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Mohammad I, Cambaz MA, Samoson A, Fichtner M, Witter R. Development of in situ high resolution NMR: Proof-of-principle for a new (spinning) cylindrical mini-pellet approach applied to a Lithium ion battery. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2024; 129:101914. [PMID: 38154437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2023.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for characterizing the local structure and dynamics of battery and other materials. It has been widely used to investigate bulk electrode compounds, electrolytes, and interfaces. Beside common ex situ investigations, in situ and operando techniques have gained considerable importance for understanding the reaction mechanisms and cell degradation of electrochemical cells. Herein, we present the recent development of in situ magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR methodologies to study batteries with high spectral resolution, setting into context possible advances on this topic. A mini cylindrical cell type insert for 4 mm MAS rotors is introduced here, being demonstrated on a Li/VO2F electrochemical system, allowing the acquisition of high-resolution 7Li MAS NMR spectra, spinning the electrochemical cell up to 15 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Mohammad
- Laboratory of Spin Design, Institute of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Musa Ali Cambaz
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ago Samoson
- Laboratory of Spin Design, Institute of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maximilian Fichtner
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), POB 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Raiker Witter
- Laboratory of Spin Design, Institute of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086, Tallinn, Estonia; Helmholtz-Institute Ulm for Electrochemical Energy Storage (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), POB 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Quantum Optics, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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2
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Zhang S, Li Y, Bannenberg LJ, Liu M, Ganapathy S, Wagemaker M. The lasting impact of formation cycling on the Li-ion kinetics between SEI and the Li-metal anode and its correlation with efficiency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8889. [PMID: 38232156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Formation cycling is a critical process aimed at improving the performance of lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries during subsequent use. Achieving highly reversible Li-metal anodes, which would boost battery energy density, is a formidable challenge. Here, formation cycling and its impact on the subsequent cycling are largely unexplored. Through solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy experiments, we reveal the critical role of the Li-ion diffusion dynamics between the electrodeposited Li-metal (ED-Li) and the as-formed solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The most stable cycling performance is realized after formation cycling at a relatively high current density, causing an optimum in Li-ion diffusion over the Li-metal-SEI interface. We can relate this to a specific balance in the SEI chemistry, explaining the lasting impact of formation cycling. Thereby, this work highlights the importance and opportunities of regulating initial electrochemical conditions for improving the stability and life cycle of lithium metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhang
- Section Storage of Electrochemical Energy, Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Yuhang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lars J Bannenberg
- Section Storage of Electrochemical Energy, Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ming Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Power Battery Safety and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Section Storage of Electrochemical Energy, Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Section Storage of Electrochemical Energy, Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, Netherlands
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3
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Chen X, Zhang J, Zhong G, Ouyang Y, Yu S, Wang C, Sun K, Liao X, Kuang X, Chen Y, Peng Z. Disentangling the Li-Ion transport and Boundary Phase Transition Processes in Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 Electrolyte by In-Operando High-Pressure and High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302863. [PMID: 37263986 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Li-ion transport and phase transition of solid electrolytes are critical and fundamental issues governing the rate and cycling performances of solid-state batteries. In this work, in-operando high-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the solid-state battery is developed and applied, in combination with 6 Li-tracer NMR and high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, to investigate the Li10 GeP2 S12 electrolyte under true-to-life operation conditions. The results reveal that the Li10 GeP2 S12 phase may become more disordered and a large amount of conductive metastable β-Li3 PS4 as the glassy matrix in the electrolyte transforms into less conductive phases, mainly γ-Li3 PS4 , when high current densities (e.g., ≥0.5 mA cm-2 ) are applied to the electrolyte. The overall Li-transport also varies and shows a tendency of boundary phases and Li10 GeP2 S12 synergistic dominant conduction at high currents. Accordingly, a mechanism of structural change induced by stress variation due to the drastic morphological change during Li-In alloying at high currents, and the local Li+ diffusion coefficient discrepancy is proposed. These new findings of Li-ion transport and boundary phase transition in Li10 GeP2 S12 solid electrolyte under high-pressure and high current density are first reported and will help provide previously lacking insights into the relationship of structure and performance of Li10 GeP2 S12 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchang Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectro-electrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jinxiao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Guiming Zhong
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectro-electrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- 21C Innovation Laboratory, Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd. (21C LAB), Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Yimei Ouyang
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectro-electrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Institut für Energie-und Klimaforschung (IEK-9: Grundlagen der Elektrochemie), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Chao Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectro-electrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectro-electrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xunfan Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Xiaojun Kuang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Zhangquan Peng
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectro-electrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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4
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Afonso de Araujo L, Sarou-Kanian V, Sicsic D, Deschamps M, Salager E. Operando nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Detection of the onset of metallic lithium deposition on graphite at low temperature and fast charge in a full Li-ion battery. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 354:107527. [PMID: 37603989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are at the core of the democratisation of electric transportation and portative electronic devices. However, fast and/or low temperature charge induce performance loss, mainly through lithium plating, a degrading mechanism. In this report, 7Li operando Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy is used to detect the onset of metastable lithium deposits in an NMC622/graphite cell at 0 °C and fast charge. An operando setup, compatible with low temperatures, was developed with special attention to the pressure applied on the electrodes/separator stack and noise reduction to enable early detection and good time-resolution. Direct detection of metallic lithium enables drawing correlations between lithium plating and electrochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Afonso de Araujo
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France; Renault SAS, Technocentre Renault, 1 Avenue du Golf, F-78288 Guyancourt, France; Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Sarou-Kanian
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France; Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - David Sicsic
- Renault SAS, Technocentre Renault, 1 Avenue du Golf, F-78288 Guyancourt, France; Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Michael Deschamps
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France; Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Salager
- CNRS, CEMHTI UPR3079, Université d'Orléans, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France; Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 33 Rue Saint Leu, F-80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
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5
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Geng F, Lu G, Liao Y, Shen M, Hu B. Quantitative and space-resolved in situ 1D EPR imaging for the detection of metallic lithium deposits. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:174203. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0125080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor lithium deposition on the anodes in real time is becoming progressively more important due to the development of advanced anode technology. Given the fact that the detrimental Li deposits are always on the micron scale, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) happens to be a very effective and selective detection technology due to the skin effect. Here, quantitative in situ 1D EPR imaging is carried out with a magnetic field gradient to achieve a one-dimensional spatial resolution along the Li growth direction in a capillary cell. The quantification of Li deposits is carefully calibrated using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl standard, and a processing method is presented to correct the double integration of the Dysonian line from the metallic Li. The Li deposition processes are compared in two different electrolytes. For the electrolyte containing fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive, the fitting results of Dysonian lines suggest that the plated Li has a larger dimension of the microstructure and the stripping proceeds more uniformly. It thus accounts for the higher Coulombic efficiency in the electrolyte with FEC. In situ EPR imaging also suggests that the Sand’s capacity varies with the electrolytes. The forced growth of dendritic Li is carried out at a very large current density using a derivative operando EPR method to monitor the growth locus of the Li dendrites, indicating a tip-growing mechanism. This work can be instructive for those who are engaged in the study of electro-deposited lithium using in situ EPR imaging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushan Geng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhong Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
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6
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Liu X, Liang Z, Xiang Y, Lin M, Li Q, Liu Z, Zhong G, Fu R, Yang Y. Solid-State NMR and MRI Spectroscopy for Li/Na Batteries: Materials, Interface, and In Situ Characterization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005878. [PMID: 33788341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the electrochemical performance of batteries, including the lifespan, energy, and power densities, is an everlasting quest for the rechargeable battery community. However, the dynamic and coupled (electro)chemical processes that occur in the electrode materials as well as at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces complicate the investigation of their working and decay mechanisms. Herein, the recent developments and applications of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in Li/Na batteries are reviewed. Several typical cases including the applications of NMR spectroscopy for the investigation of the pristine structure and the dynamic structural evolution of materials are first emphasized. The NMR applications in analyzing the solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI) on the electrode are further concluded, involving the identification of SEI components and investigation of ionic motion through the interfaces. Beyond, the new development of in situ NMR and MRI techniques are highlighted, including their advantages, challenges, applications and the design principle of in situ cell. In the end, a prospect about how to use ssNMR in battery research from the perspectives of materials, interface, and in situ NMR, aiming at obtaining deeper insight of batteries with the assistance of ssNMR is represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ziteng Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zigeng Liu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, IEK-9, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Guiming Zhong
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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7
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Walder BJ, Conradi MS, Borchardt JJ, Merrill LC, Sorte EG, Deichmann EJ, Anderson TM, Alam TM, Harrison KL. NMR spectroscopy of coin cell batteries with metal casings. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg8298. [PMID: 34516774 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg8298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Battery cells with metal casings are commonly considered incompatible with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy because the oscillating radio-frequency magnetic fields (“rf fields”) responsible for excitation and detection of NMR active nuclei do not penetrate metals. Here, we show that rf fields can still efficiently penetrate nonmetallic layers of coin cells with metal casings provided “B1 damming” configurations are avoided. With this understanding, we demonstrate noninvasive high-field in situ 7Li and 19F NMR of coin cells with metal casings using a traditional external NMR coil. This includes the first NMR measurements of an unmodified commercial off-the-shelf rechargeable battery in operando, from which we detect, resolve, and separate 7Li NMR signals from elemental Li, anodic β-LiAl, and cathodic LixMnO2 compounds. Real-time changes of β-LiAl lithium diffusion rates and variable β-LiAl 7Li NMR Knight shifts are observed and tied to electrochemically driven changes of the β-LiAl defect structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J Walder
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Mark S Conradi
- ABQMR, 2301 Yale Blvd SE, Suite C2, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - John J Borchardt
- RF and Electronic Systems Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Laura C Merrill
- Department of Nanoscale Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Eric G Sorte
- Applied Strategic Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Eric J Deichmann
- Power Sources Research and Development, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Travis M Anderson
- Power Sources Research and Development, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Todd M Alam
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Katharine L Harrison
- Department of Nanoscale Sciences, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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8
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Gauthier M, Nguyen MH, Blondeau L, Foy E, Wong A. Operando NMR characterization of a metal-air battery using a double-compartment cell design. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 113:101731. [PMID: 33823328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2021.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Applying operando investigations is becoming essential for acquiring fundamental insights into the reaction mechanisms and phenomena at stake in batteries currently under development. The capability of a real-time characterization of the charge/discharge electrochemical pathways and the reactivity of the electrolyte is critical to decipher the underlying chemistries and improve the battery performance. Yet, adapting operando techniques for new chemistries such as metal-oxygen (i.e. metal-air) batteries introduces challenges in the cell design due notably to the requirements of an oxygen gas supply at the cathode. Herein a simple operando cell is presented with a two-compartment cylindrical cell design for NMR spectroscopy. The design is discussed and evaluated. Operando7Li static NMR characterization on a Li-O2 battery was performed as a proof-of-concept. The productions of Li2O2, mossy Li/Li dendrites and other irreversible parasitic lithium compounds were captured in the charge/discharge processes, demonstrating the capability of tracking the evolution of the anodic and cathodic chemistry in metal-oxygen batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Gauthier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Minh Hoang Nguyen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lucie Blondeau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eddy Foy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alan Wong
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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9
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Aguilera AR, MacMillan B, Krachkovskiy S, Sanders KJ, Alkhayri F, Adam Dyker C, Goward GR, Balcom BJ. A parallel-plate RF probe and battery cartridge for 7Li ion battery studies. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 325:106943. [PMID: 33647764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new parallel-plate resonator for 7Li ion cell studies is introduced along with a removable cartridge-like electrochemical cell for lithium ion battery studies. This geometry separates the RF probe from the electrochemical cell permitting charge/discharge of the cell outside the magnet and introduces the possibility of multiplexing samples under test. The new cell has a geometry that is similar to that of a real battery, unlike the majority of cells employed for MR/MRI studies to this point. The cell, with electrodes parallel to the B1 magnetic field of the probe, avoids RF attenuation during excitation/reception. The cell and RF probe dramatically increase the sample volume compared to traditional MR compatible battery designs. Ex situ and in situ 1D 7Li profiles of Li ions in the electrolyte solution of a cartridge-like cell were acquired, with a nominal resolution of 35 µm at 38 MHz. The cell and RF probe may be employed for spectroscopy, imaging and relaxation studies. We also report the results of a T1-T2 relaxation correlation experiment on both a pristine and fully charged cell. This study represents the first T1-T2 relaxation correlation experiment performed in a Li ion cell. The T1-T2 correlation maps suggest lithium intercalated into graphite is detected by this methodology in addition to other Li species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ramírez Aguilera
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Bryce MacMillan
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sergey Krachkovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kevin J Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Fahad Alkhayri
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Gillian R Goward
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Bruce J Balcom
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
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10
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Märker K, Xu C, Grey CP. Operando NMR of NMC811/Graphite Lithium-Ion Batteries: Structure, Dynamics, and Lithium Metal Deposition. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17447-17456. [PMID: 32960049 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are of tremendous importance for our society, but their limited lifetime still poses a great challenge. For a better understanding of battery cycling and degradation, operando analytical measurements are invaluable. In this work, we demonstrate that operando 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be applied to full LIBs. We exemplify this on LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811)/graphite cells, which are typical high-energy LIBs. Employing industry-standard electrodes, our operando cells show realistic cycling performance at practical rates, which allows us to conduct experiments at different rates and temperatures and to draw conclusions on the performance of LIBs. The NMR experiments monitor processes in both electrodes individually, including Li-ion mobility and its changes with temperature. Moreover, Li metal deposition on graphite is observed at low temperature, which is an important degradation mechanism in LIBs and a severe safety hazard. Our experiments offer unique insights into this Li metal deposition process under different charging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Märker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
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