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Aktary M, Alghamdi HS, Ajeebi AM, AlZahrani AS, Sanhoob MA, Aziz MA, Nasiruzzaman Shaikh M. Hydrogenation of CO 2 into Value-added Chemicals Using Solid-Supported Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301007. [PMID: 38311592 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Reducing CO2 emissions is an urgent global priority. In this context, several mitigation strategies, including CO2 tax and stringent legislation, have been adopted to halt the deterioration of the natural environment. Also, carbon recycling procedures undoubtedly help reduce net emissions into the atmosphere, enhancing sustainability. Utilizing Earth's abundant CO2 to produce high-potential green chemicals and light fuels opens new avenues for the chemical industry. In this context, many attempts have been devoted to converting CO2 as a feedstock into various value-added chemicals, such as CH4, lower methanol, light olefins, gasoline, and higher hydrocarbons, for numerous applications involving various catalytic reactions. Although several CO2-conversion methods have been used, including electrochemical, photochemical, and biological approaches, the hydrogenation method allows the reaction to be tuned to produce the targeted compound without significantly altering infrastructure. This review discusses the numerous hydrogenation routes and their challenges, such as catalyst design, operation, and the combined art of structure-activity relationships for the various product formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbuba Aktary
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda S Alghamdi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan M Ajeebi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif S AlZahrani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Sanhoob
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Abdul Aziz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Nasiruzzaman Shaikh
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen Technologies and Carbon Management (IRC-HTCM), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Nilwanna K, Sittiwong J, Boekfa B, Treesukol P, Boonya-udtayan S, Probst M, Maihom T, Limtrakul J. Aluminum‐based metal‐organic framework support metal(II)-hydride as catalyst for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid: A computational study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Velty A, Corma A. Advanced zeolite and ordered mesoporous silica-based catalysts for the conversion of CO 2 to chemicals and fuels. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1773-1946. [PMID: 36786224 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
For many years, capturing, storing or sequestering CO2 from concentrated emission sources or from air has been a powerful technique for reducing atmospheric CO2. Moreover, the use of CO2 as a C1 building block to mitigate CO2 emissions and, at the same time, produce sustainable chemicals or fuels is a challenging and promising alternative to meet global demand for chemicals and energy. Hence, the chemical incorporation and conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals has received much attention in the last decade, since CO2 is an abundant, inexpensive, nontoxic, nonflammable, and renewable one-carbon building block. Nevertheless, CO2 is the most oxidized form of carbon, thermodynamically the most stable form and kinetically inert. Consequently, the chemical conversion of CO2 requires highly reactive, rich-energy substrates, highly stable products to be formed or harder reaction conditions. The use of catalysts constitutes an important tool in the development of sustainable chemistry, since catalysts increase the rate of the reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy in the reaction. Therefore, special attention has been paid to catalysis, and in particular to heterogeneous catalysis because of its environmentally friendly and recyclable nature attributed to simple separation and recovery, as well as its applicability to continuous reactor operations. Focusing on heterogeneous catalysts, we decided to center on zeolite and ordered mesoporous materials due to their high thermal and chemical stability and versatility, which make them good candidates for the design and development of catalysts for CO2 conversion. In the present review, we analyze the state of the art in the last 25 years and the potential opportunities for using zeolite and OMS (ordered mesoporous silica) based materials to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals essential for our daily lives and fuels, and to pave the way towards reducing carbon footprint. In this review, we have compiled, to the best of our knowledge, the different reactions involving catalysts based on zeolites and OMS to convert CO2 into cyclic and dialkyl carbonates, acyclic carbamates, 2-oxazolidones, carboxylic acids, methanol, dimethylether, methane, higher alcohols (C2+OH), C2+ (gasoline, olefins and aromatics), syngas (RWGS, dry reforming of methane and alcohols), olefins (oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes) and simple fuels by photoreduction. The use of advanced zeolite and OMS-based materials, and the development of new processes and technologies should provide a new impulse to boost the conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Velty
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
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Sittiwong J, Opasmongkolchai O, Srifa P, Boekfa B, Treesukol P, Sangthong W, Maihom T, Limtrakul J. Computational study of the conversion of methane and carbon dioxide to acetic acid over NU-1000 metal–organic framework-supported single-atom metal catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ali S, Xie Z, Xu H. Stability and Catalytic Performance of Single-Atom Supported on Ti 2 CO 2 for Low-Temperature CO Oxidation: A First-Principles Study. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2352-2361. [PMID: 34390308 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Based on first-principles calculations, the potential of Ti2 CO2 monolayer (MXene) as a single-atom catalyst (SAC) support for 3d transition metal (TM) atoms (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) is studied for CO oxidation. We first screen the support effect according to the stability of a single metal atom and find that Sc and Ti supported on Ti2 CO2 have stronger adsorption energy than the cohesive energy of their bulk counterparts and therefore, we selected Sc and Ti supported on Ti2 CO2 for further catalytic reactions. The stability and the potential catalytic reactivity are verified by electronic structure and charge transfer analysis. Both Eley-Rideal (ER) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanisms are considered in this study, and lower energy barriers of 0.002 and 0.37 eV were found in the ER mechanism compared to the LH mechanism, which are 0.25 and 0.34 eV for Sc and Ti catalysts, respectively. Moreover, kinetic ER and LH mechanisms are favorable for both Sc- and Ti/Ti2 CO2 because of the comparable energy barrier to other metals and SAC supported on 2D materials. However, Ti/Ti2 CO2 catalyst is thermodynamically unfavorable. Based on these calculations, we propose that Sc supported on Ti2 CO2 is the best catalyst for CO-oxidation. The current study not only broadens the scope of the single-atom Sc catalyst but also extends the consideration of MXene support for catalyst optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ali
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zijuan Xie
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hu Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of for Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Srivastava V. Direct Synthesis of Formic acid from Carbon Dioxide by Hydrogenation over Ruthenium Metal Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Functionalized Ionic Liquid. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337208666210719093403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Presently worldwide manufacturing of formic acid follows the permutation
of methanol and carbon monoxide in presence of a strong base. But due to the use of toxic CO
molecule and easy availability of CO2 molecule in the atmosphere, most of the research has been
shifted from the conventional method of formic acid synthesis to direct hydrogenation of CO2 gas
using different homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts.
Objective:
To develop reaction protocol to achieve easy CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid using
Ionic liquid reaction medium.
Methods:
We used the sol-gel method followed by calcination (over 250oC for 5 hours) to synthesize
two types of ruthenium metal-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (with and without ionic liquids), namely
Ru@TiO2@IL and Ru@TiO2. We are reporting the application NR2 (R= CH3) containing imidazolium-
based ionic liquids not only to achieve a good reaction rate but also to get agglomeration
free ruthenium metal-doped TiO2 nanoparticles along with easy product isolation due to the presence
of NR2 (R= CH3) functionality in ionic liquid structure. We synthesized various NR2 (R=
CH3) functionalized ionic liquids such as 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride, 1,3-di(N,Ndimethylaminoethyl)-
2-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([DAMI][TfO]), 1,3-di(N,Ndimethylaminoethyl)-
2-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([DAMI][NTf2])
and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids which were synthesized as per the reported
procedure.
Results:
We easily developed two types of Ru metal-doped TiO2 nanoparticles using the sol-gel
method. After calcination, both Ru@TiO2@IL (3.2 wt% Ru), and Ru@TiO2 (1.7 wt% Ru) materials
were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, ICP-AES, EDS, and XANES analysis. After understanding
the correct structural arrangement of Ru metal over TiO2 support, we utilized both
Ru@TiO2@IL (3.2 wt% Ru) and Ru@TiO2 (1.7 wt% Ru) the materials as a catalyst for direct hydrogenation
of CO2 in the presence of water and functionalized [DAMI] [TfO] ionic liquid.
Conclusion:
Here we demonstrated the preparation and characterization of TiO2 supported Ru
nanoparticles with and without ionic liquid. After understanding the correct morphology and physiochemical
analysis of Ru@TiO2@IL (3.2 wt% Ru), and Ru@TiO2 (1.7 wt% Ru) catalysts, we examined
their application in CO2 reduction and formic acid synthesis. During the optimization, we
also noticed the significant effect of functionalized [DAMI] [TfO] ionic liquid and water to improve
the formic acid yield. Lastly, we also checked the stability of the catalyst by recycling the
same till the 7th run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Srivastava
- Mathematics and Basic Sciences@ Chemistry, NIIT University, NH@8 Jaipur/Delhi Highway, Neemrana (Rajasthan) , India
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Injongkol Y, Intayot R, Yodsin N, Montoya A, Jungsuttiwong S. Mechanistic insight into catalytic carbon dioxide hydrogenation to formic acid over Pt-doped boron nitride nanosheets. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lee GB, Ahn IK, Joo WH, Lee JC, Kim JY, Hong D, Kim HG, Lee J, Kim M, Nam DH, Joo YC. Thermodynamically driven self-formation of Ag nanoparticles in Zn-embedded carbon nanofibers for efficient electrochemical CO 2 reduction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24702-24708. [PMID: 35481048 PMCID: PMC9036959 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), which converts CO2 into value-added feedstocks and renewable fuels, has been increasingly studied as a next-generation energy and environmental solution. Here, we report that single-atom metal sites distributed around active materials can enhance the CO2RR performance by controlling the Lewis acidity-based local CO2 concentration. By utilizing the oxidation Gibbs free energy difference between silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), and carbon (C), we can produce Ag nanoparticle-embedded carbon nanofibers (CNFs) where Zn is atomically dispersed by a one-pot, self-forming thermal calcination process. The CO2RR performance of AgZn–CNF was investigated by a flow cell with a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). Compared to Ag–CNFs without Zn species (53% at −0.85 V vs. RHE), the faradaic efficiency (FE) of carbon monoxide (CO) was approximately 20% higher in AgZn–CNF (75% at −0.82 V vs. RHE) with 1 M KOH electrolyte. Ag nanoparticles in Zn-embedded carbon nanofiber were synthesized by a simple one-pot, self-forming strategy. Charged Zn single atoms act as Lewis acidic sites and improving the CO2 reduction reaction performance of the Ag nanoparticles.![]()
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Paluka V, Maihom T, Probst M, Limtrakul J. Dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde with nitrous oxide over the metal-organic framework NU-1000: a density functional theory study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13622-13628. [PMID: 32519733 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01451f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of ethanol to more valuable hydrocarbon compounds receives great attention in chemical industries because it could diminish the dependency on petroleum as raw material. We investigate the catalytic performance of Fe-supported MOF NU-1000 for the dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde with nitrous oxide (N2O) by deriving the relevant reaction profiles with density functional theory calculations. In the proposed mechanism, the activation barrier of the rate-determining step is almost four times lower in the presence of N2O than without it. The supported NU-1000 framework plays also important role since it facilitates electron transfers and stabilizes all species along the reaction coordinate. When considering the catalytic activity of tetravalent metal centers (Zr, Hf and Ti) substituted into NU-1000 it is found that their activity decreases in the order Hf ≥ Zr > Ti, based on activation energies and turnover frequencies (TOF). Concerning MOF linkers, we show that the catalytic activity is not further improved by functionalizing NU-1000 with either electron-donating or electron-withdrawing organic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerachart Paluka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand and Research Network NANOTEC-Kasetsart on NanoCatalysts and NanoMaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment: RNN-CMSEE and Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thana Maihom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Michael Probst
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jumras Limtrakul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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Hu TD, Ding YH. Mechanism for CO2 Fixation with Aziridines Synergistically Catalyzed by HKUST-1 and TBAB: A DFT Study. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-ding Hu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
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Thivasasith A, Maihom T, Pengpanich S, Wattanakit C. Nanocavity effects of various zeolite frameworks on n-pentane cracking to light olefins: combination studies of DFT calculations and experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22215-22223. [PMID: 31486460 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03871j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Better control of the product selectivity of light olefins (e.g., ethylene and propylene) obtained from the n-pentane catalytic cracking process has attracted considerable attention from both scientific and petrochemical industrial points of view. In this context, we report insights into the effects of the nanocavities of various zeolite frameworks, including H-FER, H-ZSM-5, and H-FAU, representing small, medium, and large cavities, on the reaction mechanism of n-pentane cracking to light olefins by using M06-2X/6-31G(d,p) density functional calculations, eventually leading to fine-tuning the product distribution of light olefins. The reaction mechanism consists of the following two main steps: (i) the protolytic cracking of n-pentane to form a pentonium intermediate; and (ii) the subsequent dissociation of the intermediate to either ethane-propylene or ethylene-propane. The key reaction pathways controlling the product distribution of light olefins relate to the dissociation of the pentonium intermediate, which can produce selectively either propylene (P) or ethylene (E), resulting in a controllable P/E ratio. The differences in the activation energies for ethylene production compared with those of propylene production over H-FER, H-ZSM-5, and H-FAU are 6.7, 5.0, and 0.5 kcal mol-1, respectively. Compared with H-ZSM-5 and H-FAU, the higher difference in the activation energy of these two pathways over H-FER implies that the preferable production of ethane-propylene compared with ethylene-propane is more pronounced. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that a smaller pore zeolite such as H-FER eventually leads to a high ratio of production of propylene to ethylene, in accordance with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anawat Thivasasith
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanocatalysts and Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy and Environment Research Network of NANOTEC, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand.
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Deepankeaw N, Maihom T, Probst M, Prasertsab A, Homlamai K, Sittiwong J, Limtrakul J. Phenol Tautomerization Catalyzed by Acid-Base Pairs in Lewis Acidic Beta Zeolites: A Computational Study. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2122-2126. [PMID: 31237987 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the tautomerization of phenol catalyzed by acid-base active pair sites in Lewis acidic Beta zeolites by means of density functional calculations using the M06-L functional. An analysis of the catalytic mechanism shows that hafnium on the Beta zeolite causes the strongest absorption of phenol compared to zirconium, tin, and germanium. This can be rationalized by the highest delocalization of electron density between the Lewis site and the oxygen of phenol which can in turn be quantified by the perturbative E(2) stabilization energy. The reaction is assumed to proceed in two steps, the phenol O-H bond dissociation and the protonation of the intermediate to form the cyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one product. The rate determining step is the first one with a free activation energy of 26.3, 25.0, 22.1 and 22.7 kcal mol-1 for Ge-Beta, Sn-Beta, Zr-Beta, and Hf-Beta zeolites, respectively. The turnover frequencies follow these reaction barriers. Hence, the intrinsic catalytic activity of the Lewis acidic Beta zeolites studied here is in the order of Hf-Beta≈Zr-Beta>Sn-Beta> Ge-Beta for the tautomerization of phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutsara Deepankeaw
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus
| | - Thana Maihom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Michael Probst
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anittha Prasertsab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus
| | - Kan Homlamai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus
| | - Jarinya Sittiwong
- Frontier Research Center (FRC), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Wang Chan, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Jumras Limtrakul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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