1
|
Fu Y, Sun Y, Shan Y, Chen J, Du J, He G, He H. Unexpected Promotion Effect of H 2O on the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x with NH 3 over Cu-SSZ-39 Catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38314553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Water molecules commonly inhibit the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 on most catalysts, and water resistance is a long-standing challenge for SCR technology. Herein, by combining experimental measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we found that water molecules do not inhibit and even promote the NOx conversion to some extent over the Cu-SSZ-39 zeolites, a promising SCR catalyst. Water acting as a ligand on active Cu sites and as a reactant in the SCR reaction significantly improves the O2 activation performance and reduces the overall energy barrier of the catalytic cycle. This work unveils the mechanism of the unexpected promotion effect of water on the NH3-SCR reaction over Cu-SSZ-39 and provides fundamental insight into the development of zeolite-based SCR catalysts with excellent activity and water resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Shan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junlin Chen
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpeng Du
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Gao M, Yan W, Yu J. Regulation of the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions of zeolites and their impact on properties. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1935-1959. [PMID: 36845940 PMCID: PMC9945477 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06010h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites are typically a class of crystalline microporous aluminosilicates that are constructed by SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra. Because of their unique porous structures, strong Brönsted acidity, molecular-level shape selectivity, exchangeable cations, and high thermal/hydrothermal stability, zeolites are widely used as catalysts, adsorbents, and ion-exchangers in industry. The activity, selectivity, and stability/durability of zeolites in applications are closely related to their Si/Al ratios and Al distributions in the framework. In this review, we discussed the basic principles and the state-of-the-art methodologies for regulating the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions of zeolites, including seed-assisted recipe modification, interzeolite transformation, fluoride media, and usage of organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs), etc. The conventional and newly developed characterization methods for determining the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions were summarized, which include X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), solid state 29Si/27Al magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si/27Al MAS NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), etc. The impact of Si/Al ratios and Al distributions on the catalysis, adsorption/separation, and ion-exchange performance of zeolites were subsequently demonstrated. Finally, we presented a perspective on the precise control of the Si/Al ratios and Al distributions of zeolites and the corresponding challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Mingkun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wenfu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China .,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin Q, Xu S, Zhao H, Liu S, Xu H, Dan Y, Chen Y. Highlights on Key Roles of Y on the Hydrothermal Stability at 900 °C of Cu/SSZ-39 for NH 3-SCR. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
- Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company, Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Quality and Energy Measurement, CNPC, Chengdu610213, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Education Ministry, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Haidi Xu
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
- Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Vehicular Exhaust Gases Abatement, Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Environmental Catalytic Material, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Yi Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
| | - Yaoqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Education Ministry, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, China
- Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Vehicular Exhaust Gases Abatement, Sichuan Provincial Center of Engineering of Environmental Catalytic Material, Chengdu610064, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li P, Xin Y, Zhang H, Yang F, Tang A, Han D, Jia J, Wang J, Li Z, Zhang Z. Recent progress in performance optimization of Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx. Front Chem 2022; 10:1033255. [PMID: 36324517 PMCID: PMC9621587 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1033255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are the major gaseous pollutants emitted by mobile sources, especially diesel engines, contribute to many environmental issues and harm human health. Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) is proved to be one of the most efficient techniques for reducing NOx emission. Recently, Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst has been recognized as a promising candidate for NH3-SCR catalyst for reducing diesel engine NOx emissions due to its wide active temperature window and excellent hydrothermal stability. Despite being commercialized as an advanced selective catalytic reduction catalyst, Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst still confronts the challenges of low-temperature activity and hydrothermal aging to meet the increasing demands on catalytic performance and lifetime. Therefore, numerous studies have been dedicated to the improvement of NH3-SCR performance for Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst. In this review, the recent progress in NH3-SCR performance optimization of Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts is summarized following three aspects: 1) modifying the Cu active sites; 2) introducing the heteroatoms or metal oxides; 3) regulating the morphology. Meanwhile, future perspectives and opportunities of Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts in reducing diesel engine NOx emissions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Xin,
| | - Hanxue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Fuzhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ahui Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Dongxu Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Junxiu Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenguo Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology, China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Simplified Kinetic Model for $$\hbox {NH}_3$$-SCR Over Cu-CHA Based on First-Principles Calculations. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelective catalytic reduction with ammonia as reducing agent ($$\hbox {NH}_3$$
NH
3
-SCR) is an efficient technology to control $$\hbox {NO}_\mathrm{x}$$
NO
x
emission during oxygen excess. Catalysts based on Cu-chabazite (Cu-CHA) have shown good performance for $$\hbox {NH}_3$$
NH
3
-SCR with high activity and selectivity at low temperature and good hydrothermal stability. Here, we explore a first-principles based kinetic model to analyze in detail which reaction steps that control the selectivity for $$\hbox {N}_2$$
N
2
and the light-off temperature. Moreover, a simplified kinetic model is developed by fitting lumped kinetic parameters to the full model. The simplified model describes the reaction with high accuracy using only five reaction steps. The present work provides insight into the governing reaction mechanism and stimulates design of knowledge-based Cu-CHA catalysts for $$\hbox {NH}_3$$
NH
3
-SCR.
Collapse
|
6
|
Jabłońska M. Review of the application of Cu-containing SSZ-13 in NH 3-SCR-DeNO x and NH 3-SCO. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25240-25261. [PMID: 36199328 PMCID: PMC9450943 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of NO x emissions has become one of the most important subjects in environmental protection. Cu-containing SSZ-13 is currently the state-of-the-art catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NO x with ammonia (NH3-SCR-DeNO x ). Although the current-generation catalysts reveal enhanced activity and remarkable hydrothermal stability, still open challenges appear. Thus, this review focuses on the progress of Cu-containing SSZ-13 regarding preparation methods, hydrothermal resistance and poisoning as well as reaction mechanisms in NH3-SCR-DeNO x . Remarkably, the paper reviews also the progress of Cu-containing SSZ-13 in the selective ammonia oxidation into nitrogen and water vapor (NH3-SCO). The dynamics in the NH3-SCR-DeNO x and NH3-SCO fields make this review timely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jabłońska
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Rappé KG, Washton NM, Wang Y, Walter ED, Gao F. Rate Controlling in Low-Temperature Standard NH 3-SCR: Implications from Operando EPR Spectroscopy and Reaction Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9734-9746. [PMID: 35605129 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of seven Cu/SSZ-13 catalysts with Si/Al = 6.7 are used to elucidate key rate-controlling factors during low-temperature standard ammonia-selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR), via a combination of SCR kinetics and operando electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Strong Cu-loading-dependent kinetics, with Cu atomic efficiency increasing nearly by an order of magnitude, is found when per chabazite cage occupancy for Cu ion increases from ∼0.04 to ∼0.3. This is due mainly to the release of intercage Cu transfer constraints that facilitates the redox chemistry, as evidenced from detailed Arrhenius analysis. Operando EPR spectroscopy studies reveal strong connectivity between Cu-ion dynamics and SCR kinetics, based on which it is concluded that under low-temperature steady-state SCR, kinetically most relevant Cu species are those with the highest intercage mobility. Transient binuclear Cu species are mechanistically relevant species, but their splitting and cohabitation are indispensable for low-temperature kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yue Ma
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yilin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kenneth G Rappé
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nancy M Washton
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Eric D Walter
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prodinger S, Kvande K, Arstad B, Borfecchia E, Beato P, Svelle S. Synthesis–Structure–Activity Relationship in Cu-MOR for Partial Methane Oxidation: Al Siting via Inorganic Structure-Directing Agents. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prodinger
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline Kvande
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Pablo Beato
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stian Svelle
- Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology (SMN), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fu Y, He G, Shan Y, Du J, He H. Promotion of the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over microporous Cu-SSZ-13 by H2O and OH group at low temperatures: a density functional theory study. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00796g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The successful commercialization of microporous Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 has attracted extensive attention and debate on the mechanism of their excellent activity...
Collapse
|
10
|
Shan Y, Du J, Zhang Y, Shan W, Shi X, Yu Y, Zhang R, Meng X, Xiao FS, He H. Selective catalytic reduction of NO x with NH 3: opportunities and challenges of Cu-based small-pore zeolites. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab010. [PMID: 34858603 PMCID: PMC8566184 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zeolites, as efficient and stable catalysts, are widely used in the environmental catalysis field. Typically, Cu-SSZ-13 with small-pore structure shows excellent catalytic activity for selective catalytic reduction of NO x with ammonia (NH3-SCR) as well as high hydrothermal stability. This review summarizes major advances in Cu-SSZ-13 applied to the NH3-SCR reaction, including the state of copper species, standard and fast SCR reaction mechanism, hydrothermal deactivation mechanism, poisoning resistance and synthetic methodology. The review gives a valuable summary of new insights into the matching between SCR catalyst design principles and the characteristics of Cu2+-exchanged zeolitic catalysts, highlighting the significant opportunity presented by zeolite-based catalysts. Principles for designing zeolites with excellent NH3-SCR performance and hydrothermal stability are proposed. On the basis of these principles, more hydrothermally stable Cu-AEI and Cu-LTA zeolites are elaborated as well as other alternative zeolites applied to NH3-SCR. Finally, we call attention to the challenges facing Cu-based small-pore zeolites that still need to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Shan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinpeng Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wenpo Shan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Runduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangju Meng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Feng-Shou Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Temperature dependence of Cu(I) oxidation and Cu(II) reduction kinetics in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 on Cu-chabazite zeolites. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Feng Y, Wang X, Janssens TVW, Vennestrøm PNR, Jansson J, Skoglundh M, Grönbeck H. First-Principles Microkinetic Model for Low-Temperature NH 3-Assisted Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO over Cu-CHA. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Feng
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Xueting Wang
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jonas Jansson
- Volvo Group Trucks Technology, SE-405 08 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Skoglundh
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Millan R, Cnudde P, van Speybroeck V, Boronat M. Mobility and Reactivity of Cu + Species in Cu-CHA Catalysts under NH 3-SCR-NOx Reaction Conditions: Insights from AIMD Simulations. JACS AU 2021; 1:1778-1787. [PMID: 34723280 PMCID: PMC8549050 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of the copper cations acting as active sites for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia in Cu-CHA catalysts varies with temperature and feed composition. Herein, the migration of [Cu(NH3)2]+ complexes between two adjacent cavities of the chabazite structure, including other reactant molecules (NO, O2, H2O, and NH3), in the initial and final cavities is investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations combined with enhanced sampling techniques to describe hopping events from one cage to the other. We find that such diffusion is only significantly hindered by the presence of excess NH3 or NO in the initial cavity, since both reactants form with [Cu(NH3)2]+ stable intermediates which are too bulky to cross the 8-ring windows connecting the cavities. The presence of O2 modifies strongly the interaction of NO with Cu+. At low temperatures, we observe NO detachment from Cu+ and increased mobility of the [Cu(NH3)2]+ complex, while at high temperatures, NO reacts spontaneously with O2 to form NO2. The present simulations give evidence for recent experimental observations, namely, an NH3 inhibition effect on the SCR reaction at low temperatures, and transport limitations of NO and NH3 at high temperatures. Our first principle simulations mimicking operating conditions support the existence of two different reaction mechanisms operating at low and high temperatures, the former involving dimeric Cu(NH3)2-O2-Cu(NH3)2 species and the latter occurring by direct NO oxidation to NO2 in one single cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reisel Millan
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química, Universitat
Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Pieter Cnudde
- Center
for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Mercedes Boronat
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química, Universitat
Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shih AJ, González JM, Khurana I, Ramírez LP, Peña L. A, Kumar A, Villa AL. Influence of ZCuOH, Z 2Cu, and Extraframework Cu xO y Species in Cu-SSZ-13 on N 2O Formation during the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x with NH 3. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J. Shih
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juan M. González
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Ishant Khurana
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lucía Pérez Ramírez
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andres Peña L.
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Cummins Inc., 1900 McKinley Avenue, MC 50183, Columbus, Indiana 47201, United States
| | - Aída Luz Villa
- Environmental Catalysis Research Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Direct measurement of enthalpy and entropy changes in NH
3
promoted O
2
activation over Cu−CHA at low temperature. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Lee H, Song I, Jeon SW, Kim DH. Mobility of Cu Ions in Cu-SSZ-13 Determines the Reactivity of Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x with NH 3. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3210-3216. [PMID: 33761261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) in Cu-SSZ-13 has been proposed to have a unique homogeneous-like mechanism governed by the spatial proximity of mobile Cu ions. Among factors that determine the proximity, the effect of ion density on the SCR reaction is well established; however, it has not been verified how the different mobility of the Cu ion influences the SCR reaction. Herein, we try to reveal the mobility-dependent SCR reaction by controlling the Cu species with different ion mobilities in Cu-SSZ-13. Since the reaction kinetics is governed by the diffusion of Cu ions, the Cu ion mobility determines the reactivity of the Cu-SSZ-13. In terms of this correlation, enhanced ion mobility leads to improved NH3-SCR activity. These findings help understand the behavior of Cu ions in Cu-SSZ-13 under a catalytic reaction and provide insights to design rational catalysts by tuning the ion mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwangho Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhak Song
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Jeon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Heui Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fant M, Ångqvist M, Hellman A, Erhart P. To Every Rule There is an Exception: A Rational Extension of Loewenstein's Rule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5132-5135. [PMID: 33315307 PMCID: PMC7986852 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Loewenstein's rule, which states that Al-O-Al motifs are energetically unstable, is fundamental to the understanding and design of zeolites. Here, using a combination of electronic structure calculations and lattice models, we show under which circumstances this rule becomes invalid and how it can be rationally extended using the chabasite framework for demonstration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Fant
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Ångqvist
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hellman
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fant M, Ångqvist M, Hellman A, Erhart P. To Every Rule There is an Exception: A Rational Extension of Loewenstein's Rule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Fant
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mattias Ångqvist
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anders Hellman
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Recent Understanding of Low-Temperature Copper Dynamics in Cu-Chabazite NH3-SCR Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic motion of NH3-solvated Cu sites in Cu-chabazite (Cu-CHA) zeolites, which are the most promising and state-of-the-art catalysts for ammonia-assisted selective reduction of NOx (NH3-SCR) in the aftertreatment of diesel exhausts, represents a unique phenomenon linking heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. This review first summarizes recent advances in the theoretical understanding of such low-temperature Cu dynamics. Specifically, evidence of both intra-cage and inter-cage Cu motions, given by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) or metadynamics simulations, will be highlighted. Then, we will show how, among others, synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, vibrational and optical spectroscopy (diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and diffuse reflection ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (DRUVS)), electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR), and impedance spectroscopy (IS) can be combined and complement each other to follow the evolution of coordinative environment and the local structure of Cu centers during low-temperature NH3-SCR reactions. Furthermore, the essential role of Cu dynamics in the tuning of low-temperature Cu redox, in the preparation of highly dispersed Cu-CHA catalysts by solid-state ion exchange method, and in the direct monitoring of NH3 storage and conversion will be presented. Based on the achieved mechanistic insights, we will discuss briefly the new perspectives in manipulating Cu dynamics to improve low-temperature NH3-SCR efficiency as well as in the understanding of other important reactions, such as selective methane-to-methanol oxidation and ethene dimerization, catalyzed by metal ion-exchanged zeolites.
Collapse
|
20
|
Oda A, Shionoya H, Hotta Y, Takewaki T, Sawabe K, Satsuma A. Spectroscopic Evidence of Efficient Generation of Dicopper Intermediate in Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO over Cu-Ion-Exchanged Zeolites. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Hitomi Shionoya
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Hotta
- Science & Innovation Center, Inorganic Materials Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiko Takewaki
- Science & Innovation Center, Inorganic Materials Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Sawabe
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Atsushi Satsuma
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martini A, Pankin IA, Marsicano A, Lomachenko KA, Borfecchia E. Wavelet analysis of a Cu-oxo zeolite EXAFS simulated spectrum. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
Negri C, Selleri T, Borfecchia E, Martini A, Lomachenko KA, Janssens TVW, Cutini M, Bordiga S, Berlier G. Structure and Reactivity of Oxygen-Bridged Diamino Dicopper(II) Complexes in Cu-Ion-Exchanged Chabazite Catalyst for NH 3-Mediated Selective Catalytic Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15884-15896. [PMID: 32830975 PMCID: PMC8011910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The NH3-mediated selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) of NOx over Cu-ion-exchanged chabazite (Cu-CHA) catalysts is the basis of the technology for abatement of NOx from diesel vehicles. A crucial step in this reaction is the activation of oxygen. Under conditions for low-temperature NH3-SCR, oxygen only reacts with CuI ions, which are present as mobile CuI diamine complexes [CuI(NH3)2]+. To determine the structure and reactivity of the species formed by oxidation of these CuI diamine complexes with oxygen at 200 °C, we have followed this reaction, using a Cu-CHA catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 15 and 2.6 wt% Cu, by X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XANES and EXAFS) and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy, with the support of DFT calculations and advanced EXAFS wavelet transform analysis. The results provide unprecedented direct evidence for the formation of a [Cu2(NH3)4O2]2+ mobile complex with a side-on μ-η2,η2-peroxo diamino dicopper(II) structure, accounting for 80-90% of the total Cu content. These [Cu2(NH3)4O2]2+ are completely reduced to [CuI(NH3)2]+ at 200 °C in a mixture of NO and NH3. Some N2 is formed as well, which suggests the role of the dimeric complexes in the low-temperature NH3-SCR reaction. The reaction of [Cu2(NH3)4O2]2+ complexes with NH3 leads to a partial reduction of the Cu without any formation of N2. The reaction with NO results in an almost complete reduction to CuI, under the formation of N2. This indicates that the low-temperature NH3-SCR reaction proceeds via a reaction of these complexes with NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Negri
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Via Giuria
7, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Selleri
- Dipartimento
di Energia, Laboratorio di Catalisi e Processi
Catalitici, Politecnico
di Milano, Via La Masa 34, I-20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Borfecchia
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Via Giuria
7, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Martini
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Via Giuria
7, I-10125 Turin, Italy
- Smart
Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal
University, Sladkova
Street 174/28, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Kirill A. Lomachenko
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Michele Cutini
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Via Giuria
7, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Via Giuria
7, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Gloria Berlier
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Turin, Via Giuria
7, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Paolucci C, Di Iorio JR, Schneider WF, Gounder R. Solvation and Mobilization of Copper Active Sites in Zeolites by Ammonia: Consequences for the Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1881-1892. [PMID: 32786332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusCopper-exchanged chabazite (Cu-CHA) zeolites are catalysts used in diesel emissions control for the abatement of nitrogen oxides (NOx) via selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactions with ammonia as the reductant. The discovery of these materials in the early 2010s enabled a step-change improvement in diesel emissions aftertreatment technology. Key advantages of Cu-CHA zeolites over prior materials include their effectiveness at the lower temperatures characteristic of diesel exhaust, their durability under high-temperature hydrothermal conditions, and their resistance to poisoning from residual hydrocarbons present in exhaust. Fundamental catalysis research has since uncovered mechanistic and kinetic features that underpin the ability of Cu-CHA to selectively reduce NOx under strongly oxidizing conditions and to achieve improved NOx conversion relative to other zeolite frameworks, particularly at low exhaust temperatures and with ammonia instead of other reductants.One critical mechanistic feature is the NH3 solvation of exchanged Cu ions at low temperatures (<523 K) to create cationic Cu-amine coordination complexes that are ionically tethered to anionic Al framework sites. This ionic tethering confers regulated mobility that facilitates interconversion between mononuclear and binuclear Cu complexes, which is necessary to propagate SCR through a Cu2+/Cu+ redox cycle during catalytic turnover. This dynamic catalytic mechanism, wherein single and dual metal sites interconvert to mediate different half-reactions of the redox cycle, combines features canonically associated with homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction mechanisms.In this Account, we describe how a unified experimental and theoretical interrogation of Cu-CHA catalysts in operando provided quantitative evidence of regulated Cu ion mobility and its role in the SCR mechanism. This approach relied on new synthetic methods to prepare model Cu-CHA zeolites with varied active-site structures and spatial densities in order to verify that the kinetic and mechanistic models describe the catalytic behavior of a family of materials of diverse composition, and on new computational approaches to capture the active-site structure and dynamics under conditions representative of catalysis. Ex situ interrogation revealed that the Cu structure depends on the conditions for the zeolite synthesis, which influence the framework Al substitution patterns, and that statistical and electronic structure models can enumerate Cu site populations for a known Al distribution. This recognition unifies seemingly disparate spectroscopic observations and inferences regarding Cu ion structure and responses to different external conditions. SCR rates depend strongly on the Cu spatial density and zeolite composition in kinetic regimes where Cu+ oxidation with O2 becomes rate-limiting, as occurs at lower temperatures and under fuel-rich conditions. Transient experiments, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and statistical models relate these sensitivities to the mobility constraints imposed by the CHA framework on NH3-solvated Cu ions, which regulate the pore volume accessible to these ions and their ability to pair and complete the catalytic cycle. This highlights the key characteristics of the CHA framework that enable superior performance under low-temperature SCR reaction conditions.This work illustrates the power of precise control over a catalytic material, simultaneous kinetic and spectroscopic interrogation over a wide range of reaction conditions, and computational strategies tailored to capture those reaction conditions to reveal in microscopic detail the mechanistic features of a complex and widely practiced catalysis. In doing so, it highlights the key role of ion mobility in catalysis and thus potentially a more general phenomenon of reactant solvation and active site mobilization in reactions catalyzed by exchanged metal ions in zeolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Paolucci
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - John R. Di Iorio
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - William F. Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Rajamani Gounder
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones CB, Khurana I, Krishna SH, Shih AJ, Delgass WN, Miller JT, Ribeiro FH, Schneider WF, Gounder R. Effects of dioxygen pressure on rates of NOx selective catalytic reduction with NH3 on Cu-CHA zeolites. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
25
|
Krishna SH, Jones CB, Miller JT, Ribeiro FH, Gounder R. Combining Kinetics and Operando Spectroscopy to Interrogate the Mechanism and Active Site Requirements of NO x Selective Catalytic Reduction with NH 3 on Cu-Zeolites. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5029-5036. [PMID: 32496798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NOx selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with NH3 on Cu-zeolites is a commercial emissions control technology for diesel and lean-burn engines. Mitigating low-temperature emissions remains an outstanding challenge, motivating an improved understanding of the reaction mechanism, active site requirements, and rate-determining processes at low temperatures (<523 K). In this Perspective, we discuss how operando spectroscopy provides crucial information about how the structures, coordination environments, and oxidation states of Cu active sites depend on reaction conditions and sample composition; when combined with kinetic measurements, such operando data provide insights into the Cu site and spatial density requirements for reduction and oxidation steps relevant to the Cu(II)/Cu(I) SCR redox cycle. Isolated Cu ions coordinated to zeolite oxygen atoms ex situ become coordinated to NH3 in situ and dynamically interconvert between mononuclear and binuclear NH3-solvated Cu complexes to catalyze SCR turnovers. We conclude with future research directions that can benefit from combining quantitative kinetic measurements with operando spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddarth H Krishna
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Casey B Jones
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fabio H Ribeiro
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rajamani Gounder
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen L, Janssens TVW, Vennestrøm PNR, Jansson J, Skoglundh M, Grönbeck H. A Complete Multisite Reaction Mechanism for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR over Cu-CHA. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jonas Jansson
- Volvo Group Trucks Technology, SE-405 08 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Skoglundh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Di Iorio JR, Li S, Jones CB, Nimlos CT, Wang Y, Kunkes E, Vattipalli V, Prasad S, Moini A, Schneider WF, Gounder R. Cooperative and Competitive Occlusion of Organic and Inorganic Structure-Directing Agents within Chabazite Zeolites Influences Their Aluminum Arrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4807-4819. [PMID: 32053365 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We combine experiment and theory to investigate the cooperation or competition between organic and inorganic structure-directing agents (SDAs) for occupancy within microporous voids of chabazite (CHA) zeolites and to rationalize the effects of SDA siting on biasing the framework Al arrangement (Al-O(-Si-O)x-Al, x = 1-3) among CHA zeolites of essentially fixed composition (Si/Al = 15). CHA zeolites crystallized using mixtures of TMAda+ and Na+ contain one TMAda+ occluded per cage and Na+ co-occluded in an amount linearly proportional to the number of 6-MR paired Al sites, quantified by Co2+ titration. In contrast, CHA zeolites crystallized using mixtures of TMAda+ and K+ provide evidence that three K+ cations, on average, displace one TMAda+ from occupying a cage and contain predominantly 6-MR isolated Al sites. Moreover, CHA crystallizes from synthesis media containing more than 10-fold higher inorganic-to-organic ratios with K+ than with Na+ before competing crystalline phases form, providing a route to decrease the amount of organic SDA needed to crystallize high-silica CHA. Density functional theory calculations show that differences in the ionic radii of Na+ and K+ determine their preferences for siting in different CHA rings, which influences their energy to co-occlude with TMAda+ and stabilize different Al configurations. Monte Carlo models confirm that energy differences resulting from Na+ or K+ co-occlusion promote the formation of 6-MR and 8-MR paired Al arrangements, respectively. These results highlight opportunities to exploit using mixtures of organic and inorganic SDAs during zeolite crystallization in order to more efficiently use organic SDAs and influence framework Al arrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Di Iorio
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sichi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 250 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Casey B Jones
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Claire T Nimlos
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 250 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Eduard Kunkes
- BASF Corporation, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Vivek Vattipalli
- BASF Corporation, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Subramanian Prasad
- BASF Corporation, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Ahmad Moini
- BASF Corporation, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - William F Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 250 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Rajamani Gounder
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shi L, Yang J, Shen G, Zhao Y, Chen R, Shen M, Wen Y, Shan B. The influence of adjacent Al atoms on the hydrothermal stability of H-SSZ-13: a first-principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2930-2937. [PMID: 31951227 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Al concentration and distribution have a great influence on the hydrothermal stability of the H-SSZ-13 zeolites in experiments. In this work, first-principles calculations are performed to clarify the decomposition mechanism of an H-SSZ-13 framework with adjacent Al atom pair distribution under hydrothermal conditions. It is found that the adjacent Al atoms have a tendency to occupy the para-sites of the 4-membered rings (4MRs) in the framework. Water molecules are chemisorbed onto the Al atom one by one, and the hydroxylation of the neighboring O atoms induces the breaking of the Al-O bonds, which causes the first dealumination in 4MRs. The other Al atom in the para-site can be easily removed from the framework once the first one is lost. The feasible subsequent dealumination of adjacent Al atoms would break the linker of 6MRs in the framework, which is responsible for the degraded hydrothermal stability. Moreover, the partial substitution of metal ions (such as Na+ and Cu+) for the protons in the framework will greatly stabilize the Al-O bonds and enlarge the energy barrier of para-site Al dealumination, which leads to the improved hydrothermal stability of H-SSZ-13.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Gurong Shen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of State Education Ministry, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metal, Kunming Institute of Precious Metals, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology and School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Meiqing Shen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of State Education Ministry, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanwei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Bin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology and School of Materials Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Lean nitric oxide (NOx)-trap (LNT) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) are efficient systems for the abatement of NOx. The combination of LNT and SCR catalysts improves overall NOx removal, but there is a risk that the SCR catalyst will be exposed to high temperatures and rich exhaust during the LNTs sulfur regeneration. Therefore, the effect of exposure to various rich conditions and temperatures on the subsequent SCR activity of a Cu-exchanged chabazite catalyst was studied. CO, H2, C3H6, and the combination of CO + H2 were used to simulate rich conditions. Aging was performed at 800 °C, 700 °C, and, in the case of CO, 600 °C, in a plug-flow reactor. Investigation of the nature of Cu sites was performed with NH3-temperature-programed desorption (TPD) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) of probe molecules (NH3 and NO). The combination of CO and H2 was especially detrimental to SCR activity and to NH3 oxidation. Rich aging with low reductant concentrations resulted in a significantly larger deactivation compared to lean conditions. Aging in CO at 800 °C caused SCR deactivation but promoted high-temperature NH3 oxidation. Rich conditions greatly enhanced the loss of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites at 800 °C, indicating dealumination and Cu migration. However, at 700 °C, mainly Brønsted sites disappeared during aging. DRIFT spectroscopy analysis revealed that CO aging modified the Cu2+/CuOH+ ratio in favor of the monovalent CuOH+ species, as opposed to lean aging. To summarize, we propose that the reason for the increased deactivation observed for mild rich conditions is the transformation of the Cu species from Z2Cu to ZCuOH, possibly in combination with the formation of Cu clusters.
Collapse
|
30
|
Negri C, Borfecchia E, Cutini M, Lomachenko KA, Janssens TVW, Berlier G, Bordiga S. Evidence of Mixed‐Ligand Complexes in Cu−CHA by Reaction of Cu Nitrates with NO/NH
3
at Low Temperature. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Negri
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM Reference CenterUniversity of Turin Via Giuria 7 Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM Reference CenterUniversity of Turin Via Giuria 7 Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Michele Cutini
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM Reference CenterUniversity of Turin Via Giuria 7 Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Kirill A. Lomachenko
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220 Grenoble Cedex 9 38043 France
| | | | - Gloria Berlier
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM Reference CenterUniversity of Turin Via Giuria 7 Turin 10125 Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre and INSTM Reference CenterUniversity of Turin Via Giuria 7 Turin 10125 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen L, Janssens TVW, Grönbeck H. A comparative test of different density functionals for calculations of NH 3-SCR over Cu-Chabazite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10923-10930. [PMID: 31089628 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01576k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A general challenge in density functional theory calculations is to simultaneously account for different types of bonds. One such example is reactions in zeolites where both van der Waals and chemical bonds should be described accurately. Here, we use different exchange-correlation functionals to explore O2 dissociation over pairs of Cu(NH3)2+ complexes in Cu-Chabazite. This is an important part of selective catalytic reduction of NOx using NH3 as a reducing agent. The investigated functionals are PBE, PBE+U, PBE+D, PBE+U+D, PBE-cx, BEEF and HSE06+D. We find that the potential energy landscape for O2 activation and dissociation depends critically on the choice of functional. However, the van der Waals contributions are similarly described by the functionals accounting for this interaction. The discrepancies in the potential energy surface are instead related to different descriptions of the Cu-O chemical bond. By investigating the electronic, structural and energetic properties of reference systems including bulk copper oxides and (Cu2O2)2+ enzymatic crystals, we find that the PBE+U approach together with van der Waals corrections provides a reasonable simultaneous accuracy of the different bonds in the systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ton V W Janssens
- Umicore Denmark ApS, Nøjsomhedsvej 20, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Grönbeck
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li H, Paolucci C, Khurana I, Wilcox LN, Göltl F, Albarracin-Caballero JD, Shih AJ, Ribeiro FH, Gounder R, Schneider WF. Consequences of exchange-site heterogeneity and dynamics on the UV-visible spectrum of Cu-exchanged SSZ-13. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2373-2384. [PMID: 30881665 PMCID: PMC6385673 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05056b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The speciation and structure of Cu ions and complexes in chabazite (SSZ-13) zeolites, which are relevant catalysts for nitrogen oxide reduction and partial methane oxidation, depend on material composition and reaction environment. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra of Cu-SSZ-13 zeolites synthesized to contain specific Cu site motifs, together with ab initio molecular dynamics and time-dependent density functional theory calculations, were used to test the ability to relate specific spectroscopic signatures to specific site motifs. Geometrically distinct arrangements of two framework Al atoms in six-membered rings are found to exchange Cu2+ ions that become spectroscopically indistinguishable after accounting for the finite-temperature fluctuations of the Cu coordination environment. Nominally homogeneous single Al exchange sites are found to exchange a heterogeneous mixture of [CuOH]+ monomers, O- and OH-bridged Cu dimers, and larger polynuclear complexes. The UV-Vis spectra of the latter are sensitive to framework Al proximity, to precise ligand environment, and to finite-temperature structural fluctuations, precluding the precise assignment of spectroscopic features to specific Cu structures. In all Cu-SSZ-13 samples, these dimers and larger complexes are reduced by CO to Cu+ sites at 523 K, leaving behind isolated [CuOH]+ sites with a characteristic spectroscopic identity. The various mononuclear and polynuclear Cu2+ species are distinguishable by their different responses to reducing environments, with implications for their relevance to catalytic redox reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , 182 Fitzpatrick Hall , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Christopher Paolucci
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , 182 Fitzpatrick Hall , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Virginia , 102 Engineer's Way , Charlottesville , VA 22904 , USA
| | - Ishant Khurana
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Laura N Wilcox
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Florian Göltl
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive , Madison , WI 53706 , USA
| | - Jonatan D Albarracin-Caballero
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Arthur J Shih
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Fabio H Ribeiro
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Rajamani Gounder
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - William F Schneider
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , 182 Fitzpatrick Hall , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Borfecchia E, Negri C, Lomachenko KA, Lamberti C, Janssens TVW, Berlier G. Temperature-dependent dynamics of NH3-derived Cu species in the Cu-CHA SCR catalyst. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ XAS and UV-vis–NIR spectroscopy shed light on Cu-speciation during NH3 temperature-programmed desorption and surface reaction (TPSR) over a commercial Cu-chabazite deNOx catalyst, expanding the fundamental knowledge required to unravel the NH3-SCR mechanism across the whole operation-relevant temperature range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry
- NIS Centre and INSTM Reference Center
- University of Turin
- Turin
- 10125 Italy
| | - Chiara Negri
- Department of Chemistry
- NIS Centre and INSTM Reference Center
- University of Turin
- Turin
- 10125 Italy
| | | | - Carlo Lamberti
- International Research Institute “Smart Materials”
- Southern Federal University
- Rostov-on-Don
- 344090 Russia
- Department of Physics
| | | | - Gloria Berlier
- Department of Chemistry
- NIS Centre and INSTM Reference Center
- University of Turin
- Turin
- 10125 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hammershøi PS, Negri C, Berlier G, Bordiga S, Beato P, Janssens TVW. Temperature-programmed reduction with NO as a characterization of active Cu in Cu-CHA catalysts for NH3-SCR. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00358d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The NH3-SCR activity of Cu-CHA catalysts is related to the ability to form [CuII(NO3)]+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Negri
- Department of Chemistry
- NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM Reference Center
- University of Turin
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Gloria Berlier
- Department of Chemistry
- NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM Reference Center
- University of Turin
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry
- NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM Reference Center
- University of Turin
- 10125 Torino
- Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hammershøi PS, Godiksen AL, Mossin S, Vennestrøm PNR, Jensen AD, Janssens TVW. Site selective adsorption and relocation of SOx in deactivation of Cu–CHA catalysts for NH3-SCR. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00275d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SO2 selectively interacts with Z-CuOH in Cu–CHA catalysts for NH3-SCR and relocates to Z2-Cu during heating at 550 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Hammershøi
- Umicore Denmark ApS
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
| | - Anita L. Godiksen
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Susanne Mossin
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | | | - Anker D. Jensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen L, Janssens TVW, Skoglundh M, Grönbeck H. Interpretation of NH3-TPD Profiles from Cu-CHA Using First-Principles Calculations. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Negri C, Hammershøi PS, Janssens TVW, Beato P, Berlier G, Bordiga S. Investigating the Low Temperature Formation of Cu II -(N,O) Species on Cu-CHA Zeolites for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x. Chemistry 2018; 24:12044-12053. [PMID: 30019783 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we show the potentiality of operando FTIR spectroscopy to follow the formation of CuII -(N,O) species on Cu exchanged chabazite zeolites (Cu-CHA), active for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3 -SCR). In particular, we investigated the reaction of NO and O2 at low temperature (200 and 50 °C) on a series of Cu-CHA zeolites with different composition (Si/Al and Cu/Al ratios), to investigate the nature of the formed copper nitrates, which have been proposed to be key intermediates in the oxidation part of the SCR cycle. Our results show that chelating bidentate nitrates are the main structures formed at 200 °C. At lower temperature a mixture of chelating and monodentate nitrates are formed, together with the nitrosonium ion NO+ , whose amount was found to be proportional to the zeolite Brønsted site concentration. Nitrates were found to mainly form with CuII ions stabilized by one negative framework charge (Z), Z-[Cu(OH]I or Z-[Cu(O2 ]I , without involvement of Z2 -CuII ones. This evidence, together with the absence of bridging nitrates in samples with high probability for Cu-Cu pairs, indicate that the nitrate ligands are not able to mobilize copper ions, at variance with what recently reported for NH3 . Finally, water was found to replace preformed chelating copper nitrates and deplete NO+ (though with different kinetics) at both temperatures, while favouring the presence of monodentate ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Negri
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS Center, University of Turin, Address Via Giuria 7, I-10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Peter S Hammershøi
- Umicore Denmark ApS, Nøjsomhedsvej 20, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ton V W Janssens
- Umicore Denmark ApS, Nøjsomhedsvej 20, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Gloria Berlier
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS Center, University of Turin, Address Via Giuria 7, I-10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS Center, University of Turin, Address Via Giuria 7, I-10135, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|