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Qie B, Wang Z, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Jacobse PH, Lu J, Li X, Liu F, Alexandrova AN, Louie SG, Crommie MF, Fischer FR. Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional N-heterocyclic carbene lattices. Science 2024; 384:895-901. [PMID: 38781380 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm9814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The covalent interaction of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with transition metal atoms gives rise to distinctive frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). These emergent electronic states have spurred the widespread adoption of NHC ligands in chemical catalysis and functional materials. Although formation of carbene-metal complexes in self-assembled monolayers on surfaces has been explored, design and electronic structure characterization of extended low-dimensional NHC-metal lattices remains elusive. Here we demonstrate a modular approach to engineering one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chains and two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattices using the FMOs of NHC-Au-NHC junctions to create low-dimensional molecular networks exhibiting intrinsic metallicity. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory reveal the contribution of C-Au-C π-bonding states to dispersive bands that imbue 1D- and 2D-NHC lattices with exceptionally small work functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Qie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter H Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xinheng Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fujia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anastassia N Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven G Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet, Division of Computing, Data Science, and Society, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Seo SE, Kim KH, Ha S, Oh H, Kim J, Kim S, Kim L, Seo M, An JE, Park YM, Lee KG, Kim YK, Kim WK, Hong JJ, Song HS, Kwon OS. Synchronous Diagnosis of Respiratory Viruses Variants via Receptonics Based on Modeling Receptor-Ligand Dynamics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303079. [PMID: 37487578 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The transmission and pathogenesis of highly contagious fatal respiratory viruses are increasing, and the need for an on-site diagnostic platform has arisen as an issue worldwide. Furthermore, as the spread of respiratory viruses continues, different variants have become the dominant circulating strains. To prevent virus transmission, the development of highly sensitive and accurate on-site diagnostic assays is urgently needed. Herein, a facile diagnostic device is presented for multi-detection based on the results of detailed receptor-ligand dynamics simulations for the screening of various viral strains. The novel bioreceptor-treated electronics (receptonics) device consists of a multichannel graphene transistor and cell-entry receptors conjugated to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC). An ultrasensitive multi-detection performance is achieved without the need for sample pretreatment, which will enable rapid diagnosis and prevent the spread of pathogens. This platform can be applied for the diagnosis of variants of concern in clinical respiratory virus samples and primate models. This multi-screening platform can be used to enhance surveillance and discriminate emerging virus variants before they become a severe threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Ha
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, 21853, USA
| | - Hanseul Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Lina Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Seo
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Eun An
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Min Park
- Center for NanoBio Development, National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung G Lee
- Center for NanoBio Development, National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang T, Khomane SB, Singh I, Crudden CM, McBreen PH. N-heterocyclic carbene adsorption states on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4083-4090. [PMID: 38226886 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHCs) are increasingly used to tune the properties of metal surfaces. The generally greater chemical and thermal robustness of NHCs on gold, as compared to thiolate surface ligands, underscores their potential for a range of applications. While much is now known about the adsorption geometry, overlayer structure, dynamics, and stability of NHCs on coinage elements, especially gold and copper, much less is known about their interaction with the surfaces of Pt-group metals, despite the importance of such metals in catalysis and electrochemistry. In this study, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) is used to probe the structure of benzimidazolylidene NHC ligands on Pt(111) and Ru(0001). The experiments exploit the intense absorption peaks of a CF3 substituent on the phenyl ring of the NHC backbone to provide unprecedented insight into adsorption geometry and chemical stability. The results also permit comparison with literature data for NHC ligands on Au(111) and to DFT predictions for NHCs on Pt(111) and Ru(0001), thereby greatly extending the known surface chemistry of NHCs and providing much needed molecular information for the design of metal-organic hybrid materials involving strongly reactive metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Zhang
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Sonali B Khomane
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L 3N6.
| | - Peter H McBreen
- Département de chimie et CCVC, Université Laval, Québec (Que), Canada, G1K OA6.
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4
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Knecht P, Meier D, Reichert J, Duncan DA, Schwarz M, Küchle JT, Lee T, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Allegretti F, Auwärter W, Médard G, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Molecular Porters of Surface Mounted Ru‐Porphyrins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211877. [PMID: 36200438 PMCID: PMC10092334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ru-porphyrins act as convenient pedestals for the assembly of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on solid surfaces. Upon deposition of a simple NHC ligand on a close packed Ru-porphyrin monolayer, an extraordinary phenomenon can be observed: Ru-porphyrin molecules are transferred from the silver surface to the next molecular layer. We have investigated the structural features and dynamics of this portering process and analysed the associated binding strengths and work function changes. A rearrangement of the molecular layer is induced by the NHC uptake: the NHC selective binding to the Ru causes the ejection of whole porphyrin molecules from the molecular layer on silver to the layer on top. This reorganisation can be reversed by thermally induced desorption of the NHC ligand. We anticipate that the understanding of such mass transport processes will have crucial implications for the functionalisation of surfaces with carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Dennis Meier
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes T. Küchle
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Tien‐Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics Technical University of Munich Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie École Normale Supérieure 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
- Université de recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres Sorbonne Université Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 75005 Paris France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Department of Chemistry Laboratory of Physical Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 157 71 Athens Greece
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5
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Navarro JJ, Das M, Tosoni S, Landwehr F, Koy M, Heyde M, Pacchioni G, Glorius F, Roldan Cuenya B. Growth of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Assemblies on Cu(100) and Cu(111): From Single Molecules to Magic-Number Islands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202127. [PMID: 35468246 PMCID: PMC9401596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have superior properties as building blocks of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). Understanding the influence of the substrate in the molecular arrangement is a fundamental step before employing these ligands in technological applications. Herein, we study the molecular arrangement of a model NHC on Cu(100) and Cu(111). While mostly disordered phases appear on Cu(100), on Cu(111) well‐defined structures are formed, evolving from magic‐number islands to molecular ribbons with coverage. This work presents the first example of magic‐number islands formed by NHC assemblies on flat surfaces. Diffusion and commensurability are key factors explaining the observed arrangements. These results shed light on the molecule‐substrate interaction and open the possibility of tuning nanopatterned structures based on NHC assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Navarro
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Felix Landwehr
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Department of Interface Science, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Navarro JJ, Das M, Tosoni S, Landwehr F, Koy M, Heyde M, Pacchioni G, Glorius F, Roldan Cuenya B. Wachstum von N‐heterocyclischen Carbenen auf Cu(100) und Cu(111): von einzelnen Molekülen bis hin zu Inseln mit magischen Zahlen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Navarro
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Sergio Tosoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università di Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italien
| | - Felix Landwehr
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Maximilian Koy
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Markus Heyde
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali Università di Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italien
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Organisch-Chemisches Institut Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Abteilung für Grenzflächenwissenschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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7
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Denisova EA, Kostyukovich AY, Fakhrutdinov AN, Korabelnikova VA, Galushko AS, Ananikov VP. “Hidden” Nanoscale Catalysis in Alkyne Hydrogenation with Well-Defined Molecular Pd/NHC Complexes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Denisova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Artem N. Fakhrutdinov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktoria A. Korabelnikova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Galushko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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8
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Maliszewski BP, Ritacco I, Beliš M, Hashim II, Tzouras NV, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Van Hecke K, Nahra F, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. A green route to platinum N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: mechanism and expanded scope. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6204-6211. [PMID: 35357386 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00504b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable and facile weak-base synthetic route to platinum N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes is disclosed. The mechanism of this reaction is also elucidated via experimental and computational investigations. This straightforward protocol is then used for the synthesis of novel Pt(II)-NHC complexes and its utility is further explored to access key Pt(0)-NHC precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benon P Maliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium. .,VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Ida Ritacco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Univeristy of Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, Fisciano, I-84084, Italy
| | - Marek Beliš
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ishfaq Ibni Hashim
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Univeristy of Salerno, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, Fisciano, I-84084, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium. .,VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Separation and Conversion Technology, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S3), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Angove E, Grillo F, Früchtl HA, Veinot AJ, Singh I, Horton JH, Crudden CM, Baddeley CJ. Highly Ordered N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Cu(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2051-2056. [PMID: 35200016 PMCID: PMC9007529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The benzannulated N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dibenzylbenzimidazolylidene (NHCDBZ) forms large, highly ordered domains when adsorbed on Cu(111) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. A combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the overlayer consists of vertical benzannulated NHC moieties coordinating to Cu adatoms. Long-range order results from the placement of the two benzyl substituents on opposite sides of the benzimidazole moiety, with their aromatic rings approximately parallel to the surface. The organization of three surface-bound benzyl substituents from three different NHCs into a triangular array controls the formation of a highly ordered Kagome-like surface lattice. By comparison with earlier studies of NHCs on Cu(111), we show that the binding geometry and self-assembly of NHCDBZ are influenced by intermolecular and adsorbate-substrate interactions and facilitated by the flexibility of the methylene linkage between the N-heterocycle and the aromatic wingtip substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Angove
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Grillo
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert A. Früchtl
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J. Veinot
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - J. Hugh Horton
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario Canada, K7L 3N6
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Chikusa 464-8601, Japan
| | - Christopher J. Baddeley
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16
9ST, United Kingdom
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10
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Inayeh A, Groome RRK, Singh I, Veinot AJ, de Lima FC, Miwa RH, Crudden CM, McLean AB. Self-assembly of N-heterocyclic carbenes on Au(111). Nat Commun 2021; 12:4034. [PMID: 34188031 PMCID: PMC8241988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the self-assembly of organic ligands on gold has been dominated by sulfur-based ligands for decades, a new ligand class, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), has appeared as an interesting alternative. However, fundamental questions surrounding self-assembly of this new ligand remain unanswered. Herein, we describe the effect of NHC structure, surface coverage, and substrate temperature on mobility, thermal stability, NHC surface geometry, and self-assembly. Analysis of NHC adsorption and self-assembly by scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory have revealed the importance of NHC-surface interactions and attractive NHC-NHC interactions on NHC monolayer structures. A remarkable way these interactions manifest is the need for a threshold NHC surface coverage to produce upright, adatom-mediated adsorption motifs with low surface diffusion. NHC wingtip structure is also critical, with primary substituents leading to the formation of flat-lying NHC2Au complexes, which have high mobility when isolated, but self-assemble into stable ordered lattices at higher surface concentrations. These and other studies of NHC surface chemistry will be crucial for the success of these next-generation monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Inayeh
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan R K Groome
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alex J Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Felipe Crasto de Lima
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National, Laboratory, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Miwa
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Alastair B McLean
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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11
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12
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Kaeffer N, Mance D, Copéret C. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Coordination to Surface Copper Sites in Selective Semihydrogenation Catalysts from Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kaeffer
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Deni Mance
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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13
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Veinot AJ, Al-Rashed A, Padmos JD, Singh I, Lee DS, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Baddeley CJ, Crudden CM, Horton JH. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Reduce and Functionalize Copper Oxide Surfaces in One Pot. Chemistry 2020; 26:11431-11434. [PMID: 32428330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazolium hydrogen carbonate salts have been shown to act as N-heterocyclic carbene precursors, which can remove oxide from copper oxide surfaces and functionalize the resulting metallic surfaces in a single pot. Both the surfaces and the etching products were fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. Analysis of surfaces before and after NHC treatment by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrates the complete removal of copper(II) oxide. By using 13 C-labelling, we determined that the products of this transformation include a cyclic urea, a ring-opened formamide and a bis-carbene copper(I) complex. These results illustrate the potential of NHCs to functionalize a much broader class of metals, including those prone to oxidation, greatly facilitating the preparation of NHC-based films on metals other than gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Abrar Al-Rashed
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Daniel Padmos
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dianne S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christopher J Baddeley
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - J Hugh Horton
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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14
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Kaeffer N, Mance D, Copéret C. N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Coordination to Surface Copper Sites in Selective Semihydrogenation Catalysts from Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19999-20007. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kaeffer
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Deni Mance
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zürich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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15
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Delaude L. The Chemistry of Azolium‐Carboxylate Zwitterions and Related Compounds: a Survey of the Years 2009–2020. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of CatalysisMolSys Research UnitInstitut de Chimie Organique (B6a)Université de Liège Allée du six Août 13 4000 Liège Belgium
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16
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Moraes LC, Figueiredo RC, Espinós JP, Vattier F, Franconetti A, Jaime C, Lacroix B, Rojo J, Lara P, Conejero S. Platinum nanoparticles stabilized by N-heterocyclic thiones. Synthesis and catalytic activity in mono- and di-hydroboration of alkynes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6821-6831. [PMID: 32182323 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00251h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic Thiones (NHT) proved to be efficient ligands for the stabilization of small platinum nanoparticles (1.3-1.7 nm), synthesized by decomposition of [Pt(dba)2], under a H2 atmosphere, in the presence of variable sub-stoichiometric amounts of the NHT. Full characterization by means of TEM, HR-TEM, NMR, ICP, TGA and XPS have been carried out, providing information about the nature of the metal nanoparticles and the interaction of the NHT ligands to the metal surface. Importantly, DFT calculations indicate that some NHT ligands interact with the metal through the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond of the imidazole fragment in addition to the sulfur atom, thus providing additional stabilization to the nanoparticles. According to XPS, TGA and ICP techniques, the surface coverage by the ligand increases by decreasing the size of the substituents on the nitrogen atom. The platinum nanoparticles have been used as catalyst in the hydroboration of alkynes. The most active system is that with a less covered surface area lacking an interaction of the ligand by means of the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond. This catalyst hydroborates alkynes with excellent selectivities towards the monoborylated anti-Markovnikov product (vinyl-boronate) when one equiv. of borane is used. Very interestingly, aliphatic alkynes undergo a second hydroborylation process leading to the corresponding 1,1- and 1,2-diboroylated species with good selectivities towards the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C Moraes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, C/Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain.
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17
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Dery S, Berg I, Kim S, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Toste FD, Gross E. Strong Metal-Adsorbate Interactions Increase the Reactivity and Decrease the Orientational Order of OH-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:697-703. [PMID: 31762273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the correlation between the structure and reactivity of chemically addressable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) molecules on various surfaces is essential for the design of functional NHC-based self-assembled monolayers. In this work, we identified the ways by which the deposition of chemically addressable OH-NHCs on Au(111) or Pt(111) surfaces modified the anchoring geometry and chemical reactivity of surface-anchored NHCs. The properties of surface-anchored NHCs were probed by conducting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and polarized near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. While no preferred orientation was identified for OH-NHCs on Pt(111), the anchored molecules adopted a preferred flat-lying position on Au(111). Dehydrogenation and aromatization of the imidazoline ring along with partial hydroxyl oxidation were detected in OH-NHCs that were anchored on Au(111). The dehydrogenation and aromatization reactions were facilitated, along with partial decomposition, for OH-NHCs that were anchored on Pt(111). The spectroscopic results reveal that stronger metal-adsorbate interactions increase the reactivity of surface-anchored OH-NHCs while decreasing their molecular orientational order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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18
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Dery S, Kim S, Tomaschun G, Berg I, Feferman D, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Klüner T, Toste FD, Gross E. Elucidating the Influence of Anchoring Geometry on the Reactivity of NO 2-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5099-5104. [PMID: 31386382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of chemically addressable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) requires in-depth understanding of the influence of NHC's anchoring geometry on its chemical functionality. Herein, it is demonstrated that the chemical reactivity of surface-anchored NO2-functionalized NHCs (NO2-NHCs) can be tuned by modifying the distance between the functional group and the reactive surface, which is governed by the deposition technique. Liquid deposition of NO2-NHCs on Pt(111) induced a SAM in which the NO2-aryl groups were flat-lying on the surface. The high proximity between the NO2 groups and the Pt surface led to high reactivity, and 85% of the NO2 groups were reduced at room temperature. Lower reactivity was obtained with vapor-deposited NO2-NHCs that assumed a preferred upright geometry. The separation between the NO2 groups in the vapor-deposited NO2-NHCs and the reactive surface circumvented their surface-induced reduction, which was facilitated only after exposure to harsher reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriele Tomaschun
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Feferman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, CNR-IOM, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, CNR-IOM, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, CNR-IOM, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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19
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Smith CA, Narouz MR, Lummis PA, Singh I, Nazemi A, Li CH, Crudden CM. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Materials Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4986-5056. [PMID: 30938514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become one of the most widely studied class of ligands in molecular chemistry and have found applications in fields as varied as catalysis, the stabilization of reactive molecular fragments, and biochemistry. More recently, NHCs have found applications in materials chemistry and have allowed for the functionalization of surfaces, polymers, nanoparticles, and discrete, well-defined clusters. In this review, we provide an in-depth look at recent advances in the use of NHCs for the development of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christene A Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Mina R Narouz
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Paul A Lummis
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ishwar Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Ali Nazemi
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Chien-Hung Li
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6
| | - Cathleen M Crudden
- Department of Chemistry , Queen's University , 90 Bader Lane , Kingston , Ontario , Canada , K7L 3N6.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Chikusa 464-8601 , Japan
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