Metal Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production in Water Splitting

The rising demand for fossil fuels and the resulting pollution have raised environmental concerns about energy production. Undoubtedly, hydrogen is the best candidate for producing clean and sustainable energy now and in the future. Water splitting is a promising and efficient process for hydrogen production, where catalysts play a key role in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). HER electrocatalysis can be well performed by Pt with a low overpotential close to zero and a Tafel slope of about 30 mV dec-1. However, the main challenge in expanding the hydrogen production process is using efficient and inexpensive catalysts. Due to electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical stability, transition metal compounds are the best options for HER electrocatalysts. This study will focus on analyzing the current situation and recent advances in the design and development of nanostructured electrocatalysts for noble and non-noble metals in HER electrocatalysis. In general, strategies including doping, crystallization control, structural engineering, carbon nanomaterials, and increasing active sites by changing morphology are helpful to improve HER performance. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in designing functional and stable electrocatalysts for HER in efficient hydrogen production from water-splitting electrolysis will be described.

Spatial Control of Substitutional Dopants in Hexagonal Monolayer WS2 : The Effect of Edge Termination

The ability to control the density and spatial distribution of substitutional dopants in semiconductors is crucial for achieving desired physicochemical properties. Substitutional doping with adjustable doping levels has been previously demonstrated in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs); however, the spatial control of dopant distribution remains an open field. In this work, edge termination is demonstrated as an important characteristic of 2D TMD monocrystals that affects the distribution of substitutional dopants. Particularly, in chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer WS₂ , it is found that a higher density of transition metal dopants is always incorporated in sulfur-terminated domains when compared to tungsten-terminated domains. Two representative examples demonstrate this spatial distribution control, including hexagonal iron- and vanadium-doped WS₂ monolayers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are further performed, indicating that the edge-dependent dopant distribution is due to a strong binding of tungsten atoms at tungsten-zigzag edges, resulting in the formation of open sites at sulfur-zigzag edges that enable preferential dopant incorporation. Based on these results, it is envisioned that edge termination in crystalline TMD monolayers can be utilized as a novel and effective knob for engineering the spatial distribution of substitutional dopants, leading to in-plane hetero-/multi-junctions that display fascinating electronic, optoelectronic, and magnetic properties.

Molten-droplet-driven growth of MoS2 flakes with controllable morphology transition for hydrogen evolution reactions

The controllable fabrication of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs) and a deep understanding of the corresponding process mechanisms are of fundamental importance for their further applications. In this study, the molten-droplet-driven (MDD) growth of MoS₂ based on a Na-Mo-O molten-salt chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is demonstrated via temperature-dependent dispersion and spreading of droplets on a surface, yielding MoS₂ flakes with morphology transition from compact triangles to fractal dendrites with the increase in temperature. By building up the dependence between the formed morphologies of grown MoS₂ flakes and the corresponding kinetics during successive growth processes, it was found that the wetting-driven force, which is governed by interface free energies (surface tension) of molten droplets, would largely determine the driven movement of the droplet, and then the formation of different morphologies. Finally, based on these MoS₂ flakes, a systematic improvement of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was demonstrated in accordance with the evolution of morphologies from compact to fractal. This study presents an important advance in understanding the growth mechanisms related to the molten-salt-assisted CVD fabrication of 2D TMDs and provides a facile method for tailoring the growth and application of 2D TMDs with controllably trimmed morphologies.

Hierarchically Ordinated Two-Dimensional MoS2 Nanosheets on Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogels as Highly Active and Stable Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Hydrogen gas (H2) is being intensively proposed as a next-generation clean energy owing to the depletion of fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting is one of the most promising processes for hydrogen production. Furthermore, many efforts focusing on electrochemical water splitting have been made to develop low-cost, electrochemically active, and stable catalysts for efficient hydrogen production. MoS2 has emerged as an attractive material for developing catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Hence, in this study, we design hierarchically ordinated two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 nanosheets on three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (H-2D/3D-MoS2-rGO) aerogel structures as a new class of electrocatalysts for the HER. We use the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis route for developing high-performance electroactive materials for the HER. The as-prepared H-2D/3D-MoS2-rGO contains a unique 3D hierarchical structure providing large surface areas owing to the 3D porous networks of rGO and more active sites owing to the many edge sites in the MoS2 nanosheets. In addition, the H-2D/3D-MoS2-rGO structure exhibits remarkable electrochemical properties during the HER. It shows a lower overpotential than pure MoS2 and excellent electrochemical stability owing to the large number of active sites (highly exposed edge sites) and high electrical conductivity from the rGO structure.

Two-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional Growth of Transition Metal Diselenides by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Interplay between Fractal, Dendritic, and Compact Morphologies

We investigate the role of growth temperature and metal/chalcogen flux in atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition growth of MoSe₂ and WSe₂ on Si/SiO₂ substrates. Using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, we observe that the growth temperature and transition metal flux strongly influence the domain morphology, and the compact triangular or hexagonal domains ramify into branched structures as the growth temperature (metal flux) is decreased (increased). The competition between adatom attachment to the domain edges and diffusion of adatoms along the domain boundary determines the evolution of the observed growth morphology. Depending on the growth temperature and flux, two different branched structures-fractals and dendrites-grow. The fractals (with a dimension of ∼1.67) obey a diffusion-limited aggregation mechanism, whereas the dendrites with a higher fractal dimension of ∼1.80 exhibit preferential growth along the symmetry-governed directions. The effect of chalcogen environment is studied, where a Se-rich condition helps restrict Mo-rich nucleus formation, promoting lateral growth. For a Se-deficient environment, several multilayer islands cluster on two-dimensional domains, suggesting a transition from lateral to vertical growth because of insufficient Se passivation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows a near perfect stoichiometry (Mo/Se = 1:1.98) of MoSe₂ grown in a Se-rich environment, whereas in the Se-deficient condition, a ratio of Mo/Se = 1:1.68 is observed. This also supports the formation of metal-rich nuclei (Mo_1+xSe_2-x) under Se-deficient conditions, leading to three-dimensional clustering. Tuning the growth temperature and metal/chalcogen flux, we propose an optimized CVD growth window for synthesizing large-area Mo(W) selenide.