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Perraud V, Roundtree K, Morris PM, Smith JN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Implications for new particle formation in air of the use of monoethanolamine in carbon capture and storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9005-9020. [PMID: 38440810 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Alkanolamines are currently being deployed in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and atmospheric emissions have been found to coincide with locations exhibiting elevated concentrations of methanesulfonic acid (MSA). It is thus critical to understand the fate and potential atmospheric reactions of these chemicals. This study reports the characterization of sub-10 nm nanoparticles produced through the acid-base reaction between gas phase monoethanolamine (MEA) and MSA, a product of organosulfur compound oxidation in air, using a flow reactor under dry and humid (up to ∼60% RH) conditions. Number size distribution measurements show that MEA is even more efficient than methylamine in forming nanoparticles on reaction with MSA. This is attributed to the fact that the MEA structure contains both an -NH2 and an -OH group that facilitate hydrogen bonding within the clusters, in addition to the electrostatic interactions. Due to this already strong H-bond network, water has a relatively small influence on new particle formation (NPF) and growth in this system, in contrast to MSA reactions with alkylamines. Acid/base molar ratios of unity for 4-12 nm particles were measured using thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The data indicate that reaction of MEA with MSA may dominate NPF under some atmospheric conditions. Thus, the unique characteristics of alkanolamines in NPF must be taken into account for accurate predictions of impacts of CCS on visibility, health and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Kanuri Roundtree
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Patricia M Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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2
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Liu Y, Xie HB, Ma F, Chen J, Elm J. Amine-Enhanced Methanesulfonic Acid-Driven Nucleation: Predictive Model and Cluster Formation Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7751-7760. [PMID: 35593326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric amines are considered to be an effective enhancer for methanesulfonic acid (MSA)-driven nucleation. However, out of the 195 detected atmospheric amines, the enhancing potential (EP) has so far only been studied for five amines. This severely hinders the understanding of the contribution of amines to MSA-driven nucleation. Herein, a two-step procedure was employed to probe the EP of various amines on MSA-driven nucleation. Initially, the formation free energies (ΔG) of 50 MSA-amine dimer clusters were calculated. Based on the calculated ΔG values, a robust quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was built and utilized to predict the ΔG values of the remaining 145 amines. The QSAR model identified two guanidino-containing compounds as the potentially strongest enhancer for MSA-driven nucleation. Second, the EP of guanidino-containing compounds was studied by employing larger clusters and selecting guanidine (Gud) as a representative. The results indicate that Gud indeed has the strongest EP. The Gud-MSA system presents a unique clustering mechanism, proceeding via the initial formation of the (Gud)1(MSA)1 cluster, and subsequently by cluster collisions with either a (Gud)1(MSA)1 or (Gud)2(MSA)2 cluster. The developed QSAR model and the identification of amines with the strongest EP provide a foundation for comprehensively evaluating the contribution of atmospheric amines to MSA-driven nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
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Gonçalves DDS, Ghosh A, Chaudhuri P. Vibrational Spectra of Atmospherically Relevant Hydrogen-Bonded MSA···(H 2SO 4) n ( n = 1-3) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8791-8802. [PMID: 34605656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H), also known as MSA, has been found to be capable of forming a strong hydrogen-bonded interaction with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) under ambient conditions. The energetic stability of the MSA···H2SO4 clusters increases with decreasing temperature at higher altitudes in the troposphere, which is relevant in the context of atmospheric aerosol formation. We have performed, in the present work, a detailed and systematic quantum-chemical calculation with high-level density functional theory to characterize the hydrogen bond formation in the binary MSA···H2SO4, ternary MSA···(H2SO4)2, and quaternary MSA···(H2SO4)3 clusters. The five different conformations of MSA···(H2SO4)2 and six conformations of MSA···(H2SO4)3, considered in the present work for the spectroscopic analysis, have been taken from our previous work [J. Phys. Chem. A. 2020, 124, 11072-11085]. The hydrogen bonds were analyzed on the basis of infrared vibrational frequencies of different O-H stretching modes and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). A strong positive correlation has been observed between the red shift of the OH groups in MSA and H2SO4 and the corresponding O-H elongation as a result of hydrogen bond formation. Topological analysis employing QTAIM shows that most of the charge density and the Laplacian values at bond critical points (BCPs) of the hydrogen bonds of the MSA···(H2SO4)n (n = 1-3) complexes fall within the standard hydrogen-bond criteria. However, those outside these criteria fall in the category of a very strong hydrogen bond with a hydrogen bond length as low as 1.41 Å and an O-H bond elongation as high as 0.096 Å. In general, the charge densities of the BCPs located on hydrogen bonds increase as the hydrogen-bond lengths decrease. Proportionately, a larger number of hydrogen bonds in ternary MSA···(H2SO4)2 demonstrate a partial covalent character when compared with the quaternary clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angsula Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Amazonas, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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de Souza Gonçalves D, Chaudhuri P. Atmospherically Relevant Hydrogen-Bonded Interactions between Methanesulfonic Acid and H 2SO 4 Clusters: A Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:11072-11085. [PMID: 33337158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A detailed and systematic quantum-chemical calculation has been performed with high-level density functional theory (DFT) to analyze the electrostatic interaction of methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H), also known as MSA, with pre-formed clusters of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) molecules in ambient conditions. Both MSA and H2SO4 are considered as atmospheric molecules that might play active roles in aerosol formation. The interactions between MSA and H2SO4 clusters lead to the formation of MSA···(H2SO4)n (n = 2, 3) complexes stabilized by the formation of different types of intermolecular hydrogen bond networks. Analyses of cluster binding energies and free energy changes associated with their formation indicate that MSA could bring additional stability into the atmospheric molecular clusters responsible for aerosol formation. Variations of Gibbs free energy with temperature and pressure have been analyzed. The lower temperatures and pressures at the higher altitudes of the troposphere are found to play in favor of higher stability of the MSA···(H2SO4)n clusters. Effects of hydrogen bond formation on dipole moment, mean polarizability, and anisotropy of polarizability of the clusters have been analyzed. Rayleigh scattering intensities are found to increase many-fold when light interacts with the MSA···(H2SO4)n clusters.
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Shen J, Elm J, Xie HB, Chen J, Niu J, Vehkamäki H. Structural Effects of Amines in Enhancing Methanesulfonic Acid-Driven New Particle Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13498-13508. [PMID: 33091300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric amines can enhance methanesulfonic acid (MSA)-driven new particle formation (NPF), but the mechanism is fundamentally different compared to that of the extensively studied sulfuric acid (SA)-driven process. Generally, the enhancing potentials of amines in SA-driven NPF follow the basicity, while this is not the case for MSA-driven NPF, where structural effects dominate, making MSA-driven NPF more prominent for methylamine (MA) compared to dimethylamine (DMA). Therefore, probing structural factors determining the enhancing potentials of amines on MSA-driven NPF is key to fully understanding the contribution of MSA to NPF. Here, we performed a comparative study on DMA and MA enhancing MSA-driven NPF by examining cluster formation using computational methods. The results indicate that DMA-MSA clusters are more stable than the corresponding MA-MSA clusters for cluster sizes up to (DMA)2(MSA)2, indicating that the basicity of amines dominates the initial cluster formation. The methyl groups of DMA were found to present significant steric hindrance beyond the (DMA)2(MSA)2 cluster and this adds to the lower hydrogen bonding capacity of DMA, making the cluster growth less favorable compared to MA. This study implies that several amines could synergistically enhance MSA-driven NPF by maximizing the advantage of different amines in different amine-MSA cluster growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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Perraud V, Xu J, Gerber RB, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Integrated experimental and theoretical approach to probe the synergistic effect of ammonia in methanesulfonic acid reactions with small alkylamines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:305-328. [PMID: 31904037 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While new particle formation events have been observed worldwide, our fundamental understanding of the precursors remains uncertain. It has been previously shown that small alkylamines and ammonia (NH3) are key actors in sub-3 nm particle formation through reactions with acids such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methanesulfonic acid (CH3S(O)(O)OH, MSA), and that water also plays a role. Because NH3 and amines co-exist in air, we carried out combined experimental and theoretical studies examining the influence of the addition of NH3 on particle formation from the reactions of MSA with methylamine (MA) and trimethylamine (TMA). Experiments were performed in a 1 m flow reactor at 1 atm and 296 K. Measurements using an ultrafine condensation particle counter (CPC) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) show that new particle formation was systematically enhanced upon simultaneous addition of NH3 to the MSA + amine binary system, with the magnitude depending on the amine investigated. For the MSA + TMA reaction system, the addition of NH3 at ppb concentrations produced a much greater effect (i.e. order of magnitude more particles) than the addition of ∼12 000 ppm water (corresponding to ∼45-50% relative humidity). The effect of NH3 on the MSA + MA system, which is already very efficient in forming particles on its own, was present but modest. Calculations of energies, partial charges and structures of small cluster models of the multi-component particles likewise suggest synergistic effects due to NH3 in the presence of MSA and amine. The local minimum structures and the interactions involved suggest mechanisms for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. and Institute of Chemistry, The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Chen D, Wang W, Li D, Wang W. Atmospheric implication of synergy in methanesulfonic acid–base trimers: a theoretical investigation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5173-5182. [PMID: 35498315 PMCID: PMC9049051 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08760e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergy between molecules is ubiquitous in atmospheric clusters and significantly affects new particle formation (NPF). Herein, the effects of the synergy between base molecules on the stability and evaporation of MSA–X–Y (MSA = methanesulfonic acid; X, Y = ammonia (A), methylamine (M), or dimethylamine (D)) trimers were investigated via density functional theory (DFT) and the atmospheric clusters dynamic code (ACDC) method. The results show that proton transfer from MSA to X is exothermal and barrierless due to the synergy between X and Y molecules in MSA–X–Y trimers compared with MSA-X dimers. Cyclic hydrogen bonds are a typical characteristic of the stable trimers. Topological analysis using atoms in molecules (AIM) theory indicates that the electron density (ρ) and Laplacian of the electron density (∇2ρ) at the bond critical points (BCPs) in the trimers exceed the standard range of hydrogen bonds. The affinity for attaching a Y molecule to the MSA–X dimers and the substitution of Y1 (Y = A and MA) by Y2 (Y2 = MA and DMA) in the MSA–X–Y trimers are thermodynamically spontaneous. In addition, the cyclic stabilization energy of the MSA–X–Y trimers increased as the alkalinities of X and Y increased. The total evaporation rate of the trimers decreased as the alkalinities of X and Y increased. Low temperature and high pressure significantly facilitate the formation of trimers. It is further confirmed that synergy plays an important role in atmospheric NPF events. The effects of synergy of between X and Y on the stability of MSA–X–Y trimers were investigated via quantum chemical and kinetics simulation method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
| | - Weina Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710119
- P. R. China
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Shen J, Xie HB, Elm J, Ma F, Chen J, Vehkamäki H. Methanesulfonic Acid-driven New Particle Formation Enhanced by Monoethanolamine: A Computational Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14387-14397. [PMID: 31710478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Amines are recognized as significant enhancing species on methanesulfonic acid (MSA)-driven new particle formation (NPF). Monoethanolamine (MEA) has been detected in the atmosphere, and its concentration could be significantly increased once MEA-based postcombustion CO2 capture technology is widely implemented. Here, we evaluated the enhancing potential of MEA on MSA-driven NPF by examining the formation of MEA-MSA clusters using a combination of quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that the -OH group of MEA can form at least one hydrogen bond with MSA or MEA in all MEA-containing clusters. The enhancing potential of MEA is higher than that of the strongest enhancing agent known so far, methylamine (MA), for MSA-driven NPF. Such high enhancing potential can be ascribed to not only the higher gas-phase basicity but also the role of the additional -OH group of MEA in increasing the binding free energy by forming additional hydrogen bonds. This clarifies the importance of hydrogen-bonding capacity from the nonamino group of amines in enhancing MSA-driven NPF. The main growth pathway for MEA-MSA clusters proceeds via the initial formation of the (MEA)1(MSA)1 cluster, followed by alternately adding one MSA and one MEA molecule, differing from the case of MA-MSA clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
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Shiraiwa M, Carslaw N, Tobias DJ, Waring MS, Rim D, Morrison G, Lakey PSJ, Kruza M, von Domaros M, Cummings BE, Won Y. Modelling consortium for chemistry of indoor environments (MOCCIE): integrating chemical processes from molecular to room scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1240-1254. [PMID: 31070639 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a modelling consortium for chemistry in indoor environments that connects models over a range of spatial and temporal scales, from molecular to room scales and from sub-nanosecond to days, respectively. Our modeling approaches include molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, kinetic process modeling, gas-phase chemistry modeling, organic aerosol modeling, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. These models are applied to investigate ozone reactions with skin and clothing, oxidation of volatile organic compounds and formation of secondary organic aerosols, and mass transport and partitioning of indoor species to surfaces. MD simulations provide molecular pictures of limonene adsorption on SiO2 and ozone interactions with the skin lipid squalene, providing kinetic parameters such as surface accommodation coefficient, desorption lifetime, and bulk diffusivity. These parameters then constrain kinetic process models, which resolve mass transport and chemical reactions in gas and condensed phases for analysis of experimental data. A detailed indoor chemical box model is applied to simulate α-pinene ozonolysis with improved representation of gas-particle partitioning. Application of 2D-volatility basis set reveals that OH-induced aging sometimes drives increases in indoor organic aerosol concentrations, due to organic mass functionalization and enhanced partitioning. CFD simulations show that concentrations of ozone and primary product change near the human surface rapidly, indicating non-uniform spatial distributions from the occupant surface to ambient air, while secondary ozone product is relatively well-mixed throughout the room. This development establishes a framework to integrate different modeling tools and experimental measurements, opening up an avenue for development of comprehensive and integrated models with representations of various chemistry in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Ma F, Xie HB, Elm J, Shen J, Chen J, Vehkamäki H. Piperazine Enhancing Sulfuric Acid-Based New Particle Formation: Implications for the Atmospheric Fate of Piperazine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8785-8795. [PMID: 31287292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine (PZ), a cyclic diamine, is one of 160 detected atmospheric amines and an alternative solvent to the widely used monoethanolamine in post-combustion CO2 capture. Participating in H2SO4 (sulfuric acid, SA)-based new particle formation (NPF) could be an important removal pathway for PZ. Here, we employed quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling to evaluate the enhancing potential of PZ on SA-based NPF by examining the formation of PZ-SA clusters. The results indicate that PZ behaves more like a monoamine in stabilizing SA and can enhance SA-based NPF at the parts per trillion (ppt) level. The enhancing potential of PZ is less than that of the chainlike diamine putrescine and greater than that of dimethylamine, which is one of the strongest enhancing agents confirmed by ambient observations and experiments. After the initial formation of the (PZ)1(SA)1 cluster, the cluster mainly grows by gradual addition of SA or PZ monomer, followed by addition of (PZ)1(SA)1 cluster. We find that the ratio of PZ removal by NPF to that by the combination of NPF and oxidations is 0.5-0.97 at 278.15 K. As a result, we conclude that participation in the NPF pathway could significantly alter the environmental impact of PZ compared to only considering oxidation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK- 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Jiewen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
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Finlayson‐Pitts BJ. Multiphase chemistry in the troposphere: It all starts … and ends … with gases. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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