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Shi W, Ma J, Jiang C, Taketsugu T. Advanced theoretical design of light-driven molecular rotary motors: enhancing thermal helix inversion and visible-light activation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15672-15680. [PMID: 38766713 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have advanced the field of light-driven molecular rotary motors (LDMRMs) by achieving two pivotal goals: lowering the thermal helix inversion (THI) barrier and extending the absorption wavelength into the visible spectrum. This study involves the structural reengineering of a second-generation visible LDMRM, resulting in the synthesis of a novel class, specifically, 2-((2S)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-1-yl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-dibenzo[e,g]indole-6,9-dicarbonitrile. This redesigned motor stands out with its two photoisomerization stages and two thermal helix inversions, featuring exceptionally low THI barriers (4.00 and 2.05 kcal mol-1 at the OM2/MRCI level for the EM → EP and ZM → ZP processes, respectively). Moreover, it displays absorption wavelengths in the visible light range (482.98 and 465.76 nm for the EP and ZP isomers, respectively, at the TD-PBE0-D3/6-31G(d,p) level), surpassing its predecessors in efficiency, as indicated by the narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Ultrafast photoisomerization kinetics (approximately 0.8-1.6 ps) and high quantum yields (around 0.3-0.6) were observed through trajectory surface hopping simulations. Additionally, the simulated time-resolved fluorescence emission spectrum indicates a significantly reduced "dark state" duration (0.09-0.26 ps) in these newly designed LDMRMs compared to the original ones, marking a substantial leap forward in the design and efficiency of LDMRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Shi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jianzheng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Hao Y, Han R, Li S, Liu L, Fang WH. A Complete Unveiling of the Mechanism and Chirality in Photoisomerization of Arylazopyrazole 3pzH: Combined Electronic Structure Calculations and AIMS Dynamic Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:528-538. [PMID: 38215031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The arylazopyrazole 3pzH as a novel photoswitch exhibits quantitative switching and high thermal stability. In this work, combined electronic structure calculations and ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) dynamic simulations were performed to systemically investigate the cis ↔ trans photoisomerization mechanism and the chiral preference after photoexcitation of 3pzH to the first excited singlet state (S1). Unlike most of the azoheteroarene photoswitches reported previously, many twisted and T-shaped cis isomers were found to be stable for 3pzH in the S0 state, owing to the moderate interaction between the hydrogen atom and π electrons of the aromatic ring. Two twisted cis isomers with different chirality ((M)-Z1 and (P)-Z1), the most stable T-shaped cis isomer ((T)-Z2), and the most stable planar trans isomer (E2) were selected as the initial structures to carry out the AIMS nonadiabatic dynamic simulations. Following excitation to the S1 state, all of the cis isomers decayed to conical intersection (CI) regions via the same bicycle pedal mechanism, while the evolution of the trans isomers to their CI regions was achieved via rotation around the N═N bond. More importantly, chiral preferences were found for the twisted cis isomers in the S1 state through the AIMS dynamic simulations due to the steric effect and static electronic repulsion. Notably, chirality was also observed in S1 isomerization starting from the planar E2 isomer because of the dynamic effect. After the nonadiabatic transition to the S0 state, the bicycle pedal mechanism was found to play a crucial role in cis ↔ trans photoisomerization. The simulated photoisomerization productivities were generally consistent with past experimental observations. Our calculations not only uncover the underlying reason for the excellent photoswitching properties of 3pzH but also enrich the knowledge of photoisomerization for azoheteroarene photoswitches, which will surely benefit their rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Hao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruinong Han
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Ma J, Zhao D, Yu L, Jiang C, Lan Z, Li F. Simultaneously improving the efficiencies of photo- and thermal isomerization of an oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motor by a structural redesign. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12800-12809. [PMID: 37129050 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We designed a novel highly efficient light-driven molecular rotary motor theoretically by using electronic structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations, and it showed excellent performance for both photo- and thermal isomerization processes simultaneously. By the small structural modification based on 3-(2,7-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)-1-methylindolin-2-one (DDIYM) synthesized by Feringa et al. recently, an oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motor, 3-(1,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrol-6(1H)-ylidene)-1-methylindolin-2-one (DDPYM), is proposed, which displays a significant electronic push-pull character and weak steric hindrance for double-bond isomerization. The newly designed motor DDPYM shows a remarkable improvement of the quantum yield for both EP → ZM and ZP → EM photoisomerization processes, compared to the original motor DDIYM. Furthermore, the rotary motion in photoisomerization processes of DDPYM behaves more like a pure axial rotational motion approximately, while that of DDIYM is an obvious precessional motion. The weakness of the steric hindrance reduces the energy barriers of the thermal helix EM → EP and ZM → ZP inversion steps, and would accelerate two ground-state isomerization steps significantly. Our results confirm the feasibility of simultaneously improving the efficiencies of photo- and thermal isomerization of oxindole-based light-driven molecular rotary motors and this design idea sheds light on the future development of more efficient molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Di Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Le Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Fuli Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian 710049, China.
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Ma J, Zhao D, Jiang C, Lan Z, Li F. Effect of Temperature on Photoisomerization Dynamics of a Newly Designed Two-Stroke Light-Driven Molecular Rotary Motor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179694. [PMID: 36077091 PMCID: PMC9456002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The working mechanism of conventional light-driven molecular rotary motors, especially Feringa-type motors, contains two photoisomerization steps and two thermal helix inversion steps. Due to the existence of a thermal helix inversion step, both the ability to work at lower temperatures and the rotation speed are limited. In this work, a two-stroke light-driven molecular rotary motor, 2-(1,5-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrol-6(1H)-ylidene)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-one (DDPY), is proposed, which is capable of performing unidirectional and repetitive rotation by only two photoisomerization (EP→ZP and ZP→EP) steps. With trajectory surface-hopping simulation at the semi-empirical OM2/MRCI level, the EP→ZP and ZP→EP nonadiabatic dynamics of DDPY were systematically studied at different temperatures. Both EP→ZP and ZP→EP photoisomerizations are on an ultrafast timescale (ca. 200–300 fs). The decay mode of EP→ZP photoisomerization is approximately bi-exponential, while that of ZP→EP photoisomerization is found to be periodic. For EP and ZP isomers of DDPY, after the S0→S1 excitation, the dynamical processes of nonadiabatic decay are both followed by twisting about the central C=C double bond and the pyramidalization of the C atom at the stator-axle linkage. The effect of temperature on the nonadiabatic dynamics of EP→ZP and ZP→EP photoisomerizations of DDPY has been systematically investigated. The average lifetimes of the S1 excited state and quantum yields for both EP→ZP and ZP→EP photoisomerization are almost temperature-independent, while the corresponding unidirectionality of rotation is significantly increased (e.g., 74% for EP→ZP and 72% for ZP→EP at 300 K vs 100% for EP→ZP and 94% for ZP→EP at 50 K) with lowering the temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, SCNU Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Fuli Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Design and Nonadiabatic Photoisomerization Dynamics Study of a Three-Stroke Light-Driven Molecular Rotary Motor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073908. [PMID: 35409268 PMCID: PMC8999534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Working cycle of conventional light-driven molecular rotary motors (LDMRMs), especially Feringa-type motors, usually have four steps, two photoisomerization steps, and two thermal helix inversion (THI) steps. THI steps hinder the ability of the motor to operate at lower temperatures and limit the rotation speed of LDMRMs. A three-stroke LDMRM, 2-(2,7-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-one (DDIY), is proposed, which is capable of completing an unidirectional rotation by two photoisomerization steps and one thermal helix inversion step at room temperature. On the basis of trajectory surface-hopping simulation at the semi-empirical OM2/MRCI level, the EP→ZP and ZP→EM nonadiabatic photoisomerization dynamics of DDIY were systematically analyzed. Quantum yields of EP→ZP and ZP→EM photoisomerization of DDIY are ca. 34% and 18%, respectively. Both EP→ZP and ZP→EM photoisomerization processes occur on an ultrafast time scale (ca. 100-300 fs). This three-stroke LDMRM may stimulate further research for the development of new families of more efficient LDMRMs.
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Vela S, Corminboeuf C. The Photoisomerization Pathway(s) of Push-Pull Phenylazoheteroarenes*. Chemistry 2020; 26:14724-14729. [PMID: 32692427 PMCID: PMC7756763 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Azoheteroarenes are the most recent derivatives targeted to further improve the properties of azo-based photoswitches. Their light-induced mechanism for trans-cis isomerization is assumed to be very similar to that of the parent azobenzene. As such, they inherited the controversy about the dominant isomerization pathway (rotation vs. inversion) depending on the excited state (nπ* vs. ππ*). Although the controversy seems settled in azobenzene, the extent to which the same conclusions apply to the more structurally diverse family of azoheteroarenes is unclear. Here, by means of non-adiabatic molecular dynamics, the photoisomerization mechanism of three prototypical phenyl-azoheteroarenes with increasing push-pull character is unraveled. The evolution of the rotational and inversion conical intersection energies, the preferred pathway, and the associated kinetics upon both nπ* and ππ* excitations can be linked directly with the push-pull substitution effects. Overall, the working conditions of this family of azo-dyes is clarified and a possibility to exploit push-pull substituents to tune their photoisomerization mechanism is identified, with potential impact on their quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Vela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringLaboratory for Computational Molecular DesignÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringLaboratory for Computational Molecular DesignÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
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Xiao BY, Xu JB, Wang LJ. New energy-based decoherence correction approaches for trajectory surface hopping. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2006098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-yang Xiao
- Center for Chemistry of Novel & High-Performance Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jia-bo Xu
- Center for Chemistry of Novel & High-Performance Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lin-jun Wang
- Center for Chemistry of Novel & High-Performance Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Ding W, Peng X, Cui G, Li Z, Blancafort L, Li Q. Potential‐Energy Surface and Dynamics Simulation of THBDBA: An Annulated Tetraphenylethene Derivative Combining Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Switch Behavior. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Lu Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process Institute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing China
| | - Xing‐Liang Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing China
| | - Gang‐Long Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry InstitutionBeijing Normal University 100875 Beijing China
| | - Ze‐Sheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing China
| | - Lluís Blancafort
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de Girona 17003 Girona Spain
| | - Quan‐Song Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Beijing Institute of Technology 100081 Beijing China
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Abstract
Directed motion at the nanoscale is a central attribute of life, and chemically driven motor proteins are nature's choice to accomplish it. Motivated and inspired by such bionanodevices, in the past few decades chemists have developed artificial prototypes of molecular motors, namely, multicomponent synthetic species that exhibit directionally controlled, stimuli-induced movements of their parts. In this context, photonic and redox stimuli represent highly appealing modes of activation, particularly from a technological viewpoint. Here we describe the evolution of the field of photo- and redox-driven artificial molecular motors, and we provide a comprehensive review of the work published in the past 5 years. After an analysis of the general principles that govern controlled and directed movement at the molecular scale, we describe the fundamental photochemical and redox processes that can enable its realization. The main classes of light- and redox-driven molecular motors are illustrated, with a particular focus on recent designs, and a thorough description of the functions performed by these kinds of devices according to literature reports is presented. Limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of the field are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician" , Università di Bologna , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures , Istituto ISOF-CNR , via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari , Università di Bologna , viale Fanin 44 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
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Zhang TS, Li ZW, Fang Q, Barbatti M, Fang WH, Cui G. Stereoselective Excited-State Isomerization and Decay Paths in cis-Cyclobiazobenzene. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6144-6151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | | | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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