1
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Liu W. Unified construction of relativistic Hamiltonians. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:084111. [PMID: 38415836 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
It is shown that the four-component (4C), quasi-four-component (Q4C), and exact two-component (X2C) relativistic Hartree-Fock equations can be implemented in a unified manner by making use of the atomic nature of the small components of molecular 4-spinors. A model density matrix approximation can first be invoked for the small-component charge/current density functions, which gives rise to a static, pre-molecular mean field to be combined with the one-electron term. As a result, only the nonrelativistic-like two-electron term of the 4C/Q4C/X2C Fock matrix needs to be updated during the iterations. A "one-center small-component" approximation can then be invoked in the evaluation of relativistic integrals, that is, all atom-centered small-component basis functions are regarded as extremely localized near the position of the atom to which they belong such that they have vanishing overlaps with all small- or large-component functions centered at other nuclei. Under these approximations, the 4C, Q4C, and X2C mean-field and many-electron Hamiltonians share precisely the same structure and accuracy. Beyond these is the effective quantum electrodynamics Hamiltonian that can be constructed in the same way. Such approximations lead to errors that are orders of magnitude smaller than other sources of errors (e.g., truncation errors in the one- and many-particle bases as well as uncertainties of experimental measurements) and are, hence, safe to use for whatever purposes. The quaternion forms of the 4C, Q4C, and X2C equations are also presented in the most general way, based on which the corresponding Kramers-restricted open-shell variants are formulated for "high-spin" open-shell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People's Republic of China
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2
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Li H, Pu Z, Sun Q, Gao YQ, Xiao Y. Noncollinear and Spin-Flip TDDFT in Multicollinear Approach. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2270-2281. [PMID: 36971474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is one of the most important tools for investigating the excited states of electrons. The TDDFT calculation for spin-conserving excitation, where collinear functionals are sufficient, has obtained great success and has become routine. However, TDDFT for noncollinear and spin-flip excitations, where noncollinear functionals are needed, is less widespread and still a challenge nowadays. This challenge lies in the severe numerical instabilities that root in the second-order derivatives of commonly used noncollinear functionals. To be free from this problem radically, noncollinear functionals with numerical stable derivatives are desired, and our recently developed approach, called the multicollinear approach, provides an option. In this work, the multicollinear approach is implemented in noncollinear and spin-flip TDDFT, and prototypical tests are given.
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3
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Konecny L, Komorovsky S, Vicha J, Ruud K, Repisky M. Exact Two-Component TDDFT with Simple Two-Electron Picture-Change Corrections: X-ray Absorption Spectra Near L- and M-Edges of Four-Component Quality at Two-Component Cost. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1360-1376. [PMID: 36722848 PMCID: PMC9923756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has gained popularity in recent years as it probes matter with high spatial and elemental sensitivities. However, the theoretical modeling of XAS is a challenging task since XAS spectra feature a fine structure due to scalar (SC) and spin-orbit (SO) relativistic effects, in particular near L and M absorption edges. While full four-component (4c) calculations of XAS are nowadays feasible, there is still interest in developing approximate relativistic methods that enable XAS calculations at the two-component (2c) level while maintaining the accuracy of the parent 4c approach. In this article we present theoretical and numerical insights into two simple yet accurate 2c approaches based on an (extended) atomic mean-field exact two-component Hamiltonian framework, (e)amfX2C, for the calculation of XAS using linear eigenvalue and damped response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). In contrast to the commonly used one-electron X2C (1eX2C) Hamiltonian, both amfX2C and eamfX2C account for the SC and SO two-electron and exchange-correlation picture-change (PC) effects that arise from the X2C transformation. As we demonstrate on L- and M-edge XAS spectra of transition metal and actinide compounds, the absence of PC corrections in the 1eX2C approximation results in a substantial overestimation of SO splittings, whereas (e)amfX2C Hamiltonians reproduce all essential spectral features such as shape, position, and SO splitting of the 4c references in excellent agreement, while offering significant computational savings. Therefore, the (e)amfX2C PC correction models presented here constitute reliable relativistic 2c quantum-chemical approaches for modeling XAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Konecny
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037Tromsø, Norway,Center
for Free Electron Laser Science, Max Planck
Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761Hamburg, Germany,
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Vicha
- Centre
of Polymer Systems, University Institute,
Tomas Bata University in Zlín, CZ-76001Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037Tromsø, Norway,Norwegian
Defence Research Establishment, P.O.
Box 25, 2027Kjeller, Norway
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas
Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037Tromsø, Norway,Department
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, SK-84215Bratislava, Slovakia,
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4
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Morales-Guevara R, Fuentes JA, Páez-Hernández D, Carreño A. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond in Pyridine Schiff Bases as Ancillary Ligands of Re(I) Complexes Is a Switcher between Visible and NIR Emissions: A Relativistic Quantum Chemistry Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8997-9007. [PMID: 36413983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes have been described as suitable fluorophores, particularly for biological applications. fac-[Re(CO)3(N,N)L](0 or 1+) complexes, where N,N is a substituted dinitrogenated ligand (bipyridine or derivatives with relatively small substituents) and L the ancillary ligand [a pyridine Schiff base (PSB) harboring an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB)], have presented promissory results concerning their use as fluorophores, especially for walled cells (i.e., bacteria and fungi). In this work, we present a relativistic theoretical analysis of two series of fac-[Re(CO)3(N,N)PSB]1+ complexes to predict the role of the IHB in the ancillary ligand concerning their photophysical behavior. N,N corresponds to 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (series A) or 4,4'-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (deeb) (series B). We found that all the complexes present absorption in the visible light range. In addition, complexes presenting a PSB with an IHB exhibit luminescent emission suitable for biological purposes: large Stokes shift, emission in the range of 600-700 nm, and τ in the order of 10-2 to 10-3 s. By contrast, complexes with PSB lacking the IHB show a predicted emission with the lowest triplet excited-state energy entering the NIR region. These results suggest a role of the IHB as an important switcher between visible and NIR emissions in this kind of complexes. Since the PSB can be substituted to modulate the properties of the whole Re(I) complex, it will be interesting to explore whether other substitutions can also affect the photophysical properties, mainly the emission range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaly Morales-Guevara
- Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile.,Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Dayán Páez-Hernández
- Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile.,Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Alexander Carreño
- Programa de Doctorado en Físicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile.,Laboratory of Organometallic Synthesis, Center of Applied NanoSciences (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 330, Santiago 8370186, Chile
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5
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Hoyer CE, Hu H, Lu L, Knecht S, Li X. Relativistic Kramers-Unrestricted Exact-Two-Component Density Matrix Renormalization Group. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5011-5020. [PMID: 35881436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we develop a variational relativistic density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) approach within the exact-two-component (X2C) framework (X2C-DMRG), using spinor orbitals optimized with the two-component relativistic complete active space self-consistent field. We investigate fine-structure splittings of p- (Ga, In, Tl) and d-block (Sc, Y, La) atoms and excitation energies of monohydride molecules (GeH, SnH, and TlH) with X2C-DMRG calculations using an all-electron relativistic Hamiltonian in a Kramers-unrestricted basis. We find that X2C-DMRG yields accurate 2P and 2D splittings compared to multireference configuration interaction with singles and doubles (MRCISD). We also investigated the degree of symmetry breaking in the atomic multiplets and convergence of electron correlation in the total energies. Symmetry breaking can be large in some cases (∼30 meV); however, increasing the number of renormalized block states m for the DMRG optimization recovers the symmetry breaking by several orders of magnitude. Encouragingly, we find the convergence of electron correlation to be close to MRCISDTQ5 quality. Relativistic X2C-DMRG approaches are important for cases where spin-orbit coupling is significant and the underlying reference wave function requires a large determinantal space. We are able to obtain quantitatively correct fine-structure splittings for systems up to 1019 number of determinants with traditional CI approaches, which are currently unfeasible to converge for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Stefan Knecht
- Algorithmiq Ltd., Kanavakatu 3C, FI-00160 Helsinki, Finland.,Abteilung SHE Chemie, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, DE-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.,Department Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, DE-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Ye L, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu W. Self-Adaptive Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for X-ray Absorptions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:074106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0106250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) can in principle access the whole absorption spectrum of a many-electron system exposed to a narrow pulse. However, this requires an accurate and efficient propagator for the numerical integration of the time-dependent Kohn-Sham equation. While a low-order time propagator is already sufficient for the low-lying valence absorption spectra, it is no longer the case for the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of systems composed even only of light elements, for which the use of a high-order propagator is indispensable. It is then crucial to choose a largest possible time step and a shortest possible simulation time, so as to minimize the computational cost. To this end, we propose here a robust AutoPST approach to determine automatically (Auto) the propagator (P), step (S), and time (T) for relativistic RT-TDDFT simulations of XAS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hao Wang
- Shandong University - Qingdao Campus, China
| | | | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institue for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, China
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7
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Liang W, Pei Z, Mao Y, Shao Y. Evaluation of molecular photophysical and photochemical properties using linear response time-dependent density functional theory with classical embedding: Successes and challenges. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:210901. [PMID: 35676148 PMCID: PMC9162785 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) based approaches have been developed in recent years to model the excited-state properties and transition processes of the molecules in the gas-phase and in a condensed medium, such as in a solution and protein microenvironment or near semiconductor and metal surfaces. In the latter case, usually, classical embedding models have been adopted to account for the molecular environmental effects, leading to the multi-scale approaches of TDDFT/polarizable continuum model (PCM) and TDDFT/molecular mechanics (MM), where a molecular system of interest is designated as the quantum mechanical region and treated with TDDFT, while the environment is usually described using either a PCM or (non-polarizable or polarizable) MM force fields. In this Perspective, we briefly review these TDDFT-related multi-scale models with a specific emphasis on the implementation of analytical energy derivatives, such as the energy gradient and Hessian, the nonadiabatic coupling, the spin-orbit coupling, and the transition dipole moment as well as their nuclear derivatives for various radiative and radiativeless transition processes among electronic states. Three variations of the TDDFT method, the Tamm-Dancoff approximation to TDDFT, spin-flip DFT, and spin-adiabatic TDDFT, are discussed. Moreover, using a model system (pyridine-Ag20 complex), we emphasize that caution is needed to properly account for system-environment interactions within the TDDFT/MM models. Specifically, one should appropriately damp the electrostatic embedding potential from MM atoms and carefully tune the van der Waals interaction potential between the system and the environment. We also highlight the lack of proper treatment of charge transfer between the quantum mechanics and MM regions as well as the need for accelerated TDDFT modelings and interpretability, which calls for new method developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- WanZhen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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8
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Creutzberg J, Hedegård ED. Polarizable Embedding Complex Polarization Propagator in Four- and Two-Component Frameworks. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:3671-3686. [PMID: 35549262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Explicit embedding methods combined with the complex polarization propagator (CPP) enable the modeling of spectroscopy for increasingly complex systems with a high density of states. We present the first derivation and implementation of the CPP in four- and exact-two-component (X2C) polarizable embedding (PE) frameworks. We denote the developed methods PE-4c-CPP and PE-X2C-CPP, respectively. We illustrate the methods by estimating the solvent effect on ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and X-ray atomic absorption (XAS) spectra of [Rh(H2O)6]3+ and [Ir(H2O)6]3+ immersed in aqueous solution. We moreover estimate solvent effects on UV-vis spectra of a platinum complex that can be photochemically activated (in water) to kill cancer cells. Our results clearly show that the inclusion of the environment is required: UV-vis and (to a lesser degree) XAS spectra can become qualitatively different from vacuum calculations. Comparison of PE-4c-CPP and PE-X2C-CPP methods shows that X2C essentially reproduces the solvent effect obtained with the 4c methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Creutzberg
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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9
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Grofe A, Li X. Relativistic nonorthogonal configuration interaction: application to L 2,3-edge X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10745-10756. [PMID: 35451435 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we develop a relativistic exact-two-component nonorthogonal configuration interaction (X2C-NOCI) for computing L-edge X-ray spectra. This article to our knowledge is the first time NOCI has been used for relativistic wave functions. A set of molecular complexes, including SF6, SiCl4 and [FeCl6]3-, are used to demonstrate the accuracy and computational scaling of the X2C-NOCI method. Our results suggest that X2C-NOCI is able to satisfactorily capture the main features of the L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectra. Excitations from the core require a large amount of orbital relaxation to yield reasonable energies and X2C-NOCI allows us to treat orbital optimization explicitly. However, the cost of computing the nonorthogonal coupling is higher than in conventional CI. Here, we propose an improved integral screening using overlap-scaled density combined with a continuous measure of the generalized Slater-Condon rules that allows us to estimate if an element is zero before attempting a two-electron integral contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grofe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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10
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Sharma P, Jenkins AJ, Scalmani G, Frisch MJ, Truhlar DG, Gagliardi L, Li X. Exact-Two-Component Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2947-2954. [PMID: 35384665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecules containing late-row elements exhibit large relativistic effects. To account for both relativistic effects and electron correlation in a computationally inexpensive way, we derived a formulation of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory with the relativistic exact-two-component Hamiltonian (X2C-MC-PDFT). In this new method, relativistic effects are included during variational optimization of a reference wave function by exact-two-component complete active-space self-consistent-field (X2C-CASSCF) theory, followed by an energy evaluation using pair-density functional theory. Benchmark studies of excited-state and ground-state fine-structure splitting of atomic species show that X2C-MC-PDFT can significantly improve the X2C-CASSCF results by introducing additional state-specific electron correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Giovanni Scalmani
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael J Frisch
- Gaussian Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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11
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Wang S, Zhu S, Tanzeng Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Ma M, Lu W. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Molecules Based on 4H-1-Benzopyran Core. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226986. [PMID: 34834079 PMCID: PMC8620761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel fluorescent 4H-1-benzopyrans was designed and developed as near-infrared fluorescent molecules with a compact donor–acceptor-donor architecture. Spectral intensity of the fluorescent molecules M-1, M-2, M-3 varied significantly with the increasing polarities of solvents, where M-3 showed high viscosity sensitivity in glycerol-ethanol system with a 3-fold increase in emission intensity. Increasing concentrations of compound M-3 to 5% BSA in PBS elicited a 4-fold increase in fluorescence intensity, exhibiting a superior environmental sensitivity. Furthermore, the in vitro cellular uptake behavior and CLSM assay of cancer cell lines demonstrated that M-3 could easily enter the cell nucleus and bind to proteins with low toxicity. Therefore, the synthesized near-infrared fluorescent molecules could provide a new direction for the development of optical imaging probes and potential further drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (S.W.); (S.Z.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shulei Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (S.W.); (S.Z.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Yawen Tanzeng
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics-Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Chuchu Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (S.W.); (S.Z.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (S.W.); (S.Z.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; (S.W.); (S.Z.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
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12
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Li Z. Structured eigenvalue problems in electronic structure methods from a unified perspective. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2107119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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13
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Wang Z, Wu C, Liu W. NAC-TDDFT: Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Nonadiabatic Couplings. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3288-3297. [PMID: 34448566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
First-order nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) matrix elements (fo-NACMEs) are the basic quantities in theoretical descriptions of electronically nonadiabatic processes that are ubiquitous in molecular physics and chemistry. Given the large size of systems of chemical interests, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is usually the first choice of methods. However, the lack of many-electron wave functions in TDDFT renders the formulation of NAC-TDDFT for fo-NACMEs conceptually difficult. Because of this, various variants of NAC-TDDFT have been proposed in the literature from different standing points, including the Hellmann-Feynman-like expression and auxiliary/pseudo-wave function (AWF)-, equation-of-motion (EOM)-, and time-dependent perturbation theory (TDPT)-based formulations. Based on critical analyses, the following conclusions are made here: (1) The Hellmann-Feynman-like expression, which is rooted in exact wave function theory, is hardly useful due to huge demand on basis sets. (2) Although most popular, the AWF variants of NAC-TDDFT are not theoretically founded and become ambiguous particularly for the fo-NACMEs between two excited states, although they do agree with the EOM and TDPT variants under the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. (3) The TDPT variant of NAC-TDDFT is theoretically most rigorous but suffers from numerical instabilities on the one hand and does not differ to a significant extent from the EOM variant on the other hand. (4) As such, the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT for the fo-NACMEs between the ground and excited states and between two excited states is solely the right choice in practice. These formal analyses are fully supported by numerical experimentations, taking azulene as a showcase. The proper implementation of the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT is also highlighted, showing that the fo-NACMEs between the ground and excited states and between two excited states are computationally very much the same as the analytic energy gradients of DFT and TDDFT, respectively. Possible future developments of the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT are also highlighted. Its extensions to spin-adapted open-shell TDDFT and proper treatment of spin-orbit couplings (which are another source of force for electronically nonadiabatic processes) are particularly warranted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikuan Wang
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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14
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The angular overlap model of ligand field theory for f elements: An intuitive approach building bridges between theory and experiment. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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15
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Grofe A, Gao J, Li X. Exact-two-component block-localized wave function: A simple scheme for the automatic computation of relativistic ΔSCF. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:014103. [PMID: 34241404 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Block-localized wave function is a useful method for optimizing constrained determinants. In this article, we extend the generalized block-localized wave function technique to a relativistic two-component framework. Optimization of excited state determinants for two-component wave functions presents a unique challenge because the excited state manifold is often quite dense with degenerate states. Furthermore, we test the degree to which certain symmetries result naturally from the ΔSCF optimization such as time-reversal symmetry and symmetry with respect to the total angular momentum operator on a series of atomic systems. Variational optimizations may often break the symmetry in order to lower the overall energy, just as unrestricted Hartree-Fock breaks spin symmetry. Overall, we demonstrate that time-reversal symmetry is roughly maintained when using Hartree-Fock, but less so when using Kohn-Sham density functional theory. Additionally, maintaining total angular momentum symmetry appears to be system dependent and not guaranteed. Finally, we were able to trace the breaking of total angular momentum symmetry to the relaxation of core electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grofe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; and Beijing University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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16
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Desmarais JK, Komorovsky S, Flament JP, Erba A. Spin–orbit coupling from a two-component self-consistent approach. II. Non-collinear density functional theories. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques K. Desmarais
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jean-Pierre Flament
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523—PhLAM—Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alessandro Erba
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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17
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Creutzberg J, Hedegård ED. Investigating the influence of relativistic effects on absorption spectra for platinum complexes with light-activated activity against cancer cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:27013-27023. [PMID: 33210700 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first systematic investigation of relativistic effects on the UV-vis spectra of two prototype complexes for so-called photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT), trans-trans-trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2] and cis-trans-cis-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2]. In PACT, design of new drugs requires in-depth understanding of the photo-activation mechanisms. A first step is usually to rationalize their UV-vis spectra for which time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is an indispensable tool. We carried out TD-DFT calculations with a systematic series of non-relativistic (NR), scalar-relativistic (SR), and four-component (4c) Hamiltonians. As expected, large differences are found between spectra calculated within 4c and NR frameworks, while the most intense features (found at higher energies below 300 nm) can be reasonably well reproduced within a SR framework. It is also shown that effective core potentials (ECPs) yield essentially similar results as all-electron SR calculations. Yet the underlying transitions can be strongly influenced by spin-orbit coupling, which is only present in the 4c framework: while this can affect both intense and less intense transitions in the spectra, the effect is most pronounced for weaker transitions at lower energies, above 300 nm. Since the investigated complexes are activated with light of wavelengths above 300 nm, employing a method with explicit inclusion of spin-orbit coupling may be crucial to rationalize the activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Creutzberg
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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18
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Horbatenko Y, Lee S, Filatov M, Choi CH. How Beneficial Is the Explicit Account of Doubly-Excited Configurations in Linear Response Theory? J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:975-984. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Horbatenko
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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19
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Wehrmann CM, Imran M, Pointer C, Fredin LA, Young ER, Chen MS. Spin multiplicity effects in doublet versus singlet emission: the photophysical consequences of a single electron. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10212-10219. [PMID: 34094286 PMCID: PMC8162447 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04211k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient-stable fluorescent radicals have recently emerged as promising luminescent materials; however, tailoring their properties has been difficult due to the limited photophysical understanding of open-shell organic systems. Here we report the experimental and computational analysis of a redox pair of π-conjugated fluorescent molecules that differ by one electron. A π-dication (DC) and π-radical cation (RC) demonstrate different absorption spectra, but similar red emission (λemiss,max = ∼630 nm), excitation maxima (λexc,max = ∼530 nm), fluorescence lifetimes (1–10 ns), and even excited-state (non-emissive) lifetimes when measured by transient absorption spectroscopy. Despite their experimental similarities, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) studies reveal that DC and RC emission mechanisms are distinct and rely on different electronic transitions. Excited-state reorganization occurs by hole relaxation in singlet DC, while doublet RC undergoes a Jahn-Teller distortion by bending its π-backbone in order to facilitate spin-pairing between singly occupied molecular orbitals. This relationship between the excited-state dynamics of RC and its π-backbone geometry illustrates a potential strategy for developing π-conjugated radicals with new emission properties. Additionally, by comparing TDDFT and CIS (configuration interaction singles) excitations, we show that unrestricted TDDFT accurately reproduces experimental absorption spectra and provides an opportunity to examine the relaxed excited-state properties of large open-shell molecules like RC. Experimental and computational studies reveal mechanistic differences in the photophysics of an open- versus closed-shell π-conjugated redox pair.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Wehrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Craig Pointer
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | | | - Mark S Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
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20
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Hoyer CE, Li X. Relativistic two-component projection-based quantum embedding for open-shell systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:094113. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0012433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chad E. Hoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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21
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Constable EC, Housecroft CE. Chemical Bonding: The Journey from Miniature Hooks to Density Functional Theory. Molecules 2020; 25:E2623. [PMID: 32516906 PMCID: PMC7321411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Our modern understanding of chemistry is predicated upon bonding interactions between atoms and ions resulting in the assembly of all of the forms of matter that we encounter in our daily life. It was not always so. This review article traces the development of our understanding of bonding from prehistory, through the debates in the 19th century C.E. bearing on valence, to modern quantum chemical models and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland;
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22
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Kehry M, Franzke YJ, Holzer C, Klopper W. Quasirelativistic two-component core excitations and polarisabilities from a damped-response formulation of the Bethe–Salpeter equation. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1755064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Kehry
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yannick J. Franzke
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof Holzer
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Theoretical Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Zhang Y, Yang DS. Spin-orbit coupling and vibronic transitions of Ce(C 3H 4) and Ce(C 3H 6) formed by the Ce reaction with propene: Mass-analyzed threshold ionization and relativistic quantum computation. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:144304. [PMID: 32295351 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A Ce atom reaction with propene is carried out in a pulsed laser vaporization molecule beam source. Several Ce-hydrocarbon species formed by the C-H and C-C bond activation of propene are observed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and Ce(C3Hn) (n = 4 and 6) are characterized by mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and density functional theory, multiconfiguration, and relativistic quantum chemical calculations. The MATI spectrum of each species consists of two vibronic band systems, each with several vibronic bands. Ce(C3H6) is identified as an inserted species with Ce inserting into an allylic C-H bond of propene and Ce(C3H4) as a metallocycle through 1,2-vinylic dehydrogenation. Both species have a Cs structure with the Ce 4f16s1 ground valence electron configuration in the neutral molecule and the Ce 4f1 configuration in the singly charged ion. The two vibronic band systems observed for each species are attributed to the ionization of two pairs of the lowest spin-orbit coupled states with each pair being nearly degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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25
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Kasper JM, Li X. Natural transition orbitals for complex two-component excited state calculations. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:1557-1563. [PMID: 32220083 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While the natural transition orbital (NTO) method has allowed electronic excitations from time-dependent Hartree-Fock and density functional theory to be viewed in a traditional orbital picture, the extension to multicomponent molecular orbitals such as those used in relativistic two-component methods or generalized Hartree-Fock (GHF) or generalized Kohn-Sham (GKS) is less straightforward due to mixing of spin-components and the inherent inclusion of spin-flip transitions in time-dependent GHF/GKS. An extension of single-component NTOs to the two-component framework is presented, in addition to a brief discussion of the practical aspects of visualizing two-component complex orbitals. Unlike the single-component analog, the method explicitly describes the spin and frequently obtains solutions with several significant orbital pairs. The method is presented using calculations on a mercury atom and a CrO2 Cl2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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26
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De Santis M, Storchi L, Belpassi L, Quiney HM, Tarantelli F. PyBERTHART: A Relativistic Real-Time Four-Component TDDFT Implementation Using Prototyping Techniques Based on Python. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2410-2429. [PMID: 32101419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Santis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loriano Storchi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi ‘G. D’Annunzio’, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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27
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Zhang Y, Suo B, Wang Z, Zhang N, Li Z, Lei Y, Zou W, Gao J, Peng D, Pu Z, Xiao Y, Sun Q, Wang F, Ma Y, Wang X, Guo Y, Liu W. BDF: A relativistic electronic structure program package. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:064113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5143173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Suo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Lei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Physico-Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daoling Peng
- College of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichen Pu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Tencent America LLC, Palo Alto, California 94306, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Ma
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Zou W, Guo G, Suo B, Liu W. Analytic Energy Gradients and Hessians of Exact Two-Component Relativistic Methods: Efficient Implementation and Extensive Applications. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1541-1554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers and Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guina Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers and Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Suo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers and Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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29
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Li H, Wang X, Zhu Y, Li Z. Innovative Organic Electroluminescent Materials with a Doublet Ground State: A Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:662-673. [PMID: 31910015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The displaced and distorted harmonic oscillator model, which has been proven to be appropriate in calculating vibronic spectra, is employed to treat the emission spectrum of title molecules in combination with a thermal vibration correlation function. The calculated results indicate that the main peak of the emission spectrum is visibly impacted by the normal modes with lower frequencies and that the shoulder peak is originated from the middle-frequency modes. On the level of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), the calculated fluorescence lifetimes of TTM-3NCz and TTM-3PCz are 22.1 and 26.0 ns, respectively, which happen to coincide with the observed values of TTM-3NCz (17.2 ns) and TTM-3PCz (21.2 ns). The above data indicate that both the calculated radiative decay rates are reasonable at room temperature. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of the Duschinsky effect on the fluorescence quantum efficiency (FQE). When it is considered, the predicted FQE of the TTM-3NCz molecule is only 0.11%, and the observed value (49% in toluene) deviates significantly. If we ignore the Duschinsky effect, the FQE of TTM-3NCz increases dramatically to 41.8%. For the TTM-3PCz molecule (the FQE is 46% in toluene), the calculated FQE is 0.042% with the Duschinsky effect and increases to 45.2% without the Duschinsky effect. This phenomenon might be related to external factors and the nature of the TDDFT only considering a single configuration. In addition, the fluorescent properties of the fluorinated TTM-3NCz molecules are studied predictably. The obtained results show that the perfluorinated TTM-3NCz shows better luminous performance due to larger oscillator strength. Finally, the dimers, which are composed of both single title molecules, are explored theoretically to determine how they impact the fluorescent property; however, the effect can be nearly eliminated because of the small binding energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixue Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianshui Normal University , Tianshui , Gansu 741001 , China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianshui Normal University , Tianshui , Gansu 741001 , China
| | - Yuancheng Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianshui Normal University , Tianshui , Gansu 741001 , China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Tianshui Normal University , Tianshui , Gansu 741001 , China
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30
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Zhang T, Kasper JM, Li X. Localized relativistic two-component methods for ground and excited state calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.arcc.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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31
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Konecny L, Repisky M, Ruud K, Komorovsky S. Relativistic four-component linear damped response TDDFT for electronic absorption and circular dichroism calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:194112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Konecny
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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32
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Komorovsky S, Cherry PJ, Repisky M. Four-component relativistic time-dependent density-functional theory using a stable noncollinear DFT ansatz applicable to both closed- and open-shell systems. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:184111. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5121713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Komorovsky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter J. Cherry
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84536 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Repisky
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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33
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Koulias LN, Williams-Young DB, Nascimento DR, DePrince AE, Li X. Relativistic Real-Time Time-Dependent Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6617-6624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Koulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David B. Williams-Young
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS 50A-3111, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel R. Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - A. Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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34
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Zhang Y, Cao W, Yang DS. Spin-orbit coupling and vibronic transitions of two Ce(C4H6) isomers probed by mass-analyzed threshold ionization and relativistic quantum computation. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5123729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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35
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Valentine AJS, Li X. Toward the evaluation of intersystem crossing rates with variational relativistic methods. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:084107. [PMID: 31470709 DOI: 10.1063/1.5113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The change in electronic state from one spin multiplicity to another, known as intersystem crossing, occurs in molecules via the relativistic phenomenon of spin-orbit coupling. Current means of estimating intersystem crossing rates rely on the perturbative evaluation of spin-orbit coupling effects. This perturbative approach, valid in lighter atoms where spin-orbit coupling is weaker, is expected to break down for heavier elements where relativistic effects become dominant. Methods which incorporate spin-orbit effects variationally, such as the exact-two-component (X2C) method, will be necessary to treat this strong-coupling regime. We present a novel procedure which produces a diabatic basis of spin-pure electronic states coupled by spin-orbit terms, generated from fully variational relativistic calculations. This method is implemented within X2C using time-dependent density-functional theory and is compared to results from a perturbative relativistic study in the weak spin-orbit coupling regime. Additional calculations on a more strongly spin-orbit-coupled [UO2Cl4]2- complex further illustrate the strengths of this method. This procedure will be valuable in the estimation of intersystem crossing rates within strongly spin-coupled species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Desmarais JK, Flament JP, Erba A. Spin-orbit coupling from a two-component self-consistent approach. II. Non-collinear density functional theories. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:074108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5114902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques K. Desmarais
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2,
Canada
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2,
Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Flament
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molècules, 59000 Lille,
France
| | - Alessandro Erba
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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37
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Stetina TF, Kasper JM, Li X. Modeling L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with linear response exact two-component relativistic time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:234103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Torin F. Stetina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Joseph M. Kasper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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38
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Holzer C, Klopper W. Ionized, electron-attached, and excited states of molecular systems with spin–orbit coupling: Two-component GW and Bethe–Salpeter implementations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204116. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5094244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Holzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus South, P. O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wim Klopper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), KIT Campus South, P. O. Box 6980, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Study (CAS) at The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Drammensveien 78, N-0271 Oslo, Norway
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Lee S, Kim EE, Nakata H, Lee S, Choi CH. Efficient implementations of analytic energy gradient for mixed-reference spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (MRSF-TDDFT). J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184111. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5086895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Emma Eunji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Hiroya Nakata
- R & D Center Kagoshima, Kyocera, 1-4 Kokubu Yamashita-cho, Kirishima-shi, Kagoshima 899-4312, Japan
| | - Sangyoub Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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40
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Ulusoy IS, Wilson AK. Spin trapping and flipping in FeCO through relativistic electron dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7265-7271. [PMID: 30607408 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal compounds are very versatile, and their characteristics can differ profoundly depending on their electronic structure. Compounds in which a spin transition from a low-spin to a high-spin state can be achieved through means of an optical excitation are particularly intriguing, as a controlled spin-flip opens promising avenues in areas such as sensing, information technology, molecular switches and energy technology. The fundamental mechanisms in spin crossover and spin transitions remain unanswered, due to the complexity of electronic structure and interplay of relativistic effects. Presented here is a new approach that allows the first direct study of spin flip dynamics through a mapping of spin-mixed to spin-pure states. The method is applied to FeCO and addresses the spin-flip dynamics during a spin transition. Wave packets that combine different spin states are generated through optical excitation and relevant mechanisms in optically triggered spin transitions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga S Ulusoy
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824-1322, USA.
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41
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Huang C, Liu W. iVI‐TD‐DFT: An iterative vector interaction method for exterior/interior roots of TD‐DFT. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:1023-1037. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Beijing National Center for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing, 100871 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Beijing National Center for Molecular SciencesInstitute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing, 100871 People's Republic of China
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Lee S, Filatov M, Lee S, Choi CH. Eliminating spin-contamination of spin-flip time dependent density functional theory within linear response formalism by the use of zeroth-order mixed-reference (MR) reduced density matrix. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:104101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5044202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Sangyoub Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Cheol Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, South Korea
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