1
|
Pandian R, Burda H, Alfurayj I, Reichardt C, Burda C. 60 Years of Betaine 30─From Solvatochromic Discovery to Future Frontiers. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6990-7001. [PMID: 38989666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Betaine-30 (B30) was reported by Karl Dimroth and Christian Reichardt et al. in 1963 as a solvatochromic probe that can be easily synthesized, shows good solubility, and remains stable in various organic solvents and solutions. Its strongly negatively solvatochromic behavior arises from differential solvation between its electronic ground and excited states, making it a valuable tool for assessing solvent polarity using the ET(30) polarity scale, also devised by Dimroth and Reichardt. In addition, advancements in femtosecond laser spectroscopy in the 1990s greatly improved the understanding of B30's relaxation dynamics following photoexcitation. In solvents capable of hydrogen bonding, such as alcohols, intermolecular hydrogen-bond rearrangement contributes to the multiple relaxation components observed. Since the 1990s, the applications of B30 have expanded beyond simple organic solvents to include complex solvent mixtures, such as electrolyte solutions for battery technologies and eutectic solvent mixtures. Given the growing importance of these complex solvent mixtures, B30 is becoming an increasingly valuable tool for studying previously unexplored solvation properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rathiesh Pandian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Henrik Burda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ibrahim Alfurayj
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christian Reichardt
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sobczak S, Katrusiak A. Structural insight into piezo-solvatochromism of Reichardt's dye. IUCRJ 2024; 11:528-537. [PMID: 38833319 PMCID: PMC11220889 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524004603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
To date, accurate modelling of the solvation process is challenging, often over-simplifying the solvent-solute interactions. The interplay between the molecular arrangement associated with the solvation process and crystal nucleation has been investigated by analysis of the piezo-solvatochromic behaviour of Reichardt's dye, ET(1), in methanol, ethanol and acetone under high pressure. High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis spectroscopy reveal the impact of solute-solvent interactions on the optical properties of ET(1). The study underscores the intricate relationship between solvent properties, molecular conformation and crystal packing. The connection between liquid and solid phases emphasizes the capabilities of high-pressure methods for expanding the field of crystal engineering. The high-pressure environment allowed the determination of the crystal structures reported here that are built from organic molecules fourfold solvated with ethanol or methanol: ET(1)·4CH3OH and ET(1)·4C2H5OH·H2O. The observed piezo-solvatochromic effects highlight the potential of ET(1) in nonlinear optoelectronics and expand the application of solvatochromic chemical indicators to pressure sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Sobczak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, Poznań61-612, Poland
| | - Andrzej Katrusiak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, Poznań61-612, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
García-Santos I, Krümpelmann J, Saa M, Burguera S, Frontera A, Castiñeiras A. Silver(I) Octanuclear Complexes Containing N'-(4-Oxotiazolidin-2-Iliden)picolinohydrazonamide and Nitrate as Bridge Ligands. An Example of Solvatomorphism? Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9221-9236. [PMID: 38713512 PMCID: PMC11110015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The versatile coordination chemistry of (2Z,N'E)-N'-(4-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidene)picolinohydrazonamide (HAmDHotaz) facilitated the synthesis of new complexes with different silver(I) salts. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization, through elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques (when solubility permits), of a series of compounds that illustrate the coordinative and structural diversity achievable with the HAmDHotaz ligand. Five silver clusters containing the [Ag8(AmDHotaz)4]4+ nucleus were structurally analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and were found to exhibit solvomorphism. The compositions of these are [Ag8(AmDHotaz)4(NO3)3(MeOH)(H2O)](NO3)·MeOH·7.5H2O (1), {[Ag8(AmDHotaz)4(NO3)3(H2O)2](NO3)·9.5(H2O)}n (2), {[Ag8(AmDHotaz)4(NO3)3(H2O)2](NO3)·11.5(H2O)}n (2a), {[Ag8(AmDHotaz)4(NO3)2(H2O)2](NO3)(OH)·6H2O}n (3), and {[Ag8(AmDHotaz)4(NO3)2(H2O)](NO3)(OH)·4.5H2O}n (3a). Argentophilic interactions are present in each of the octanuclear structures, where Ag···Ag distances range from 2.828(2) to 2.986(1) Å. These distances are influenced by crystal packing, determined by the counterion and solvent molecules in the structure. In the solvatomorphs, solvent molecules were observed to be disordered. Various hydrogen-bonding interactions, such as N-H···O-N, O-H···O, N-H···O═C, C-H···O-N, and π-π stacking interactions, contribute to the crystal packing. The influence of these weak interactions on the crystal packing was further analyzed using DFT calculations and Bader's theory of atoms-in-molecules, with a focus on argentophilic interactions and Ag···S interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-Santos
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Julia Krümpelmann
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Manuel Saa
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Sergi Burguera
- Department
de Química, Universitat de les Illes
Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department
de Química, Universitat de les Illes
Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Alfonso Castiñeiras
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spange S, Weiß N, Mayerhöfer TG. The Global Polarity of Alcoholic Solvents and Water - Importance of the Collectively Acting Factors Density, Refractive Index and Hydrogen Bonding Forces. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200140. [PMID: 36284211 PMCID: PMC9596611 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The DHBD quantity represents the hydroxyl group density of alcoholic solvents or water. DHBD is purely physically defined by the product of molar concentration of the solvent (N) and the factor Σn=n×f which reflects the number n and position (f-factor) of the alcoholic OH groups per molecule. Whether the hydroxyl group is either primary, secondary or tertiary is taken into account by f. Σn is clearly linearly correlated with the physical density or the refractive index of the alcohol derivative. Relationships of solvent-dependent UV/Vis absorption energies as ET (30) values, 129 Xe NMR shifts and kinetic data of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane solvolysis with DHBD are demonstrated. It can be shown that the ET (30) solvent parameter reflects the global polarity of the hydrogen bond network rather than specific H-bond acidity. Significant correlations of the log k1 rate constants of the solvolysis reaction of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane with DHBD show the physical reasoning of the approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spange
- Institute of ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyStraße der Nationen 6209111ChemnitzGermany
| | - Nadine Weiß
- Institute of ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyStraße der Nationen 6209111ChemnitzGermany
| | - Thomas G. Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 4Jena07743Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morales S, Pastenes C, Machado VG, Rezende MC. Applications of a preferential–solvation index (PSI) for the comparison of binary mixtures with ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
This short overview describes the historical development of the physics and chemistry of organic solvents and solutions from the alchemist era until the present time based on some carefully selected examples that can be considered landmarks in the history of solution chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichardt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Plenert AC, Mendez-Vega E, Sander W. Micro- vs Macrosolvation in Reichardt's Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13156-13166. [PMID: 34387472 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solvation is a complex phenomenon involving electrostatic and van der Waals forces as well as chemically more specific effects such as hydrogen bonding. To disentangle global solvent effects (macrosolvation) from local solvent effects (microsolvation), we studied the UV-vis and IR spectra of a solvatochromic pyridinium-N-phenolate dye (a derivative of Reichardt's dye) in rare gas matrices, in mixtures of argon and water, and in water ice. The π-π* transition of the betaine dye in the visible region and its C-O stretching vibration in the IR region are highly sensitive to solvent effects. By annealing argon matrices of the betaine dye doped with low concentrations of water, we were able to synthesize 1:1 water-dye complexes. Formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes leads to small shifts of the π-π* transition only, as long as the global polarity of the matrix environment does not change. In contrast, changes of the global polarity result in large spectral band shifts. Hydrogen-bonded complexes of the betaine dye are more sensitive to global polarity changes than the dye itself, explaining why ET values determined with Reichardt's dyes are very different for protic and nonprotic solvents, even if the relative permittivities of these solvents are similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Plenert
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Enrique Mendez-Vega
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gallagher JF, Mocilac P. Pockets and channels in tennimide solvate structures: Influence of solvent on crystal packing behaviour. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Shimizu A, Ishizaki Y, Horiuchi S, Hirose T, Matsuda K, Sato H, Yoshida JI. HOMO–LUMO Energy-Gap Tuning of π-Conjugated Zwitterions Composed of Electron-Donating Anion and Electron-Accepting Cation. J Org Chem 2020; 86:770-781. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yu Ishizaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shun Horiuchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubaracho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie 510-0294, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pike SJ, Heliot A, Seaton CC. ortho-Substituent effect on the crystal packing and solid state speciation of aromatic C-nitroso compounds. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00728e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The solid state behaviour of a short series aromaticC-nitroso compounds has been studied as a function of the electronic and steric nature of theortho-substituent on the ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Pike
- School of Chemistry
- University of Birmingham
- Birmingham
- UK
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
| | - Armelle Heliot
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| | - Colin C. Seaton
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences
- Faculty of Life Sciences
- University of Bradford
- Bradford
- UK
| |
Collapse
|