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Jin B, Yuan C, Guo JC, Wu YB. CBe 4H 6: a molecular rotor with a built-in on-off switch. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4778-4786. [PMID: 38305072 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05695c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
It is highly challenging to control (stop and resume as needed) molecular rotors because their intramolecular rotations are electronically enabled by delocalized σ bonding, and the desired control needs to be able to destroy and restore such σ bonding, which usually means difficult chemical manipulation (substitution or doping atom). In this work, we report CBe4H6, a molecular rotor that can be controlled independently of chemical manipulation. This molecule exhibited the uninterrupted free rotation of Be and H atoms around the central carbon in first-principles molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures (600 and 1000 K), but the rotation cannot be witnessed in the simulation at room temperature (298 K). Specifically, when a C-H bond in the CBe4H6 molecule adopts the equatorial configuration at 298 K, it destroys the central delocalized σ bonding and blocks the intramolecular rotation (the rotor is turned "OFF"); when it can adopt the axial configuration at 600 and 1000 K, the central delocalized σ bonding can be restored and the intramolecular rotation can be resumed (the rotor is turned "ON"). Neutral CBe4H6 is thermodynamically favorable and electronically stable, as reflected by a wide HOMO-LUMO gap of 7.99 eV, a high vertical detachment energy of 9.79 eV, and a positive electron affinity of 0.24 eV, so it may be stable enough for the synthesis, not only in the gas phase, but also in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Normal University, 1 East Dunqi Street, Xinzhou, Shanxi, 034000, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, People's Republic of China
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2
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Liu FL, Guo JC, Zhai HJ. Boron-based ternary MgTa 2B 6 cluster: a turning nanoclock with dynamic structural fluxionality. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6049-6057. [PMID: 38295372 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05826c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Boron-based complex clusters are a fertile ground for the exploration of exotic chemical bonding and dynamic structural fluxionality. Here we report on the computational design of a ternary MgTa2B6 cluster via global structural searches and quantum chemical calculations. The cluster turns out to be a new member of the molecular rotor family, closely mimicking a turning clock at the subnanoscale. It is composed of a hexagonal B6 ring with a capping Ta atom at the top and bottom, whereas the Mg atom is linked to one Ta site as a radial Ta-Mg dimer. These components serve as the dial, axis, and hand of a nanoclock, respectively. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that the inverse sandwich Ta2B6 motif in the cluster features 6π/6σ double aromaticity, whose electron counting conforms to the (4n + 2) Hückel rule. The Ta-Mg dimer has a Lewis-type σ bond, and the Mg site has negligible bonding with B6 ring. The ternary cluster can be formulated as an [Mg]0[Ta2B6]0 complex. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the cluster is structurally fluxional analogous to a nanoclock, even at a low temperature of 100 K. The Ta-Mg hand turns almost freely around the Ta2 axis and along the B6 dial. The tiny intramolecular rotation barrier is less than 0.3 kcal mol-1, being dictated by the bonding nature of double 6π/6σ aromaticity. The present system offers a new type of molecular rotor in physical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Lin Liu
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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3
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Yue RX, Gao SJ, Han PF, Zhai HJ. Chemical bonding and dynamic structural fluxionality of a boron-based Al 2B 8 binary cluster: the robustness of a doubly 6π/6σ aromatic [B 8] 2- molecular wheel. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1964-1973. [PMID: 36712639 PMCID: PMC9833104 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07268h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the isovalency between Al and B elements, Al-doping in boron clusters can deviate substantially from an isoelectronic substitution process. We report herein on a unique sandwich di-Al-doped boron cluster, Al2B8, using global structural searches and quantum chemical calculations. The cluster features a perfectly planar B8 molecular wheel, with two isolated Al atoms symmetrically floating above and below it. The two Al atoms are offset from the center of the molecular wheel, resulting in a C 2v symmetry for the cluster. The Al2B8 cluster is shown to be dynamically fluxional even at far below room temperature (100 K), in which a vertical Al2 rod slides or rotates freely within a circular rail on the B8 plate, although there is no direct Al-Al interaction. The energy barrier for intramolecular rotation is only 0.01 kcal mol-1 at the single-point CCSD(T) level. Chemical bonding analysis shows that the cluster is a charge-transfer complex and can be formulated as [Al]+[B8]2-[Al]+. The [B8]2- molecular wheel in sandwich cluster has magic 6π/6σ double aromaticity, which underlies the dynamic fluxionality, despite strong electrostatic interactions between the [Al]+, [B8]2-, and [Al]+ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xin Yue
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006China
| | - Shu-Juan Gao
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006China,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lvliang UniversityLvliang 033000China
| | - Peng-Fei Han
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi UniversityTaiyuan 030006China
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4
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Han PF, Wang YJ, Sun Q, Zhai HJ. A plier-shaped binary molecular wheel B 7Mg 4+ cluster: hybrid in-plane heptacoordination, double π/σ aromaticity, and electronic transmutation. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj05352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A plier-shaped charge-transfer [Mg2]2+[Mg2B7]− complex cluster exhibits double 6π/6σ aromaticity, whose hybrid molecular wheel structure is rationalized using the concept of electronic transmutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Han
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, 034000, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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5
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Bai LX, Orozco-Ic M, Zarate X, Sundholm D, Pan S, Guo JC, Merino G. B 3Al 4+: A Three-Dimensional Molecular Reuleaux Triangle. Molecules 2022; 27:7407. [PMID: 36364234 PMCID: PMC9656129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We systematically explore the potential energy surface of the B3Al4+ combination of atoms. The putative global minimum corresponds to a structure formed by an Al4 square facing a B3 triangle. Interestingly, the dynamical behavior can be described as a Reuleaux molecular triangle since it involves the rotation of the B3 triangle at the top of the Al4 square. The molecular dynamics simulations, corroborating with the very small rotational barriers of the B3 triangle, show its nearly free rotation on the Al4 ring, confirming the fluxional character of the cluster. Moreover, while the chemical bonding analysis suggests that the multicenter interaction between the two fragments determines its fluxionality, the magnetic response analysis reveals this cluster as a true and fully three-dimensional aromatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Bai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universitt Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo., Postal 73, Cordemex, Merida 97310, Mexico
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6
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Đorđević S, Radenković S. Electronic structure, stability, and aromaticity of M 2B 6 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba): an interplay between spin pairing and electron delocalization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5833-5841. [PMID: 35225998 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04791d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown in previous studies that the Be2B6 complex exhibits a triplet ground state with double aromaticity. In this work, the stability, electronic structure, and aromaticity of the homologous series M2B6 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) were examined and compared to those of Be2B6. At the CCSD(T)/def2-TZVP//B3LYP/def2-TZVP level of theory, the target molecules were found to be more stable in the singlet than in the triplet spin state. Magnetically induced current densities and multicentre delocalization index (MCI) were employed to assess the aromatic character of the studied complexes. Both employed methods agree that M2B6 (M = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) are π aromatic and σ nonaromatic in the singlet ground state, and double aromatic in the triplet state. It was demonstrated that the electron counting rules of aromaticity cannot be used to correctly predict the aromaticity and relative stability of the examined molecules in different spin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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7
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Li H, Zhang C, Li S. Study on the Regulation of Alkali-earth Metal Be n ( n=1~3) on the Structure of B 12 Clusters. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Clustering of Electron Deficient B‐ and Be‐Containing Analogues: In the Fight for Tetracoordination, Beryllium Takes the Lead. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Buelna-García CE, Robles-Chaparro E, Parra-Arellano T, Quiroz-Castillo JM, del-Castillo-Castro T, Martínez-Guajardo G, Castillo-Quevedo C, de-León-Flores A, Anzueto-Sánchez G, Martin-del-Campo-Solis MF, Mendoza-Wilson AM, Vásquez-Espinal A, Cabellos JL. Theoretical Prediction of Structures, Vibrational Circular Dichroism, and Infrared Spectra of Chiral Be 4B 8 Cluster at Different Temperatures. Molecules 2021; 26:3953. [PMID: 34203563 PMCID: PMC8271876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowest-energy structures, the distribution of isomers, and their molecular properties depend significantly on geometry and temperature. Total energy computations using DFT methodology are typically carried out at a temperature of zero K; thereby, entropic contributions to the total energy are neglected, even though functional materials work at finite temperatures. In the present study, the probability of the occurrence of one particular Be4B8 isomer at temperature T is estimated by employing Gibbs free energy computed within the framework of quantum statistical mechanics and nanothermodynamics. To identify a list of all possible low-energy chiral and achiral structures, an exhaustive and efficient exploration of the potential/free energy surfaces is carried out using a multi-level multistep global genetic algorithm search coupled with DFT. In addition, we discuss the energetic ordering of structures computed at the DFT level against single-point energy calculations at the CCSD(T) level of theory. The total VCD/IR spectra as a function of temperature are computed using each isomer's probability of occurrence in a Boltzmann-weighted superposition of each isomer's spectrum. Additionally, we present chemical bonding analysis using the adaptive natural density partitioning method in the chiral putative global minimum. The transition state structures and the enantiomer-enantiomer and enantiomer-achiral activation energies as a function of temperature evidence that a change from an endergonic to an exergonic type of reaction occurs at a temperature of 739 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Emiliano Buelna-García
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
- Organización Científica y Tecnológica del Desierto, Hermosillo 83150, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Robles-Chaparro
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | - Tristan Parra-Arellano
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | - Jesus Manuel Quiroz-Castillo
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
| | - Teresa del-Castillo-Castro
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Edificio 3G, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (C.E.B.-G.); (J.M.Q.-C.); (T.d.-C.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Martínez-Guajardo
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónomade Zacatecas, Km. 6 Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara s/n, Ejido La Escondida C.P., Zacatecas 98160, Zac, Mexico;
| | - Cesar Castillo-Quevedo
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Federal No. 23, Km. 191, C.P., Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.C.-Q.); (M.F.M.-d.-C.-S.)
| | - Aned de-León-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Edificio 5A, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (T.P.-A.); (A.d.-L.-F.)
| | | | - Martha Fabiola Martin-del-Campo-Solis
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera Federal No. 23, Km. 191, C.P., Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.C.-Q.); (M.F.M.-d.-C.-S.)
| | - Ana Maria Mendoza-Wilson
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, CIAD, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 498, Santiago 8370035, Chile;
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Edificio 3M, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
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10
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Li R, You XR, Guo JC, Zhai HJ. Concentric Inner 2π/6σ and Outer 10π/14σ Aromaticity Underlies the Dynamic Structural Fluxionality of Planar B 19- Wankel Motor Cluster. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5022-5030. [PMID: 34096293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Planar C2v B19- global-minimum (GM) cluster is known as a molecular Wankel motor, featuring unique chemical bonding and structural fluxionality. While the geometry, bonding, and molecular dynamics of the cluster are documented in the literature, it remains warranted to fully understand its bonding nature and unravel the mechanism behind the structural dynamics. We shall offer herein an updated bonding model on the bases of canonical molecular orbital (CMO) analysis and adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), further aided by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and orbital composition calculations. The computational data indicate that the B19- cluster has inner 2π/6σ and outer 10π/14σ concentric 4-fold π/σ aromaticity. Being spatially isolated from each other, the inner B6 disk supports 2π and 6σ subsystems, whereas the outer B18 double-ring ribbon has 10π and 14σ subsystems. All 4-fold π/σ subsystems are intrinsically delocalized and conform to the (4n + 2) Hückel rule for aromaticity. The change of Wiberg bond index (WBI) from GM to transition-state (TS) for radial B-B links is minimal and uniform, which offers a semiquantitative measure of structural dynamics and underlies the low energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xue-Rui You
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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11
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Han LH, Wang YJ, Zhai HJ. Boron-based Be 2B 5+/0/− alloy clusters: inverse sandwiches with pentagonal boron ring and reduction-induced structural transformation to molecular wheel structure. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05961g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron-based Be2B5+/0/− alloy clusters feature inverse sandwich versus molecular wheel structures, which sensitively depend on their charge states and show distinct π/σ aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Han
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Ying-Jin Wang
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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12
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Feng LY, Wang K, Zhai HJ. Anchoring a bow-shaped boron single chain in binary Be 6B 7- cluster: hybrid octagonal ring, multifold π/σ aromaticity, and dual electronic transmutation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25574-25583. [PMID: 33165466 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Elemental boron clusters do not form linear chain or monocyclic ring structures, which is in contrast to carbon. Based on computer global searches and quantum chemical calculations, we report on the viability of a curved boron single chain in binary Be6B7- cluster. The boron motif assumes a bow shape, being anchored on a Be6 prism. Such a motif, which appears to be highly strained in its free-standing form, is exotic in boron-based clusters and nanostructures. Chemically, the cluster is analogous to a "clam-and-pearl-chain" system at the nanoscale (about 1 nm in size), in which a Be6 clam moderately opens its mouth, except that a B7 pearl chain is too large to be encapsulated inside. The picture differs from a three-layered sandwich. This cluster features a hybrid Be2B7 monocyclic ring, which is octagonal in nature and supports double 10π/6σ aromaticity. The number of π bonds substantially surpasses that in bare boron clusters of similar sizes. Two Be3 rings in the prism are also σ aromatic, albeit with effective 1σ/1σ electron-counting only. The unique multifold 1σ/10π/6σ/1σ aromaticity governs the geometry of the Be6B7- cluster, which can also be rationalized using the concept of dual electronic transmutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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13
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Li R, You XR, Zhai HJ. Are all planar and quasi-planar boron clusters aromatic? Counter examples of island or global π antiaromaticity from chemical bonding analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25084-25094. [PMID: 33118576 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron is an electron-deficient element. The flatland of planar or quasi-planar (2D) boron clusters is believed to possess aromaticity for all members, which remains a fundamental issue in debate in boron chemistry. Using a selected set of D2h B62-, C2h B282-, and C2v B29- clusters as counter examples, we shall present computational evidence for global or island π antiaromaticity in 2D boron clusters. The latter two are flattened for the purpose of clarity, which model their quasi-planar C2 or Cs monoanion clusters observed in prior gas-phase experiments. Chemical bonding in the clusters is elucidated collectively on the basis of canonical molecular orbital (CMO) analysis, adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP), electron localization functions (ELFs), and localized molecular orbital (LMO) analysis. These results are complementary to each other and yet highly coherent. As a quantitative indicator, nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICSs) are calculated at selected specific points in the clusters, which help differentiate between π aromaticity and antiaromaticity. Intriguingly, triangular sites in the same boron cluster can be aromatic, antiaromatic, or nonaromatic, despite the fact that they are physically indistinguishable. The phenomenon is understood in analogy to hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Even perfect sheet-like boron clusters are convertible to the PAH analogous systems. This work provides compelling examples for global and island π antiaromaticity in the 2D boron clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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14
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Theoretical investigation on anti-sandwich beryllium-boron clusters Be2B (m = 1–3): Fluxionality and multi-aromaticity. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Yu R, Barroso J, Wang MH, Liang WY, Chen C, Zarate X, Orozco-Ic M, Cui ZH, Merino G. Structure and bonding of molecular stirrers with formula B 7M 2- and B 8M 2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12312-12320. [PMID: 32432637 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we systematically explored clusters with formula B7M2- and B8M2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg). The putative global minima are formed by an M2 dimer and a disk-shaped boron wheel. Moreover, the chemical bonding analysis revealed that charge transfer from the metal atoms to the boron motifs resulted in (B7)3-(M2)2+ and (B8)2-(M2)2+ complexes with double (σ + π) aromatic boron wheels and a single bond for the metallic dimer. Above all, the computed rotational barriers of the M-M fragment with respect to the boron disk and molecular dynamics simulations indicate a virtually barrierless spin, resembling a magnetic stirrer on a baseplate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Feng LY, Guo JC, Li PF, Zhai HJ. Boron-Based Chiral Helix Be 6 B 10 2- and Be 6 B 11 - Clusters: Structures, Chemical Bonding, and Formation Mechanism. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1094-1104. [PMID: 32104982 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Boron forms a rich variety of low-dimensional nanosystems, including the newly discovered helix Be6 B10 2- (1) and Be6 B11 - (2) clusters. We report herein on the elucidation of chemical bonding in clusters 1/2, using the modern quantum chemistry tools of canonical molecular orbital analyses and adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP). It is shown that clusters 1/2 contain a chiral helix Be2 B10 Be2 or Be2 B11 Be2 skeleton with a total of 11 and 12 segments, respectively, which effectively curve into "helical pseudo rings" and chemically consist of two "quasicircles" as defined by their anchoring Be centers. The helix skeleton is connected via Lewis-type B-B and Be-B-Be σ bonds, being further stabilized by island π/σ bonds and a loose π bond at the junction. The Be6 component in 1/2 assumes a distorted prism shape only physically, and it is fragmented into four parts: two terminal Be2 dimers and two isolated Be centers. A Be2 dimer at the far end manages to bend over and cap a quasicircle from one side of B plane. Consequently, each quasicircle of a helical pseudo ring is capped from opposite sides by two Be2 /Be units, facilitating intramolecular charge-transfers of 5 electrons from Be to B. Overall, the folding of B helix involves as many as 10 electrons. The enormous electrostatics offers the ultimate driving forces for B helix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jin-Chang Guo
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou, 034000, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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17
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Yañez O, Inostroza D, Usuga-Acevedo B, Vásquez-Espinal A, Pino-Rios R, Tabilo-Sepulveda M, Garza J, Barroso J, Merino G, Tiznado W. Evaluation of restricted probabilistic cellular automata on the exploration of the potential energy surface of Be6B11−. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Zhang XY, Guo JC. Dynamic fluxionality of ternary Mg2BeB8 cluster: a nanocompass. J Mol Model 2020; 26:30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-4292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Cui ZH, Chen C, Wang Q, Zhao L, Wang MH, Ding YH. Inverse sandwich complexes of B 7M 2−, B 8M 2, and B 9M 2+ (M = Zr, Hf): the nonclassical M–M bonds embedded in monocyclic boron rings. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03999c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three delocalized σ orbitals of the boron rings are perpendicularly mixed with one negligible σ and two π bonds of the M2 (M = Zr, Hf) motifs, giving rise to less pronounced and nonclassical bonding interactions between two short-contact M atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Meng-hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun
- China
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20
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Đorđević S, Radenković S. Singlet and triplet states of the sandwich-type Be 2B 6 and Be 2B 7+ clusters. A test for the electron counting rules of aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04643d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The studied complexes exhibit double aromaticity in their triplet states in line with the predictions of Hückel and Baird's rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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21
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Wang YJ, Guo MM, Wang GL, Miao CQ, Zhang N, Xue TD. The structure and chemical bonding in inverse sandwich B6Ca2 and B8Ca2 clusters: conflicting aromaticity vs. double aromaticity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20362-20367. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03703f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron-based B6Ca2 and B8Ca2 clusters adopt unique inverse sandwich architectures, which are stabilized by interesting conflicting aromaticity and double aromaticity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Min-Min Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Gui-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Teng-Dan Xue
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
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22
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Pan S, Barroso J, Jalife S, Heine T, Asmis KR, Merino G. Fluxional Boron Clusters: From Theory to Reality. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2732-2744. [PMID: 31487150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Isolated boron clusters exhibit many intriguing properties, which have only recently been unfolding with the hand-in-hand advancement of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methods for the analyses of their electronic structure, chemical reactivity, and nuclear dynamics. A fascinating property that a number of these clusters display is fluxionality, a dynamical phenomenon associated with the delocalized nature of the chemical bonding and related to the continuous exchange between interatomic neighbors. The electron-deficient nature of boron is the driving force behind its extraordinary ability to form multicenter bonds, and this in turn leads to fluxional behavior only when an appropriate combination of topology and bonding is present. The first instance of fluxionality in boron clusters, the quasi-planar anion B19-, was reported in 2010. The rotational barrier of the inner B6 unit spinning within the peripheral B13 ring can be overcome even at low temperature, mimicking the characteristic motion of a rotary internal combustion engine, and hence, B19- was entitled a boron-based molecular Wankel engine. Shortly after that, it was found that other quasi-planar boron clusters, like B13+ and B182-, also exhibit an almost barrier-free rotation of internal planar moieties. The case of the B13+ cation is special because, on the one hand, it was chosen to examine the way to initiate, control, and direct the internal rotation using circularly polarized laser radiation, and on the other hand, the experimental manifestation of fluxionality was first established for this system through infrared experiments. Nevertheless, fluxional behavior is not limited to planar or pure boron clusters. Larger boron clusters, such as the fullerene-analogue borospherenes B40 and B39-, are also predicted to show pronounced dynamical behavior that is related to the interconversion between six- and seven-membered rings. Be6B11-, a triple-layer cluster, is another particularly interesting system since it exhibits multifold fluxionality consisting of the revolution of the outer boron ring around the Be6 core and the spinning of the two Be3 rings with respect to each other. The essential criteria for dynamical behavior in boron clusters are (1) the absence of a localized two-center, two-electron (2c-2e) bond between two molecular regions that tend to rotate with respect to each other, (2) the absence of steric hindrances for rotation and reorganization, and (3) retention of the delocalized electronic structure throughout the rotation/reorganization process. The fulfillment of the above three conditions ensures that low energy barriers will be associated with the rotation or reorganization of molecular moieties. The first two points can be illustrated from the facts that a single localized C-B σ bond in CB18 raises the rotational barrier by 27.0 kcal·mol-1 and the expansion of the outer ring by a single boron atom in moving from B12+ to B13+ lowers the rotational barrier by 7.5 kcal·mol-1. Alternatively, it is also possible to make a rigid boron cluster fluxional through doping, where the geometric and electronic changes caused by a suitable dopant, as in MB12- (M = Co, Rh, Ir) and B10Ca, reduce the corresponding rotational barriers enough to achieve fluxionality. At present, there are 13 pure boron clusters (B11-/0/+, B13+/0/-, B15+/0/-, B182-, B19-, and B20-/2-) and eight metal-doped boron clusters (B10Ca, NiB11-, [B2-Ta@B18]-, Be6B11-, Be6B102-, and MB18- (M = K, Rb, Cs)) that have sufficiently small rotational barriers (less than ∼1.5 kcal·mol-1) to exhibit fluxional behavior at low temperature. Some of the other reported boron clusters show more sizable barriers, and their dynamical behavior is manifested only at elevated temperatures. The research on such systems is driven by the notion that it ultimately will pave the way for the development of light-harvesting boron-based nanomotors/machines and robots, a reality that may not be that far away!
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Pan
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jorge Barroso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Said Jalife
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Leipzig Research Branch, Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Knut R. Asmis
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km. 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yucatán, México
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23
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Li S, Zhang Z, Long Z, Chen D. Structures, Stabilities, and Spectral Properties of Endohedral Borospherenes M@B 40 0/- (M = H 2, HF, and H 2O). ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5705-5713. [PMID: 31459723 PMCID: PMC6648648 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of borospherene B40 leads to a new beginning for the study of boron chemistry and may lead to new boron-based nanomaterials. Based on density functional theory, the structures, electronic properties, infrared and Raman spectra, photoelectron spectra, and electronic absorption spectra of endohedral borospherenes M@B40 0/- (M = H2, HF, and H2O) are investigated. It is found that H2, HF, and H2O monomers can form stable endohedral borospherenes M@B40 0/- (M = H2, HF, and H2O). In addition, the calculated results indicate that the doped molecule at the off-center location can relax to the center location within the cage and the symcenter of the doped molecule is almost located in the center of the cage. Unlike endohedral metalloborospherene Ca@B40, which is a charge-transfer complex between Ca2+ and B40 2-, natural population analyses and chemical bonding analyses reveal that there is no significant charge transfer of the doped molecule. The calculated spectra indicate that doping of a molecule (H2, HF, or H2O) in borospherene B40 can change the photoelectron spectra and doping of a polar molecule (HF or H2O) in borospherene B40 can change the spectral properties. For instance, the addition of a molecule can increase infrared and Raman-active modes and cause a red shift or blue shift of electronic spectra. These spectral features can be compared with future experimental values of endohedral borospherenes M@B40 0/- (M = H2, HF, and H2O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Li
- School
of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou
Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
| | - Zhengping Zhang
- College of Big Data and Information Engineering and College of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhengwen Long
- College of Big Data and Information Engineering and College of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Deliang Chen
- School
of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou
Education University, Guiyang 550018, China
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24
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Wang YJ, Feng LY, Zhai HJ. Starting a subnanoscale tank tread: dynamic fluxionality of boron-based B 10Ca alloy cluster. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:735-745. [PMID: 36132257 PMCID: PMC9473234 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alloying an elongated B10 cluster with Ca is shown to give rise to a dynamically fluxional B10Ca cluster, the latter behaving like a tank tread at the subnanoscale. Computer global search identifies the B10Ca C 2 (1A) global-minimum structure, which is chiral in nature and retains the quasi-planar moiety of bare B10 cluster with Ca capped at one side, forming a half-sandwich. The rotation barrier of B10Ca cluster is reduced with respect to B10 by one order of magnitude, down to 1 kcal mol-1 at the PBE0/6-311+G* level, which demonstrates structural fluxionality at 600 K and beyond via molecular dynamics simulations. Structurewise, the Ca alloying in B10Ca cluster generates rhombic defect holes, preactivating the species and making it flexible against deformation. Chemical bonding analyses indicate that the B10Ca cluster is a charge-transfer [B10]2-[Ca]2+ complex, being doubly π/σ aromatic with the 6π and 10σ electron-counting. Such a pattern offers ideal π/σ delocalization and facilitates fluxionality. In contrast, bare B10 cluster has conflicting aromaticity with 6π and 8σ electrons, which is nonfluxional with a barrier of 12 kcal mol-1. Double π/σ aromaticity versus conflicting aromaticity is a key mechanism that distinguishes between fluxional B10Ca and nonfluxional B10 clusters, offering a compelling example that the concept of aromaticity (and double aromaticity) can be exploited to design dynamically fluxional nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
- Department of Chemistry, Xinzhou Teachers University Xinzhou 034000 China
| | - Lin-Yan Feng
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Hua-Jin Zhai
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
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25
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Đorđević S, Radenković S. Magnetically induced current density in triple-layered beryllium–boron clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7105-7114. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Magnetically induced current densities reveal the double aromatic character of the examined Be–B clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- Faculty of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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26
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Wang YJ, Miao CQ, Xie JJ, Wei YR, Ren GM. Be2B6 and Be2B7+: two double aromatic inverse sandwich complexes with spin-triplet ground state. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02819f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Be2B6 and Be2B7+ clusters adopt interesting inverse sandwich structures with double σ/π aromaticity, and the former possesses the smallest monocyclic boron ring motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Chang-Qing Miao
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Jing-Jing Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Ya-Ru Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
| | - Guang-Ming Ren
- Department of Chemistry
- Xinzhou Teachers University
- Xinzhou 034000
- China
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