1
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Leśniewska A, Przybylski P. Seven-membered N-heterocycles as approved drugs and promising leads in medicinal chemistry as well as the metal-free domino access to their scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116556. [PMID: 38879971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Azepanes or azepines are structural motifs of many drugs, drug candidates and evaluated lead compounds. Even though compounds having N-heterocyclic 7-membered rings are often found in nature (e.g. alkaloids), the natural compounds of this group are rather rare as approved therapeutics. Thus, recently studied and approved azepane or azepine-congeners predominantly consist of semi-synthetically or synthetically-obtained scaffolds. In this review a comparison of approved drugs and recently investigated leads was proposed taking into regard their structural aspects (stereochemistry), biological activities, pharmacokinetic properties and confirmed molecular targets. The 7-membered N-heterocycles reveal a wide range of biological activities, not only against CNS diseases, but also as e.g. antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic and against allergy agents. As most of the approved or investigated potential drugs or lead structures, belonging to 7-membered N-heterocycles, are synthetic scaffolds, this report also reveals different and efficient metal-free cascade approaches useful to synthesize both simple azepane or azepine-containing congeners and those of oligocyclic structures. Stereochemistry of azepane/azepine fused systems, in view of biological data and binding with the targets, is discussed. Apart from the approved drugs, we compare advances in SAR studies of 7-membered N-heterocycles (mainly from 2018 to 2023), whereas the related synthetic part concerning various domino strategies is focused on the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leśniewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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2
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Luo ML, Hou Q, Liu SJ, Zhao Q, Qin R, Peng C, Han B, Zhan G. One-Step Synthesis of Hydropyrrolo[3,2- b]indoles via Cascade Reactions of Oxindole-Derived Nitrones with Allenoates. Org Lett 2022; 24:8493-8497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Qiumeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Shuai-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Gu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
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3
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Liu M, Xie L, Hou L, Lin L, Feng X. Catalytic asymmetric transformation of nitrones and allenes to dihydropyridoindoles via chiral N, N'-dioxide/cobalt(II) catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5482-5485. [PMID: 35416211 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01263d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A chiral N,N'-dioxide/cobalt(II) complex catalytic system is developed to promote the multistep cascade reaction of α,β-unsaturated-N-aryl nitrones with allenes, giving a variety of chiral dihydropyridoindoles in moderate to good yields with excellent dr and ee values. Mechanistic studies support a [3+2] cycloaddition/[3,3]-rearrangement/retro-Mannich process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohuizi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Lihua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Liuzhen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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4
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Xu PP, Liao JY, Zhang JJ, Shi WM, Liang C, Su GF, Mo DL. Nickel(II)-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Nitrones and Allenoates to Access N-Vinylindoles and N-Vinylpyrroles. Org Lett 2021; 23:7482-7486. [PMID: 34533319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of N-vinylindoles and N-vinylpyrroles were prepared in moderate to good yields through the nickel(II)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of α,β-unsaturated nitrones with allenoates under mild reaction conditions. A rational mechanism for the formation of N-vinylindoles was proposed based on the 18O-labeled experiments and key intermediates detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry trace experiments. The present method highlights a nickel(II)-controlled cyclization, atom-economical reaction, broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and high Z-stereoselectivity for the enamine bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jia-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wei-Min Shi
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 257 Liu Shi Road, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Cui Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Gui-Fa Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
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5
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Kaur M, Garg S, Malhi DS, Sohal HS. A Review on Synthesis, Reactions and Biological Properties of Seven Membered Heterocyclic Compounds: Azepine, Azepane, Azepinone. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825999210104222338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven membered heterocyclic Azepine and its derivatives have great pharmacological
and therapeutic implications. In this review, the literature of the last fifty years has
been exploited for the synthesis, reaction, and biological properties of these seven-member
heterocyclic compounds. Most of the mechanisms involved the ring expansion of either five
or six-membered compounds using various methods such as thermally, photo-chemically, and
microwave irradiation. The systematically designed schemes involve the synthesis of different
derivatives of azepine, azepinone, azepane, etc., using similar moieties by various researchers.
However, there is much work yet to be done in the biological section, as it is not
explored and reported in the literature; therefore, N-containing seven-membered heterocycles
still have much scope for the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan-140413, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sonali Garg
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan-140413, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Dharambeer S. Malhi
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan-140413, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Harvinder S. Sohal
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Gharuan-140413, Mohali, Punjab, India
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6
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Tian YT, Zhang FG, Ma JA. Et3N-catalyzed direct cycloaddition reaction of allenoates with acceptor diazo compounds. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Zou N, Qin X, Wang Z, Shi W, Mo D. Advances on the Synthesis and Application of α,β-Unsaturated Nitrones. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang XW, Zhang H, Wang HC, Zhu MH, Cong H, Liu WB. Pd-catalyzed arylation/aza-Michael addition cascade to C2-spiroindolines and azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12013-12016. [PMID: 32901620 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed arylation/aza-Michael addition cascade reaction of β-substituted cyclic enones and 2-haloanilines has been reported. Using 1 mol% Pd(PPh3)4 as a catalyst, C2-spiroindolines are accessed via an intermolecular vinylogous arylation of β-alkyl cyclic enones and 2-haloanilines followed by an intramolecular aza-Michael addition. The functional group tolerance of this transformation is examined by 18 examples in up to 93% yield. In the second part, we developed an α'-arylation/aza-Michael addition cascade strategy to construct azabicyclo[3.2.2]nonanones catalyzed by Pd(MeCN)2Cl2·PPh3. This study provides a quick route to complex and useful spiro- and bridged-heterocycles from readily available starting materials in good yields with high regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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9
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Vachan BS, Karuppasamy M, Jan G, Bhuvanesh N, Maheswari CU, Sridharan V. Direct Access to Bridged Tetrahydroquinolines and Chromanes via an InCl 3-Catalyzed Sequential Three-Component Cascade. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8062-8073. [PMID: 32452689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A sequential three-component cascade process was developed for the synthesis of bridged tetrahydroquinolines and chromanes bearing 2,6-methanobenzo[d][1,3]diazocine and 2,6-methanobenzo[g][1,3]oxazocine scaffolds, respectively, in good yields from readily available materials. The InCl3-catalyzed reaction progressed via enamine formation, Michael addition, intramolecular cyclization, and intramolecular iminium ion cyclization steps. Notably, this high atom economic approach (-2H2O) allowed the generation of four new bonds (1 C-C and 3 C-N or 1 C-C, 1 C-O and 2 C-N) and two heterocyclic rings in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Vachan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Karuppasamy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowsia Jan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), Samba, Jammu 181143, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - C Uma Maheswari
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), Samba, Jammu 181143, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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10
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Ghosh A, Mane MV, Rode HB, Patil SA, Sridhar B, Dateer RB. Catalyst-Free Regioselective [3+2] Cycloadditions of α,β-unsaturated N-arylnitrones with Alkenes to Access Functionalized Isoxazolidines: A DFT Study. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:899-903. [PMID: 32056350 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalyst-free regioselective [3+2]-cycloaddition of α,β-unsaturated N-arylnitrones with alkenes are developed. The series of synthetically important functionalized isoxazolidines are prepared in good to excellent yields by step economic pathway under ligand and transition-metal-free conditions. The regioselective cycloaddition pathway supported by control experiment and computational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, 562112, India
| | - Manoj V Mane
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,KAUST Catalysis Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haridas B Rode
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, 562112, India
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- Center for X-ray crystallography Analytical Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Ramesh B Dateer
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka, 562112, India
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11
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Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction is a powerful and versatile strategy for
the synthesis of carbocyclic and heterocyclic five-membered rings. Herein, the most recent
developments on the [3+2] cycloaddition reactions using allenes acting either as dipolarophiles
or 1,3-dipole precursors, are highlighted. The recent contributions on the
phosphine- and transition metal-catalyzed [3+2] annulations involving allenes as substrates
are also covered, with the exception of those in which the formation of a 1,3-dipole
(or synthetic equivalent) is not invoked.
This review summarizes the most relevant research in which allenes are used as building
blocks for the construction of structurally diverse five-membered rings via [3+2] annulation
reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Cardoso
- CQC and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria I.L. Soares
- CQC and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Wei C, Zhang JQ, Zhang JJ, Liang C, Mo DL. Catalyst-controlled formal [4 + 1] annulation of N-vinyl fluorenone nitrones and allenoates to prepare spirofluorenylpyrrolines. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple gimeracil-controlled formal [4 + 1] annulation was developed to prepare various spirofluorenylpyrrolines in good yields with high diastereoselectivity from N-vinyl fluorenone nitrones and allenoates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wei
- State key laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Jin-Qi Zhang
- State key laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Jia-Jie Zhang
- State key laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Cui Liang
- State key laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State key laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin
- China
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Yanai K, Togo H. Novel preparation of N-arylmethyl-N-arylmethyleneamine N-oxides from benzylic bromides with zinc and isobutyl nitrite. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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