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Spitz C, Primas N, Terme T, Vanelle P. Nitro-Containing Self-Immolative Systems for Biological Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111404. [PMID: 36422534 PMCID: PMC9695724 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction in 1981, the chemistry of self-immolative systems has received increasing attention in different application areas, such as analytical chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. This strategy is based on a stimulation that triggers a cascade of disassembling reactions leading to the release of smaller molecules. The particular reactivity of the nitro group, due to its powerful electron-withdrawing nature, has been exploited in the field of self-immolative chemistry. In this context, the present review describes the major role of the nitro group in self-immolative processes depending on its position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Spitz
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin—CS 30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin—CS 30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, Hôpital de la Conception, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin—CS 30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR UMR CNRS 7273, Equipe Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin—CS 30064, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France
- Service Central de la Qualité et de l’Information Pharmaceutiques, Hôpital de la Conception, AP-HM, 13005 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (P.V.)
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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Gavriel AG, Leroux F, Khurana GS, Lewis VG, Chippindale AM, Sambrook MR, Hayes W, Russell AT. Self-Immolative System for Disclosure of Reactive Electrophilic Alkylating Agents: Understanding the Role of the Reporter Group. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10263-10279. [PMID: 34292742 PMCID: PMC8389931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The development of
stable, efficient chemoselective self-immolative
systems, for use in applications such as sensors, requires the optimization
of the reactivity and degradation characteristics of the self-immolative
unit. In this paper, we describe the effect that the structure of
the reporter group has upon the self-immolative efficacy of a prototype
system designed for the disclosure of electrophilic alkylating agents.
The amine of the reporter group (a nitroaniline unit) was a constituent
part of a carbamate that functioned as the self-immolative unit. The
number and position of substituents on the nitroaniline unit were
found to play a key role in the rate of self-immolative degradation
and release of the reporter group. The position of the nitro substituent
(meta- vs para-) and the methyl
groups in the ortho-position relative to the carbamate
exhibited an influence on the rate of elimination and stability of
the self-immolative system. The ortho-methyl substituents
imparted a twist on the N–C (aromatic) bond leading to increased
resonance of the amine nitrogen’s lone pair into the carbonyl
moiety and a decrease of the leaving character of the carbamate group;
concomitantly, this may also make it a less electron-withdrawing group
and lead to less acidification of the eliminated β-hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Gavriel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Flavien Leroux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Gurjeet S Khurana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Viliyana G Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Ann M Chippindale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Mark R Sambrook
- CBR Division, Defence Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, U.K
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
| | - Andrew T Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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Dal Corso A, Arosio S, Arrighetti N, Perego P, Belvisi L, Pignataro L, Gennari C. A trifunctional self-immolative spacer enables drug release with two non-sequential enzymatic cleavages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7778-7781. [PMID: 34263896 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02895b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclative cleavage of an amine-carbamate self-immolative spacer to deliver a hydroxyl cargo was inhibited by spacer derivatisation with a phosphate monoester handle. This trifunctional spacer was installed in a model anticancer prodrug that showed fast drug release only when incubated with both a protease and a phosphatase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dal Corso
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via C. Golgi, 19, Milan, I-20133, Italy.
| | - Simone Arosio
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via C. Golgi, 19, Milan, I-20133, Italy.
| | - Noemi Arrighetti
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, via Amadeo 42, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, via Amadeo 42, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via C. Golgi, 19, Milan, I-20133, Italy.
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via C. Golgi, 19, Milan, I-20133, Italy.
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via C. Golgi, 19, Milan, I-20133, Italy.
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Zeng H, Stewart-Yates L, Casey LM, Bampos N, Roberts DA. Covalent Post-Assembly Modification: A Synthetic Multipurpose Tool in Supramolecular Chemistry. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1249-1269. [PMID: 32529789 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of covalent post-assembly modification (PAM) in supramolecular chemistry has grown significantly in recent years, to the point where PAM is now a versatile synthesis tool for tuning, modulating, and expanding the functionality of self-assembled complexes and materials. PAM underpins supramolecular template-synthesis strategies, enables modular derivatization of supramolecular assemblies, permits the covalent 'locking' of unstable structures, and can trigger controlled structural transformations between different assembled morphologies. This Review discusses key examples of PAM spanning a range of material classes, including discrete supramolecular complexes, self-assembled soft nanostructures and hierarchically ordered polymeric and framework materials. As such, we hope to highlight how PAM has continued to evolve as a creative and functional addition to the synthetic chemist's toolbox for constructing bespoke self-assembled complexes and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Luke Stewart-Yates
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Louis M Casey
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nick Bampos
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Derrick A Roberts
- School of Chemistry and Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Roberts DA, Pilgrim BS, Dell TN, Stevens MM. Dynamic pH responsivity of triazole-based self-immolative linkers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3713-3718. [PMID: 34094059 PMCID: PMC8152797 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00532k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gating the release of chemical payloads in response to transient signals is an important feature of ‘smart’ delivery systems. Herein, we report a triazole-based self-immolative linker that can be reversibly paused or slowed and restarted throughout its elimination cascade in response to pH changes in both organic and organic-aqueous solvents. The linker is conveniently prepared using the alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction, which introduces a 1,4-triazole ring that expresses a pH-sensitive intermediate during its elimination sequence. Using a series of model compounds, we demonstrate that this intermediate can be switched between active and dormant states depending on the presence of acid or base, cleanly gating the release of payload in response to a fluctuating external stimulus. Triazole-based self-immolative linkers can be reversibly paused and restarted throughout their elimination cascades in response to environmental pH changes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick A Roberts
- Key Center for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia .,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ben S Pilgrim
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Tristan N Dell
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden.,Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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Tuo W, Bouquet J, Taran F, Le Gall T. A FRET probe for the detection of alkylating agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8655-8658. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A fluorogenic FRET probe allows efficient detection of toxic alkylating agents through a self-immolative reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay
- Institut Joliot
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | - Jaufret Bouquet
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay
- Institut Joliot
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay
- Institut Joliot
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | - Thierry Le Gall
- CEA-Université Paris-Saclay
- Institut Joliot
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
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