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Yanagi S, Matsumoto A, Toriumi N, Tanaka Y, Miyamoto K, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M. A Switchable Near-Infrared-Absorbing Dye Based on Redox-Bistable Benzitetraazaporphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218358. [PMID: 36670047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Activatable near-infrared (NIR) dyes responsive to external stimuli are used in medical and other applications. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of bench-stable 18π- and 20π-electron benzitetraazaporphyrins (BzTAPs) possessing redox-switchable NIR properties. X-Ray, NMR, and UV/Visible-NIR analyses revealed that 20π-electron BzTAP 1 exhibits NIR absorption and antiaromaticity with a paratropic ring-current, while 18π-electron BzTAP 2 shows weakly aromatic character with NIR inertness. Notably, the NIR-silent BzTAP 2 was readily converted to the NIR-active BzTAP 1 in the presence of mild reducing agents such as amine. The intense NIR absorption band of BzTAP 1 is in sharp contrast to the very weak absorption bands of previously reported antiaromatic porphyrinoids. Molecular orbital analysis revealed that symmetry-lowering perturbation of the 20π-electron porphyrinoid skeleton enables the HOMO-LUMO transition of 1 to be electric-dipole-allowed. BzTAPs are expected to be useful for constructing activatable NIR probes working in reductive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yanagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akihisa Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Advanced Elements Chemistry Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
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2
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Huang YT, Xue M, Yang Y. Imidazobenzimidazole fused azacalix [4]arenes: Synthesis, structure, and Zn2+-selective colorimetric-fluorometric sensor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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3
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Capart A, Metwally K, Bastiancich C, Da Silva A. Multiphysical numerical study of photothermal therapy of glioblastoma with photoacoustic temperature monitoring in a mouse head. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1202-1223. [PMID: 35414964 PMCID: PMC8973158 DOI: 10.1364/boe.444193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a multiphysical numerical study of a photothermal therapy performed on a numerical phantom of a mouse head containing a glioblastoma. The study has been designed to be as realistic as possible. Heat diffusion simulations were performed on the phantom to understand the temperature evolution in the mouse head and therefore in the glioblastoma. The thermal dose has been calculated and lesions caused by heat are shown. The thermal damage on the tumor has also been quantified. To improve the effectiveness of the therapy, the photoabsorber's concentration was increased locally, at the tumor site, to mimic the effect of using absorbing contrast agents such as nanoparticles. Photoacoustic simulations were performed in order to monitor temperature in the phantom: as the Grüneisen parameter changes with the temperature, the photoacoustic signal undergoes changes that can be linked to temperature evolution. These photoacoustic simulations were performed at different instants during the therapy and the evolution of the photoacoustic signal as a function of the spatio-temporal distribution of the temperature in the phantom was observed and quantified. We have developed in this paper a numerical tool that can be used to help defining key parameters of a photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Capart
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Khaled Metwally
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, LMA, Marseille, France
| | - Chiara Bastiancich
- Institute Neurophysiopathol, INP, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Anabela Da Silva
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
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4
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Breloy L, Mhanna R, Malval JP, Brezová V, Jacquemin D, Pascal S, Siri O, Versace DL. Azacalixphyrins as an innovative alternative for the free-radical photopolymerization under visible and NIR irradiation without the need of co-initiators. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8973-8976. [PMID: 34486621 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Azacalixphyrins are unique aromatic macrocycles featuring strong absorption from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges. This work demonstrates through EPR spin-trapping experiments that the N-alkyl tetrasubstituted azacalixphyrin (ACP) can lead to the formation of carbon-centered radicals initiating for the free-radical photopolymerization (FRP) of bio-based acrylate monomer upon the irradiation of several light emitting diodes, which emissions range from 455 to 660 nm. Compared to other previously reported systems, the tremendous advantage of the ACP photoinitiating system is its ability to promote photopolymerization on its own, avoiding the introduction of co-initiators. A new potential application of this promising photoinitiator is highlighted through the fabrication of well-defined microstructures under NIR laser diode irradiation at λ = 800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Breloy
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (UMR-CNRS 7182-UPEC), 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, Thiais 94320, France.
| | - Rana Mhanna
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) (UMR-CNRS 7361), 15, rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse 68057, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Malval
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) (UMR-CNRS 7361), 15, rue Jean Starcky, Mulhouse 68057, France
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Department of Physical Chemistry, Radlinského 9, Bratislava SK-812 37, Slovak Republic
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CEISAM UMR 6230, CNRS, Nantes F-44000, France.
| | - Simon Pascal
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7325, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Campus de Luminy, case 913, Marseille cedex 09 13288, France.
| | - Olivier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR 7325, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Campus de Luminy, case 913, Marseille cedex 09 13288, France.
| | - Davy-Louis Versace
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (UMR-CNRS 7182-UPEC), 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, Thiais 94320, France.
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5
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Ren Y, Sedgwick AC, Chen J, Thiabaud G, Chau CV, An J, Arambula JF, He XP, Kim JS, Sessler JL, Liu C. Manganese(II) Texaphyrin: A Paramagnetic Photoacoustic Contrast Agent Activated by Near-IR Light. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16156-16160. [PMID: 32914968 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NIR absorptivity of the metallotexaphyrin derivatives MMn, MGd, and MLu for photoacoustic (PA)-based imaging is explored in this study. All three complexes demonstrated excellent photostabilities; however, MMn provided the greatest PA signal intensities in both doubly distilled water and RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo experiments using a prostate tumor mouse model were performed. MMn displayed no adverse toxicity to major organs as inferred from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and cell blood count testing. MMn also allowed for PA-based imaging of tumors with excellent in vivo stability to provide 3D tumor diagnostic information. Based on the present findings and previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, we believe MMn may have a role to play either as a stand-alone PA contrast agent or as a single molecule dual modal (PA and MR) imaging agent for tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jingqin Chen
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Gregory Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Calvin V Chau
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jusung An
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jonathan F Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- OncoTEX, Inc., Austin, Texas 78701, United States
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street-A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Photoacoustic Imaging Probes Based on Tetrapyrroles and Related Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093082. [PMID: 32349297 PMCID: PMC7247687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a rapidly evolving field in molecular imaging that enables imaging in the depths of ultrasound and with the sensitivity of optical modalities. PAI bases on the photoexcitation of a chromophore, which converts the absorbed light into thermal energy, causing an acoustic pressure wave that can be captured with ultrasound transducers, in generating an image. For in vivo imaging, chromophores strongly absorbing in the near-infrared range (NIR; > 680 nm) are required. As tetrapyrroles have a long history in biomedical applications, novel tetrapyrroles and inspired mimics have been pursued as potentially suitable contrast agents for PAI. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the art in PAI applications using tetrapyrroles and related macrocycles inspired by it, highlighting those compounds exhibiting strong NIR-absorption. Furthermore, we discuss the current developments of other absorbers for in vivo photoacoustic (PA) applications.
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7
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Lavaud L, Azarias C, Canard G, Pascal S, Jacquemin D, Siri O. MixedN-aryl/alkyl substitution favours an unusual tautomer of near-infrared absorbing azacalixphyrins. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04587j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This work depicts the synthesis of a new azacalixphyrin presenting both aryl and alkyl substituents. The joint experimental and theoretical study supports that the substitution pattern favour an unusual 5–7 tautomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Lavaud
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS UMR 7325
- CINAM
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
- France
| | - Cloé Azarias
- Université de Nantes
- CNRS
- CEISAM UMR 6230
- 44322 Nantes
- France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS UMR 7325
- CINAM
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
- France
| | - Simon Pascal
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS UMR 7325
- CINAM
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
- France
| | | | - Olivier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS UMR 7325
- CINAM
- 13288 Marseille Cedex 09
- France
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8
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Lavaud L, Azarias C, Canard G, Pascal S, Galiana J, Giorgi M, Chen Z, Jacquemin D, Siri O. Fused bis-azacalixphyrin that reaches NIR-II absorptions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:896-899. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09021e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The fusion of two azacalixphyrins produces a new class of NIR-II dyes showing an intense absorption band in the 1000–1200 nm NIR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Lavaud
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- CINAM
- UMR 7325
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
| | - Cloé Azarias
- Laboratoire CEISAM
- CNRS UMR 6230
- Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière
- 44322 Nantes
- France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- CINAM
- UMR 7325
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
| | - Simon Pascal
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- CINAM
- UMR 7325
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
| | - Joachim Galiana
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- CINAM
- UMR 7325
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
| | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Centrale Marseille
- FSCM
- Spectropole
| | - Zhongrui Chen
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- CINAM
- UMR 7325
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM
- CNRS UMR 6230
- Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière
- 44322 Nantes
- France
| | - Olivier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- CINAM
- UMR 7325
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille
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9
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Chen Z, Bert M, Pascal S, Canard G, Siri O. Versatile transamination in quinonediimine chemistry: Towards a novel class of water soluble UV/violet chromophores. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Toriumi N, Asano N, Ikeno T, Muranaka A, Hanaoka K, Urano Y, Uchiyama M. Design of Photostable, Activatable Near‐Infrared Photoacoustic Probes Using Tautomeric Benziphthalocyanine as a Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7788-7791. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Norihito Asano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR)Advanced Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR)Advanced Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM)Shinshu University Ueda 386-8567 Japan
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11
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Toriumi N, Asano N, Ikeno T, Muranaka A, Hanaoka K, Urano Y, Uchiyama M. Design of Photostable, Activatable Near‐Infrared Photoacoustic Probes Using Tautomeric Benziphthalocyanine as a Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Present address: Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Norihito Asano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Takayuki Ikeno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR)Advanced Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster of Pioneering Research (CPR)Advanced Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM)Shinshu University Ueda 386-8567 Japan
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12
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Pascal S, Lavaud L, Azarias C, Varlot A, Canard G, Giorgi M, Jacquemin D, Siri O. Azacalixquinarenes: From Canonical to (Poly-)Zwitterionic Macrocycles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1387-1397. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pascal
- Aix Marseille
Université, CNRS UMR 7325, CINAM, Campus de Luminy, case 913, Marseille 13288 Cedex 09, France
| | - Lucien Lavaud
- Aix Marseille
Université, CNRS UMR 7325, CINAM, Campus de Luminy, case 913, Marseille 13288 Cedex 09, France
| | - Cloé Azarias
- Laboratoire CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230, Université
de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Alexandre Varlot
- Laboratoire CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230, Université
de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- Aix Marseille
Université, CNRS UMR 7325, CINAM, Campus de Luminy, case 913, Marseille 13288 Cedex 09, France
| | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix-Marseille Université CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM, CNRS UMR 6230, Université
de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Siri
- Aix Marseille
Université, CNRS UMR 7325, CINAM, Campus de Luminy, case 913, Marseille 13288 Cedex 09, France
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