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Francisco T, Malafaia D, Melo L, Silva AMS, Albuquerque HMT. Recent Advances in Fluorescent Theranostics for Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Survey on Design, Synthesis, and Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13556-13591. [PMID: 38559945 PMCID: PMC10975685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia that is rapidly becoming a major health problem, especially in developed countries because of their increasing life expectancy. Two main problems are often associated with the disease: (i) the absence of a widely accessible "gold-standard" for early diagnosis and (ii) lack of effective therapies with disease-modifying effects. The recent success of the monoclonal antibody lecanemab played an important role not only in clarifying a possible druggable pathway but also in spelling the revival of small molecule drug discovery. Unlike bulky biologics, small molecules are structurally less complex, generally cheaper, and compatible with at-home oral consumption, making it feasible for people to start their drug regimen early and stay on it longer. In this sense, small-molecule near-infrared fluorescent theranostics have been gaining more and more attention from the scientific community, as they have the potential to simultaneously provide diagnostic outputs and deliver therapeutic action, paving the way toward personalized medicine in AD patients. They also have the potential to shift the diagnostic "status-quo" from expensive and limited-access PET radiotracers toward inexpensive and handy imaging tools widely available for primary patient screening and preclinical animal studies. Herein, we review the most recent advances in the field of fluorescent theranostics for Alzheimer's disease, detailing their design strategies, synthetic approaches and imaging and therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. With this Review, we intend to provide a milestone in the acquired knowledge in the field of AD theranostics, encouraging the future development of properly designed theranostic compounds with improved chances to reach clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telmo
N. Francisco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus
de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Malafaia
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus
de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Melo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus
de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus
de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hélio M. T. Albuquerque
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus
de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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2
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Suthar J, Taub M, Carney RP, Williams GR, Guldin S. Recent developments in biosensing methods for extracellular vesicle protein characterization. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1839. [PMID: 35999185 PMCID: PMC10078591 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Research into extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown significantly over the last few decades with EVs being widely regarded as a source of biomarkers for human health and disease with massive clinical potential. Secreted by every cell type in the body, EVs report on the internal cellular conditions across all tissue types. Their presence in readily accessible biofluids makes the potential of EV biosensing highly attractive as a noninvasive diagnostic platform via liquid biopsies. However, their small size (50-250 nm), inherent heterogeneity, and the complexity of the native biofluids introduce challenges for effective characterization, thus, limiting their clinical utility. This has led to a surge in the development of various novel EV biosensing techniques, with capabilities beyond those of conventional methods that have been directly transferred from cell biology. In this review, key detection principles used for EV biosensing are summarized, with a focus on some of the most recent and fundamental developments in the field over the last 5 years. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Suthar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marissa Taub
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Randy P Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Yang J, Wang X, Liu J, Chi W, Zhang L, Xiao L, Yan JW. Near-Infrared Photooxygenation Theranostics Used for the Specific Mapping and Modulating of Amyloid-β Aggregation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15902-15907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Yang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jinsheng Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weijie Chi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lehui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jin-wu Yan
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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4
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Geng H, Gao D, Wang Z, Liu X, Cao Z, Xing C. Strategies for Inhibition and Disaggregation of Amyloid‐β Fibrillation. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular, Biophysics Institute of Biophysics, School of Science Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Zijuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Zhanshuo Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Chengfen Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular, Biophysics Institute of Biophysics, School of Science Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 China
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5
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Song Y, Wu R, Wang Y, Liu L, Dong M. Structural conversion of human islet amyloid polypeptide aggregates under an electric field. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11497-11500. [PMID: 32852504 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04466k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electric fields (EFs) in biological systems are well known, and their presence implies the activity of protein ion channels and pumps in various cells. The aggregation of islet amyloid polypeptides (IAPP) was recently found in human brain tissue, and this was related to the electrical activity of neurons and caused neuronal loss. However, the association between amyloid formation and the electric field is still unknown. Herein a direct method to stimulate the formation of the hIAPP peptide under an EF is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiu Song
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Jiangsu University, China.
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6
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Migoń D, Wasilewski T, Suchy D. Application of QCM in Peptide and Protein-Based Drug Product Development. Molecules 2020; 25:E3950. [PMID: 32872496 PMCID: PMC7504752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AT-cut quartz crystals vibrating in the thickness-shear mode (TSM), especially quartz crystal resonators (QCRs), are well known as very efficient mass sensitive systems because of their sensitivity, accuracy, and biofunctionalization capacity. They are highly reliable in the measurement of the mass of deposited samples, in both gas and liquid matrices. Moreover, they offer real-time monitoring, as well as relatively low production and operation costs. These features make mass sensitive systems applicable in a wide range of different applications, including studies on protein and peptide primary packaging, formulation, and drug product manufacturing process development. This review summarizes the information on some particular implementations of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) instruments in protein and peptide drug product development as well as their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Migoń
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Polpharma Biologics S.A., Trzy Lipy 3, 80-172 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Wasilewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Suchy
- Polpharma Biologics S.A., Trzy Lipy 3, 80-172 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Caballero AB, Gamez P. Nanochaperone-Based Strategies to Control Protein Aggregation Linked to Conformational Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:41-52. [PMID: 32706460 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generation of highly organized amyloid fibrils is associated with a wide range of conformational pathologies, including primarily neurodegenerative diseases. Such disorders are characterized by misfolded proteins that lose their normal physiological roles and acquire toxicity. Recent findings suggest that proteostasis network impairment may be one of the causes leading to the accumulation and spread of amyloids. These observations are certainly contributing to a new focus in anti-amyloid drug design, whose efforts are so far being centered on single-target approaches aimed at inhibiting amyloid aggregation. Chaperones, known to maintain proteostasis, hence represent interesting targets for the development of novel therapeutics owing to their potential protective role against protein misfolding diseases. In this minireview, research on nanoparticles that can either emulate or help molecular chaperones in recognizing and/or correcting protein misfolding is discussed. The nascent concept of "nanochaperone" may indeed set future directions towards the development of cost-effective, disease-modifying drugs to treat several currently fatal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Caballero
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Caballero AB, Gamez P. Nanochaperone‐Based Strategies to Control Protein Aggregation Linked to Conformational Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B. Caballero
- nanoBIC Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès, 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- nanoBIC Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès, 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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9
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Sha X, Li P, Feng Y, Xia D, Tian X, Wang Z, Yang Y, Mao X, Liu L. Self-Assembled Peptide Nanofibrils Designed to Release Membrane-Lysing Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3648-3655. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Sha
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ping Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yonghai Feng
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dan Xia
- Research Institute for Energy Equipment Materials, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 30040, China
| | - Xiaohua Tian
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zengkai Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yanlian Yang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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10
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Geng H, Yuan H, Qiu L, Gao D, Cheng Y, Xing C. Inhibition and disaggregation of amyloid β protein fibrils through conjugated polymer–core thermoresponsive micelles. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10126-10135. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01863e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The micelles (CPMs) have a thermoresponsive surface and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating core. At 37 °C, CPMs captured Aβ aggregates to inhibit and disaggregate aggregates under white-light irradiation, reducing Aβ-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300401
- P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics
- Institute of Biophysics
- School of Science
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300401
| | - Liang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics
- Institute of Biophysics
- School of Science
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300401
| | - Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics
- Institute of Biophysics
- School of Science
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300401
| | - Yongqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
| | - Chengfen Xing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin 300401
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics
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11
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Song Y, Li P, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liu L, Dong M. Photodegradation of porphyrin-bound hIAPP(1–37) fibrils. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid deposits in pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are mainly comprised of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), the degradation of hIAPP fibrils by photoactive porphyrin could be a preventive strategy against T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiu Song
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
- China
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
| | - Ping Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Yin Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Zhefei Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Aarhus
- Denmark
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12
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ZHAO W, CUI W, XU S, CHEONG L, SHEN C. Examination of Alzheimer's disease by a combination of electrostatic force and mechanical measurement. J Microsc 2019; 275:66-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. ZHAO
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - W. CUI
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of MedicineNingbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - S. XU
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of MedicineNingbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - L.‐Z. CHEONG
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical SciencesNingbo University Ningbo China
| | - C. SHEN
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Zhejiang China
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13
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Li R, Feng Y, Pan G, Liu L. Advances in Molecularly Imprinting Technology for Bioanalytical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E177. [PMID: 30621335 PMCID: PMC6338937 DOI: 10.3390/s19010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, along with the rapid development of relevant biological fields, there has been a tremendous motivation to combine molecular imprinting technology (MIT) with biosensing. In this situation, bioprobes and biosensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have emerged as a reliable candidate for a comprehensive range of applications, from biomolecule detection to drug tracking. Unlike their precursors such as classic immunosensors based on antibody binding and natural receptor elements, MIPs create complementary cavities with stronger binding affinity, while their intrinsic artificial polymers facilitate their use in harsh environments. The major objective of this work is to review recent MIP bioprobes and biosensors, especially those used for biomolecules and drugs. In this review, MIP bioprobes and biosensors are categorized by sensing method, including optical sensing, electrochemical sensing, gravimetric sensing and magnetic sensing, respectively. The working mechanism(s) of each sensing method are thoroughly discussed. Moreover, this work aims to present the cutting-edge structures and modifiers offering higher properties and performances, and clearly point out recent efforts dedicated to introduce multi-sensing and multi-functional MIP bioprobes and biosensors applicable to interdisciplinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfa Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University.
| | - Yonghai Feng
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University.
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University.
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University.
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14
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Zhang L, Chen Q, Li P, Yuan L, Feng Y, Wang J, Mao X, Liu L. Deformation of stable and toxic hIAPP oligomers by liposomes with distinct nanomechanical features and reduced cytotoxicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14359-14362. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06264e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoliposomes can induce hIAPP oligomers to undergo fibrillation with distinct mechanical properties and reduced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- China
| | - Qingyu Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- China
| | - Ping Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- China
| | - Liang Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- China
| | - Yonghai Feng
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- China
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Institute for Cell Engineering
- Department of Neurology
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute for Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu University
- China
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