development of ADC with well-defined antibody-to-drug ratio, enhanced internalization, reduced toxicity, improved stability, desired pharmacological profile and optimal therapeutic index. Here, we reported a site-specific conjugation strategy for evaluation of antibody internalization and efficacy of ADC designed to target SSEA4 on solid tumors. This strategy stems from the azido-fucose tag of a homogeneous antibody Fc-glycan generated via in vitro glycoengineering approach for site-specific conjugation and optimization of antibody-drug ratio to exhibit optimal efficacy. The ADC consisting of a chimeric anti-SSEA4 antibody chMC813-70, conjugated to the antineo-plastic agent monomethyl auristatin E via both cleavable and non-cleavable linkers showed excellent cytotoxicity profile towards SSEA4-bearing cancer cells. A clear distinction in cytotoxicity was observed among cancer cells with different SSEA4 expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S Shivatare
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Han-Wen Huang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Tzu-Hao Tseng
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Po-Kai Chuang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yi-Fang Zeng
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shivatare VS, Chuang PK, Tseng TH, Zeng YF, Huang HW, Veeranjaneyulu G, Wu HC, Wong CH. Study on antibody Fc-glycosylation for optimal effector functions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5555-5558. [PMID: 37071468 PMCID: PMC10259620 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive structure-activity relationship study on antibody Fc-glycosylation has been performed using the chimeric anti-SSEA4 antibody chMC813-70 as a model. The α-2,6 sialylated biantennary complex type glycan was identified as the optimal Fc-glycan with significant enhancement in antibody effector functions, including binding to different Fc receptors and ADCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Po-Kai Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Tzu-Hao Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Yi-Fang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Han-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Gannedi Veeranjaneyulu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ouadhi S, López DMV, Mohideen FI, Kwan DH. Engineering the enzyme toolbox to tailor glycosylation in small molecule natural products and protein biologics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzac010. [PMID: 36444941 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many glycosylated small molecule natural products and glycoprotein biologics are important in a broad range of therapeutic and industrial applications. The sugar moieties that decorate these compounds often show a profound impact on their biological functions, thus biocatalytic methods for controlling their glycosylation are valuable. Enzymes from nature are useful tools to tailor bioproduct glycosylation but these sometimes have limitations in their catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, regiospecificity, stereospecificity, or stability. Enzyme engineering strategies such as directed evolution or semi-rational and rational design have addressed some of the challenges presented by these limitations. In this review, we highlight some of the recent research on engineering enzymes to tailor the glycosylation of small molecule natural products (including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides), as well as the glycosylation of protein biologics (including hormones, enzyme-replacement therapies, enzyme inhibitors, vaccines, and antibodies).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ouadhi
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dulce María Valdez López
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - F Ifthiha Mohideen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David H Kwan
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zou X, Liu Z, Liu L, Shi W, Li W, Guo Z, Tang F, Huang W. Enhanced transglycosylation activity of an Endo-F3 mutant by ligand-directed localization. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3086-3095. [PMID: 35166761 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
At present, numerous studies have been reported to remodel the N-glycans of therapeutic antibodies for the gain of functions. Among the ways of remodeling antibody N-glycans, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering approach by endoglycosidase (ENGase) has been deeply investigated and provided a significant tool for IgG glycoengineering. Among these cases, the transglycosylation activity of Endo-F3, compared to Endo-S and S2, is insufficient and limits its power in remodeling IgG glycosylation. Herein, we chemically conjugated the Endo-F3 mutant D165A with an Fc binding peptide (FcBP), aiming to improve the affinity of Endo-F3 D165A to IgGs, and therefore enhance the transglycosylation activity of D165A. In this report, we investigated the conjugation site of FcBP to D165A and the linkers between them and found that the conjugation indeed significantly increases the transglycosylation activity of D165A. Meanwhile, we optimized the FcBP-D165A catalyzed transglycosylation process, including the enzyme quantity, oxazoline concentration, and so on. Finally, by this method, we remodeled the N-glycans of rituximab and trastuzumab into homogeneous S2G2F, G2F, GN2M3, and M3 types with decreased enzyme quantity, oxazoline ratio, and catalyzing time. This method not only provides an enhanced ENGase for IgG glycoengineering but also suggests that ligand-directed localization of enzymes is a potential strategy to enhance the activity of enzymes towards the targeted substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangman Zou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wanzhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Zifen Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sculpting therapeutic monoclonal antibody N-glycans using endoglycosidases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 72:248-259. [PMID: 34998123 PMCID: PMC8860878 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies are a prominent and expanding class of therapeutics used for the treatment of diverse human disorders. The chemical composition of the N-glycan on the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region determines the effector functions through interaction with the Fc gamma receptors and complement proteins. The chemoenzymatic synthesis using endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases) emerged as a strategy to obtain antibodies with customized glycoforms that modulate their therapeutic activity. We discuss the molecular mechanism by which ENGases recognize different N-glycans and protein substrates, especially those that are specific for IgG antibodies, in order to rationalize the glycoengineering of immunotherapeutic antibodies, which increase the impact on the treatment of myriad diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Takashima S, Kurogochi M, Tsukimura W, Mori M, Osumi K, Sugawara SI, Amano J, Mizuno M, Takada Y, Matsuda A. Preparation and biological activities of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies with multi-branched complex-type N-glycans. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1401-1414. [PMID: 34192331 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) has a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 in the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Previous studies have shown that N-glycosylation of this site is a critical mediator of the antibody's effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. While the N-glycan structures attached to the IgG-Fc region are generally heterogenous, IgGs engineered to be homogenously glycosylated with functional N-glycans may improve the efficacy of antibodies. The major glycoforms of the N-glycans on the IgG-Fc region are bi-antennary complex-type N-glycans, while multi-branched complex-type N-glycans are not typically found. However, IgGs with tri-antennary complex-type N-glycans have been generated using the N-glycan remodeling technique, suggesting that more branched N-glycans might be artificially attached. At present, little is known about the properties of these IgGs. In this study, IgGs with multi-branched N-glycans on the Fc region were prepared by using a combination of the glycosynthase/oxazoline substrate-based N-glycan remodeling technique and successive reactions with glycosyltransferases. Among the IgGs produced by these methods, the largest N-glycan attached was a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) containing a sialylated penta-antennary structure. Concerning the Fc-mediated effector functions, the majority of IgGs with tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans on their Fc region showed properties similar to IgGs with ordinary bi-antennary N-glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shou Takashima
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Masaki Kurogochi
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Wataru Tsukimura
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Masako Mori
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Kenji Osumi
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Sugawara
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Junko Amano
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takada
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan.,Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
On the Use of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing to Understand IgG-FcγR Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126616. [PMID: 34205578 PMCID: PMC8235063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical biosensors offer real-time and label-free analysis of protein interactions, which has extensively contributed to the discovery and development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). As the biopharmaceutical market for these biologics and their biosimilars is rapidly growing, the role of SPR biosensors in drug discovery and quality assessment is becoming increasingly prominent. One of the critical quality attributes of mAbs is the N-glycosylation of their Fc region. Other than providing stability to the antibody, the Fc N-glycosylation influences immunoglobulin G (IgG) interactions with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), modulating the immune response. Over the past two decades, several studies have relied on SPR-based assays to characterize the influence of N-glycosylation upon the IgG-FcγR interactions. While these studies have unveiled key information, many conclusions are still debated in the literature. These discrepancies can be, in part, attributed to the design of the reported SPR-based assays as well as the methodology applied to SPR data analysis. In fact, the SPR biosensor best practices have evolved over the years, and several biases have been pointed out in the development of experimental SPR protocols. In parallel, newly developed algorithms and data analysis methods now allow taking into consideration complex biomolecular kinetics. In this review, we detail the use of different SPR biosensing approaches for characterizing the IgG-FcγR interactions, highlighting their merit and inherent experimental complexity. Furthermore, we review the latest SPR-derived conclusions on the influence of the N-glycosylation upon the IgG-FcγR interactions and underline the differences and similarities across the literature. Finally, we explore new avenues taking advantage of novel computational analysis of SPR results as well as the latest strategies to control the glycoprofile of mAbs during production, which could lead to a better understanding and modelling of the IgG-FcγRs interactions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Manabe S, Yamaguchi Y. Antibody Glycoengineering and Homogeneous Antibody‐Drug Conjugate Preparation. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3005-3014. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Laboratory of Functional Molecule Chemistry Hoshi University 2-4-41 Ebara Shinagawa Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Development Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai Miyagi 980-8578 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University 4-4-1 Komatsushima Aobaku, Sendai Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chuang HY, Huang CC, Hung TC, Huang LY, Chiu CW, Chu KC, Liao JY, You TH, Wu CY, Chao P, Shivatare SS, Zeng YF, Tsai CS, Lin NH, Wu CY. Development of biotinylated and magnetic bead-immobilized enzymes for efficient glyco-engineering and isolation of antibodies. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104863. [PMID: 33823405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemoenzymatic remodeled monoclonal antidodies with well-defined glycan structure at the Fc domain display improved biological activities, such as ADCC and ADCP, and are more likely to yield a better safety profile by eliminating the non-human glycans derived from CHO cell culture. We covalently immobilize wild type endoglycosidase S (EndoS), fucosidase, and EndoS2 mutant on magnetic beads through a linker to efficiently generate homogeneous antibody glycoforms without additional purification step to remove endoglycosidase and fucosidase. We also used the biotinylated wild type EndoS2 and EndoS2 mutant in combination with covalently immobilized fucosidase on magnetic beads to allow the sequential removal of endoglycosidases and fucosidase for efficient glyco-engineering and isolation of antibodies without purifying deglycosylated antibody intermediate. Notably, the relatively expensive fucosidase can be recovered to reduce the cost, and the strong affinity of streptavidin to biotin would complete the isolation of biotinylated enzymes. We used Trastuzumab as a model to demonstrate both approaches were reliable for the large-scale production and isolation of antibodies without the residual contamination of endoglycosidase to avoid deglycosylation over storage time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yang Chuang
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Chen Huang
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Hung
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Ya Huang
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chiu
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Chu
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yu Liao
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hong You
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ping Chao
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Sachin S Shivatare
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Zeng
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Charng-Sheng Tsai
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Horng Lin
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- CHO Pharma Inc., 7F, Building C, No. 99, Ln. 130, Sec. 1, Academia Rd., Nangang Dist., Taipei City 115, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li D, Lou Y, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li J, Tao J. Sialylated immunoglobulin G: a promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5430-5446. [PMID: 33859756 PMCID: PMC8039950 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG), especially autoantibodies, has major implications for the diagnosis and management of a wide range of autoimmune diseases. However, some healthy individuals also have autoantibodies, while a portion of patients with autoimmune diseases test negative for serologic autoantibodies. Recent advances in glycomics have shown that IgG Fc N-glycosylations are more reliable diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers than total IgG autoantibodies in a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, these N-glycosylations of IgG Fc, particularly sialylation, have been reported to exert significant anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating inhibitory FcγRIIb on effector macrophages and reducing the affinity of IgG for either complement protein or activating Fc gamma receptors. Therefore, sialylated IgG is a potential therapeutic strategy for attenuating pathogenic autoimmunity. IgG sialylation-based therapies for autoimmune diseases generated through genetic, metabolic or chemoenzymatic modifications have made some advances in both preclinical studies and clinical trials.
Collapse
|
15
|
Katoh T, Yamamoto K. Innovative Preparation of Biopharmaceuticals Using Transglycosylation Activity of Microbial Endoglycosidases. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:1-9. [PMID: 34354540 PMCID: PMC8113915 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2020_0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most functional biopharmaceuticals such as antibodies are glycoproteins carrying N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans). In animal cells, these glycans are generally expressed as heterogeneous glycoforms that are difficult to separate into a pure form. The structure of these glycans directly affects several biological aspects of the glycoproteins, especially binding affinity. Therefore, the preparation of glycoproteins with well-defined and homogeneous glycoforms is necessary for functional studies and improved efficacy, particularly for biopharmaceuticals. This review describes the recent remarkable progress in the development and production of biopharmaceutical glycan-modified antibodies, through the use of glycan remodeling using microbial endoglycosidases and sophisticated glycoengineering techniques utilizing microbial enzymatic reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- 2 Center for Innovative and Joint Research, Wakayama University
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The importance of post-translational glycosylation in protein structure and function has gained significant clinical relevance recently. The latest developments in glycobiology, glycochemistry, and glycoproteomics have made the field more manageable and relevant to disease progression and immune-response signaling. Here, we summarize the current progress in glycoscience, including the new methodologies that have led to the introduction of programmable and automatic as well as large-scale enzymatic synthesis, and the development of glycan array, glycosylation probes, and inhibitors of carbohydrate-associated enzymes or receptors. These novel methodologies and tools have facilitated our understanding of the significance of glycosylation and development of carbohydrate-derived medicines that bring the field to the next level of scientific and medical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sjögren J, Lood R, Nägeli A. On enzymatic remodeling of IgG glycosylation; unique tools with broad applications. Glycobiology 2020; 30:254-267. [PMID: 31616919 PMCID: PMC7109354 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of IgG glycosylation has been known for many years not only by scientists in glycobiology but also by human pathogens that have evolved specific enzymes to modify these glycans with fundamental impact on IgG function. The rise of IgG as a major therapeutic scaffold for many cancer and immunological indications combined with the availability of unique enzymes acting specifically on IgG Fc-glycans have spurred a range of applications to study this important post-translational modification on IgG. This review article introduces why the IgG glycans are of distinguished interest, gives a background on the unique enzymatic tools available to study the IgG glycans and finally presents an overview of applications utilizing these enzymes for various modifications of the IgG glycans. The applications covered include site-specific glycan transglycosylation and conjugation, analytical workflows for monoclonal antibodies and serum diagnostics. Additionally, the review looks ahead and discusses the importance of O-glycosylation for IgG3, Fc-fusion proteins and other new formats of biopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Du JJ, Klontz EH, Guerin ME, Trastoy B, Sundberg EJ. Structural insights into the mechanisms and specificities of IgG-active endoglycosidases. Glycobiology 2020; 30:268-279. [PMID: 31172182 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved N-glycan on Asn297 of immunoglobulin G (IgG) has significant impacts on antibody effector functions, and is a frequent target for antibody engineering. Chemoenzymatic synthesis has emerged as a strategy for producing antibodies with homogenous glycosylation and improved effector functions. Central to this strategy is the use of enzymes with activity on the Asn297 glycan. EndoS and EndoS2, produced by Streptococcus pyogenes, are endoglycosidases with remarkable specificity for Asn297 glycosylation, making them ideal tools for chemoenzymatic synthesis. Although both enzymes are specific for IgG, EndoS2 recognizes a wider range of glycans than EndoS. Recent progress has been made in understanding the structural basis for their activities on antibodies. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanism of glycosidic bond cleavage by these enzymes and how specific point mutations convert them into glycosynthases. We also discuss the structural basis for differences in the glycan repertoire that IgG-active endoglycosidases recognize, which focuses on the structure of the loops within the glycoside hydrolase (GH) domain. Finally, we discuss the important contributions of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) to endoglycosidase activity, and how CBMs work in concert with GH domains to produce optimal activity on IgG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Du
- Institute of Human Virology 725 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Erik H Klontz
- Institute of Human Virology 725 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Program in Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 3, 48013 Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Program in Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Institute of Human Virology 725 W Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cambay F, Raymond C, Brochu D, Gilbert M, Tu TM, Cantin C, Lenferink A, Grail M, Henry O, De Crescenzo G, Durocher Y. Impact of IgG1 N-glycosylation on their interaction with Fc gamma receptors. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 1:23-37. [PMID: 35493857 PMCID: PMC9040152 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector functions of the IgGs are modulated by the N-glycosylation of their Fc region. Particularly, the absence of core fucosylation is known to increase the affinity of IgG1s for the Fcγ receptor IIIa expressed by immune cells, in turn translating in an improvement in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, the impact of galactosylation and sialylation is still debated in the literature. In this study, we have investigated the influence of high and low levels of core fucosylation, terminal galactosylation and terminal α2,6-sialylation of the Fc N-glycans of trastuzumab on its affinity for the FcγRIIIa. A large panel of antibody glycoforms (i.e., highly α2,6-sialylated or galactosylated IgG1s, with high or low levels of core fucosylation) were generated and characterized, while their interactions with the FcγRs were analysed by a robust surface plasmon resonance-based assay as well as in a cell-based reporter bioassay. Overall, IgG1 glycoforms with reduced fucosylation display a stronger affinity for the FcγRIIIa. In addition, fucosylation, and the presence of terminal galactose and sialic acids are shown to increase the affinity for the FcγRIIIa as compared to the agalactosylated forms. These observations perfectly translate in the response observed in our reporter bioassay. Rapid production in CHO cells of IgGs bearing defined and relevant N-glycans IgG1 N-glycosylation influence upon FcγRs binding studied in a robust SPR assay Excellent correlation between the EC50 from a cell-based assay and the affinities
Collapse
|
21
|
Bandi CK, Agrawal A, Chundawat SP. Carbohydrate-Active enZyme (CAZyme) enabled glycoengineering for a sweeter future. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:283-291. [PMID: 33176229 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the stumbling blocks to advance the field of glycobiology has been the difficulty in synthesis of bespoke carbohydrate-based molecules like glycopolymers (e.g. human milk oligosaccharides) and glycoconjugates (e.g. glycosylated monoclonal antibodies). Recent strides towards using engineered Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) like glycosyl transferases, transglycosidases, and glycosynthases for glycans synthesis has allowed production of diverse glycans. Here, we discuss enzymatic routes for glycans biosynthesis and recent advances in protein engineering strategies that enable improvement of CAZyme specificity and catalytic turnover. We focus on rational and directed evolution methods that have been developed to engineer CAZymes. Finally, we discuss how improved CAZymes have been used in recent years to remodel and synthesize glycans for biotherapeutics and biotechnology related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kanth Bandi
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shishir Ps Chundawat
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chao Q, Ding Y, Chen ZH, Xiang MH, Wang N, Gao XD. Recent Progress in Chemo-Enzymatic Methods for the Synthesis of N-Glycans. Front Chem 2020; 8:513. [PMID: 32612979 PMCID: PMC7309569 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation is one of the most common co- and post-translational modifications of both intra- and extracellularly distributing proteins, which directly affects their biological functions, such as protein folding, stability and intercellular traffic. Production of the structural well-defined homogeneous N-glycans contributes to comprehensive investigation of their biological roles and molecular basis. Among the various methods, chemo-enzymatic approach serves as an alternative to chemical synthesis, providing high stereoselectivity and economic efficiency. This review summarizes some recent advances in the chemo-enzymatic methods for the production of N-glycans, including the preparation of substrates and sugar donors, and the progress in the glycosyltransferases characterization which leads to the diversity of N-glycan synthesis. We discuss the bottle-neck and new opportunities in exploiting the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of N-glycans based on our research experiences. In addition, downstream applications of the constructed N-glycans, such as automation devices and homogeneous glycoproteins synthesis are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Meng-Hai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fairbanks AJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoproteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Cheng CW, Wu CY, Hsu WL, Wong CH. Programmable One-Pot Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Biochemistry 2019; 59:3078-3088. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lian Hsu
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Antibodies are immunoglobulins that play essential roles in immune systems. All antibodies are glycoproteins that carry at least one or more conserved N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) at the Fc domain. Many studies have demonstrated that both the presence and fine structures of the attached glycans can exert a profound impact on the biological functions and therapeutic efficacy of antibodies. However, antibodies usually exist as mixtures of heterogeneous glycoforms that are difficult to separate in pure glycoforms. Recent progress in glycoengineering has provided useful methods that enable production of glycan-defined and site-selectively modified antibodies for functional studies and for improved therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights major approaches in glycoengineering of antibodies with a focus on recent advances in three areas: glycoengineering through glycan biosynthetic pathway manipulation, glycoengineering through in vitro chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling, and glycoengineering of antibodies for site-specific antibody-drug conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - John P Giddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Tiezheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The translation of biological glycosylation in humans to the clinical applications involves systematic studies using homogeneous samples of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which could be accessed by chemical, enzymatic or other biological methods. However, the structural complexity and wide-range variations of glycans and their conjugates represent a major challenge in the synthesis of this class of biomolecules. To help navigate within many methods of oligosaccharide synthesis, this Perspective offers a critical assessment of the most promising synthetic strategies with an eye on the therapeutically relevant targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krasnova
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wada R, Matsui M, Kawasaki N. Influence of N-glycosylation on effector functions and thermal stability of glycoengineered IgG1 monoclonal antibody with homogeneous glycoforms. MAbs 2018; 11:350-372. [PMID: 30466347 PMCID: PMC6380427 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1551044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the conserved asparagine residue in each heavy chain of IgG in the CH2 domain is known as N-glycosylation. It is one of the most common post-translational modifications and important critical quality attributes of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Various studies have demonstrated the effects of the Fc N-glycosylation on safety, Fc effector functions, and pharmacokinetics, both dependent and independent of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) pathway. However, separation of various glycoforms to investigate the biological and functional relevance of glycosylation is a major challenge, and existing studies often discuss the overall impact of N-glycans, without considering the individual contributions of each glycoform when evaluating mAbs with highly heterogeneous distributions. In this study, chemoenzymatic glycoengineering incorporating an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) EndoS2 and its mutant with transglycosylation activity was used to generate mAb glycoforms with highly homogeneous and well-defined N-glycans to better understand and precisely evaluate the effect of each N-glycan structure on Fc effector functions and protein stability. We demonstrated that the core fucosylation, non-reducing terminal galactosylation, sialylation, and mannosylation of IgG1 mAb N-glycans impact not only on FcγRIIIa binding, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and C1q binding, but also FcRn binding, thermal stability and propensity for protein aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Wada
- a Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Labs ., Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma, Inc ., Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.,b Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science , Yokohama City University , Tsurumi , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- a Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Labs ., Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma, Inc ., Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- b Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science , Yokohama City University , Tsurumi , Yokohama , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most prevalent posttranslational modifications that profoundly affects the structure and functions of proteins in a wide variety of biological recognition events. However, the structural complexity and heterogeneity of glycoproteins, usually resulting from the variations of glycan components and/or the sites of glycosylation, often complicates detailed structure-function relationship studies and hampers the therapeutic applications of glycoproteins. To address these challenges, various chemical and biological strategies have been developed for producing glycan-defined homogeneous glycoproteins. This review highlights recent advances in the development of chemoenzymatic methods for synthesizing homogeneous glycoproteins, including the generation of various glycosynthases for synthetic purposes, endoglycosidase-catalyzed glycoprotein synthesis and glycan remodeling, and direct enzymatic glycosylation of polypeptides and proteins. The scope, limitation, and future directions of each method are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|