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Wang X, Gao S, Luo Y, Liu X, Tom R, Zhao K, Chang V, Marom N. Computational Discovery of Intermolecular Singlet Fission Materials Using Many-Body Perturbation Theory. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:7841-7864. [PMID: 38774154 PMCID: PMC11103713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular singlet fission (SF) is the conversion of a photogenerated singlet exciton into two triplet excitons residing on different molecules. SF has the potential to enhance the conversion efficiency of solar cells by harvesting two charge carriers from one high-energy photon, whose surplus energy would otherwise be lost to heat. The development of commercial SF-augmented modules is hindered by the limited selection of molecular crystals that exhibit intermolecular SF in the solid state. Computational exploration may accelerate the discovery of new SF materials. The GW approximation and Bethe-Salpeter equation (GW+BSE) within the framework of many-body perturbation theory is the current state-of-the-art method for calculating the excited-state properties of molecular crystals with periodic boundary conditions. In this Review, we discuss the usage of GW+BSE to assess candidate SF materials as well as its combination with low-cost physical or machine learned models in materials discovery workflows. We demonstrate three successful strategies for the discovery of new SF materials: (i) functionalization of known materials to tune their properties, (ii) finding potential polymorphs with improved crystal packing, and (iii) exploring new classes of materials. In addition, three new candidate SF materials are proposed here, which have not been published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- School
of Foundational Education, University of
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, China
- Qingdao
Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of
Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Gao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yiqun Luo
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rithwik Tom
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kaiji Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Vincent Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Noa Marom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Luo Z, Wang D, Li K, Zhong D, Xue L, Gan Z, Xie C. Three-Dimensional Nanolithography with Visible Continuous Wave Laser through Triplet Up-Conversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:709-715. [PMID: 36646640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing (DLW) technology usually fabricates micronanostructures based on the principle of two-photon polymerization. However, two-photon polymerization requires high laser intensity which can be achieved by expensive femtosecond lasers. To address the issue, a direct laser writing method has been proposed in this work; it is based on triplet up-conversion which is characterized by its low cost, high precision, multidimensional property, and rapid processing. The feasibility of this method is jointly verified by applying both dynamic modeling and experiments. Based on the obtained results, the low laser intensity fabrication of multidimensional nanostructures is achieved. The minimum line width (∼50 nm) of micronanostructures is reached when the laser intensity is set at 2.5 × 105 W/cm2 along with a processing speed of 150 μm/s. As a result, the direct laser writing method, based on triplet up-conversion, offers a new route to achieve low-intensity and high-precision micronanostructure fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Information Storage Systems, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Duan Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Information Storage Systems, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Information Storage Systems, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhong
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning437100, China
| | - Li Xue
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning437100, China
| | - Zongsong Gan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Information Storage Systems, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Xie
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Information Storage Systems, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
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3
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Mechanism of Ir(ppy) 3 Guest Exciton Formation with the Exciplex-Forming TCTA:TPBI Cohost within a Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diode Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115940. [PMID: 35682617 PMCID: PMC9180450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohosts based on hole transporting and electron transporting materials often act as exciplexes in the form of intermolecular charge transfer complexes. Indeed, exciplex-forming cohosts have been widely developed as the host materials for efficient phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In host–guest systems of OLEDs, the guest can be excited by two competing mechanisms, namely, excitation energy transfer (EET) and charge transfer (CT). Experimentally, it has been reported that the EET mechanism is dominant and the excitons are primarily formed in the host first and then transferred to the guest in phosphorescent OLEDs based on exciplex-forming cohosts. With this, exciplex-forming cohosts are widely employed for avoiding the formation of trapped charge carriers in the phosphorescent guest. However, theoretical studies are still lacking toward elucidating the relative importance between EET and CT processes in exciting the guest molecules in such systems. Here, we obtain the kinetics of guest excitation processes in a few trimer model systems consisting of an exciplex-forming cohost pair and a phosphorescent guest. We adopt the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) rate constants for the electronic transitions between excited states toward solving kinetic master equations. The input parameters for calculating the FRET rate constants are obtained from density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. The results show that while the EET mechanism is important, the CT mechanism may still play a significant role in guest excitations. In fact, the relative importance of CT over EET depends strongly on the location of the guest molecule relative to the cohost pair. This is understandable as both the coupling for EET and the interaction energy for CT are strongly influenced by the geometric constraints. Understanding the energy transfer pathways from the exciplex state of cohost to the emissive state of guest may provide insights for improving exciplex-forming materials adopted in OLEDs.
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4
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Limberg DK, Kang JH, Hayward RC. Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photopolymerization for High-Resolution 3D Printing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5226-5232. [PMID: 35285620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) currently offers the highest resolution available in 3D printing (∼100 nm) but requires femtosecond laser pulses at very high peak intensity (∼1 TW/cm2). Here, we demonstrate 3D printing based on triplet-triplet-annihilation photopolymerization (TTAP), which achieves submicron resolution while using a continuous visible LED light source with comparatively low light intensity (∼10 W/cm2). TTAP enables submicrometer feature sizes with exposure times of ∼0.1 s/voxel without requiring a coherent or pulsed light source, opening the door to low-cost fabrication with submicron resolution. This approach enables 3D printing of a diverse array of designs with high resolution and is amenable to future parallelization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Limberg
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ji-Hwan Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California 90804, United States
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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5
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Castellanos-Soriano J, Álvarez-Gutiérrez D, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Photoredox catalysis powered by triplet fusion upconversion: arylation of heteroarenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1175-1184. [PMID: 35303293 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the feasibility of triplet fusion upconversion (TFU, also named triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion) technology for the functionalization (arylation) of furans and thiophenes has been successfully proven. Activation of aryl halides by TFU leads to generation of aryl radical intermediates; trapping of the latter by the corresponding heteroarenes, which act as nucleophiles, affords the final coupling products. Advantages of this photoredox catalytic method include the use of very mild conditions (visible light, standard conditions), employment of commercially available reactants and low-loading metal-free photocatalysts, absence of any sacrificial agent (additive) in the medium and short irradiation times. The involvement of the high energetic delayed fluorescence in the reaction mechanism has been evidenced by quenching studies, whereas the two-photon nature of this photoredox arylation of furans and thiophenes has been manifested by the dependence on the energy source power. Finally, the scaling-up conditions have been gratifyingly afforded by a continuous-flow device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Castellanos-Soriano
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Álvarez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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6
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Postils V, Ruipérez F, Casanova D. Mild Open-Shell Character of BODIPY and Its Impact on Singlet and Triplet Excitation Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:5825-5838. [PMID: 34517706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes and rationalizes the electronic structure of BODIPY combining a large variety of quantum chemistry methods and computational tools. Examination of the obtained results using state-of-the-art electronic structure analyses provides a new and complete interpretation of the nature of low-lying electronic states in BODIPY and elucidates the limitations of excited-state methods in the computation of T1 and S1 energies, that is, systematic under- and overestimation of time-dependent density functional theory energies, respectively, and a large overestimation of the T1/S1 energy gap. Our analysis identifies the important role and physical origin of the mild open-shell character in the BODIPY ground state, that is, strong highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital exchange interactions. The study provides guidelines for the accurate quantification of the T1/S1 gap, which is extremely relevant for the computational investigation of the photophysical properties of BODIPY and its derivatives. These conclusions should be taken into consideration in order to predict and interpret conspicuous photoactivated phenomena such as intersystem crossing, singlet fission, and triplet-triplet annihilation. Moreover, we believe that our study might provide new ideas and strategies for the analysis of other molecular chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Postils
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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7
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Kang MWC, Liu H, Kah JCY. Innate immune activation by conditioned medium of cancer cells following combined phototherapy with photosensitizer-loaded gold nanorods. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. B 2020; 8:10812-10824. [PMID: 33174587 DOI: 10.1039/d0tc00044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based phototherapy has evolved to include immunotherapy as an effective treatment combination for cancers through inducing anti-cancer immune activation leading to downstream adaptive responses and immune protection. However, most cancer phototherapy studies that claimed anti-cancer immunogenic effects often included exogenous immunostimulants to potentiate immune responses and did not clearly establish their effects on immune cells. In this study, we showed that combined photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) using gold nanorods (NRs) loaded with the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) on endogenously formed mouse serum (MS) protein coronas (i.e., NR-MS-Ce6) on EMT6 murine mammary carcinoma cells could potentiate the activation of both J774A.1 macrophages and DC2.4 dendritic cells. The activation of these innate immune cells by the conditioned media from cancer cells treated with combined PDT + PTT was cell-type and number dependent. While treated B16-OVA murine melanoma cells induced lower activation levels for both immune cell types compared to EMT6, they caused higher pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion levels. Our study suggests the importance of immunological investigations to complement any nanoparticle-based therapeutic interventions to better evaluate their efficacy. This could be achieved through a simple approach to screen for the first line of immune responses arising from these therapies prior to in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvin Wei Cherng Kang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, Level 04, #04-02, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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8
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van Son MHC, Berghuis AM, Eisenreich F, de Waal B, Vantomme G, Gómez Rivas J, Meijer EW. Highly Ordered 2D-Assemblies of Phase-Segregated Block Molecules for Upconverted Linearly Polarized Emission. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004775. [PMID: 33118197 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on the laminar ordering of self-assembled molecules have a unique potential for applications requiring efficient energy migration through densely packed chromophores. Here, employing molecular assemblies of coil-rod-coil block molecules for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based on triplet energy migration with linearly polarized emission is reported. By covalently attaching discrete-length oligodimethylsiloxane (oDMS) to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), highly ordered 2D crystalline DPA sheets separated by oDMS layers are obtained. Transparent films of this material doped with small amounts of triplet sensitizer PtII octaethylporphyrin show air-stable TTA-UC under non-coherent excitation. Upon annealing, an increase in TTA-UC up to two orders of magnitude is observed originating from both an improved molecular ordering of DPA and an increased dispersion of the sensitizer. The molecular alignment in millimeter-sized domains leads to upconverted linearly polarized emission without alignment layers. By using a novel technique, upconversion imaging microscopy, the TTA-UC intensity is spatially resolved on a micrometer scale to visually demonstrate the importance of molecular dispersion of sensitizer molecules for efficient TTA-UC. The reported results are promising for anti-counterfeiting and 3D night-vision applications, but also exemplify the potential of discrete oligodimethylsiloxane functionalized chromophores for highly aligned and densely packed molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H C van Son
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Anton M Berghuis
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
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9
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Weber JL, Churchill EM, Jockusch S, Arthur EJ, Pun AB, Zhang S, Friesner RA, Campos LM, Reichman DR, Shee J. In silico prediction of annihilators for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion via auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1068-1079. [PMID: 34163873 PMCID: PMC8179011 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03381b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy of the lowest-lying triplet state (T1) relative to the ground and first-excited singlet states (S0, S1) plays a critical role in optical multiexcitonic processes of organic chromophores. Focusing on triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion, the S0 to T1 energy gap, known as the triplet energy, is difficult to measure experimentally for most molecules of interest. Ab initio predictions can provide a useful alternative, however low-scaling electronic structure methods such as the Kohn–Sham and time-dependent variants of Density Functional Theory (DFT) rely heavily on the fraction of exact exchange chosen for a given functional, and tend to be unreliable when strong electronic correlation is present. Here, we use auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC), a scalable electronic structure method capable of accurately describing even strongly correlated molecules, to predict the triplet energies for a series of candidate annihilators for TTA upconversion, including 9,10 substituted anthracenes and substituted benzothiadiazole (BTD) and benzoselenodiazole (BSeD) compounds. We compare our results to predictions from a number of commonly used DFT functionals, as well as DLPNO-CCSD(T0), a localized approximation to coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triples. Together with S1 estimates from absorption/emission spectra, which are well-reproduced by TD-DFT calculations employing the range-corrected hybrid functional CAM-B3LYP, we provide predictions regarding the thermodynamic feasibility of upconversion by requiring (a) the measured T1 of the sensitizer exceeds that of the calculated T1 of the candidate annihilator, and (b) twice the T1 of the annihilator exceeds its S1 energetic value. We demonstrate a successful example of in silico discovery of a novel annihilator, phenyl-substituted BTD, and present experimental validation via low temperature phosphorescence and the presence of upconverted blue light emission when coupled to a platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) sensitizer. The BTD framework thus represents a new class of annihilators for TTA upconversion. Its chemical functionalization, guided by the computational tools utilized herein, provides a promising route towards high energy (violet to near-UV) emission. Electronic structure theories such as AFQMC can accurately predict the low-lying excited state energetics of organic chromophores involved in triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion. A novel class of benzothiadiazole annihilators is discovered.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Emily M Churchill
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Evan J Arthur
- Schrodinger Inc 120 West 45th Street New York NY 1003 USA
| | - Andrew B Pun
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute 162 5th Avenue New York NY 10010 USA.,Department of Physics, College of William and Mary Williamsburg VA 23187 USA
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - James Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
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10
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Beimborn JC, Zagorec-Marks W, Weber JM. Spectroscopy of Resonant Intermediate States for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Crystalline Rubrene: Radical Ions as Sensitizers. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7212-7217. [PMID: 32787307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence upconversion in crystalline rubrene can proceed without an added sensitizer, but the mechanism for this process has not been well-understood. In particular, the species responsible for photon absorption has not been identified to date. To gain insight into the identity of the intermediate state, we measured the near-infrared (NIR) upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) excitation spectrum of rubrene crystals and found three distinct spectral features. The UCPL yield has a quartic dependence on the laser intensity, implying a four-photon process. On the basis of electronic spectra of radical cations and anions of rubrene, we propose a mechanism in which photoexcited radical anions and cations undergo recombination, forming an excited neutral triplet while conserving spin. The triplets formed this way ultimately undergo triplet-triplet annihilation, resulting in the observed photoluminescence. This mechanism explains the origin of the NIR absorption as well as the four-photon nature of the UCPL process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Curtis Beimborn
- JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Wyatt Zagorec-Marks
- JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - J Mathias Weber
- JILA and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
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11
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R S L, Kurup GB, Vennapusa SR. Identification of a receiver triplet state in the ultrafast intersystem crossing of carbonylpyrenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6145-6153. [PMID: 32124884 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The near-unity triplet quantum yield of photoexcited carbonyl functionalized pyrenes is theoretically investigated. The estimated energetics of singlet-triplet manifolds and relevant spin-orbit coupling parameters strongly suggest triplet state formation via the S1→ T4/T5 pathway. Quantum wavepacket dynamics of triplet manifolds within the linear vibronic coupling approach reveal that the receiver triplet state would undergo rapid internal conversion decay to the lower triplet state(s), facilitating efficient triplet generation by minimizing the reverse intersystem crossing possibilities. On the basis of these results, a unified mechanism is proposed to describe the ultrafast intersystem crossing process in these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmi R S
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM), Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, Kerala, India.
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12
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Castellanos-Soriano J, Herrera-Luna JC, Díaz Díaz D, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Recent applications of biphotonic processes in organic synthesis. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic synthesis mediated by biphotonic processes has gained great momentum in the last five years. Herein, an overview of the existing examples is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Díaz Díaz
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- 93053 Regensburg
- Germany
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química
- Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química
- Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
- Valencia
- Spain
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13
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Alipour M, Safari Z. Toward photophysical characteristics of triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion: a promising protocol from the perspective of optimally tuned range-separated hybrids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17126-17141. [PMID: 31339140 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02987g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photon upconversion (UC) process assisted by the triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) mechanism has recently come into the spotlight. Given the rich collection of efforts in this area, theoretical explorations regarding TTA-UC are relatively limited and have proven to be challenging for its control in devices. In this contribution, the photophysical properties crucial for TTA-UC, such as triplet excited state energies and triplet-triplet energy transfer gaps of the essential ingredients involved in the process, namely sensitizers, annihilators and their pairs, have theoretically been investigated using optimally tuned range-separated hybrid functionals (OT-RSHs) and their screened exchange counterparts, OT-SRSHs. Taking a series of experimentally proven-to-work sensitizer/annihilator pairs as working models, we have constructed and validated several variants of OT-RSHs using both full time-dependent and Tamm-Dancoff formalisms for a reliable description of the TTA-UC photophysics. Given the bimolecular biphotonic nature of the TTA-UC process under study, particular attention is paid to the influence of the factors like the underlying density functional approximations and the tunable parameters such as short- and long-range exact-like exchanges as well as the range-separation parameter for both the sensitizers and annihilators separately. Dissecting all the aspects and relying on the appropriate choices from the tested models, we propose an OT-RSH with the correct asymptotic behavior as a cost-effective yet useful tool for this purpose. Not only against the standard RSHs but also in comparison to the conventional hybrids, the newly developed OT-RSH yields a more reliable description for the TTA-UC energetics in the gas phase and dielectric medium. Accountability of the proposed model has further been confirmed for several theoretically designed sensitizer/annihilator pairs prone to be used in the TTA-UC process. Summing up, in light of this study additional pieces of convincing evidence on the quality of OT-(S)RSHs for computational modeling and experimental verifications of the photophysics of the photon UC based on TTA and other possible technologies are showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Alipour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
| | - Zahra Safari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946-84795, Iran.
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Barnsley JE, Shillito GE, Larsen CB, van der Salm H, Horvath R, Sun XZ, Wu X, George MW, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Generation of Microsecond Charge-Separated Excited States in Rhenium(I) Diimine Complexes: Driving Force Is the Dominant Factor in Controlling Lifetime. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9785-9795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Holly van der Salm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Raphael Horvath
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
| | - Xue Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2NR, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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