1
|
Singh S, Shinde VN, Kumar S, Meena N, Bhuvanesh N, Rangan K, Kumar A, Joshi H. Mono and Dinuclear Palladium Pincer Complexes of NNSe Ligand as a Catalyst for Decarboxylative Direct C-H Heteroarylation of (Hetero)arenes. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300628. [PMID: 37602812 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the synthesis of a new NNSe pincer ligand and its mono- and dinuclear palladium(II) pincer complexes. In the absence of a base, a dinuclear palladium pincer complex (C1) was isolated, while in the presence of Et3 N base a mononuclear palladium pincer complex (C2) was obtained. The new ligand and complexes were characterized using techniques like 1 H, 13 C{1 H} nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Visible), and cyclic voltammetry. Both the complexes showed pincer coordination mode with a distorted square planar geometry. The complex C1 has two pincer ligands attached through a Pd-Pd bond in a dinuclear pincer fashion. The air and moisture-insensitive, thermally robust palladium pincer complexes were used as the catalyst for decarboxylative direct C-H heteroarylation of (hetero)arenes. Among the complexes, dinuclear pincer complex C1 showed better catalytic activity. A variety of (hetero)arenes were successfully activated (43-87 % yield) using only 2.5 mol % of catalyst loading under mild reaction conditions. The PPh3 and Hg poisoning experiments suggested a homogeneous nature of catalysis. A plausible reaction pathway was proposed for the dinuclear palladium pincer complex catalyzed decarboxylative C-H bond activation reaction of (hetero)arenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Singh
- ISC Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Vikki N Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- ISC Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Neha Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas, 77842-3012, USA
| | - Krishnan Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana, 500078, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- ISC Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fairlamb IJS, Lang J, Růžička A, Sedlák M, Váňa J. Direct Cyclopalladation of Fluorinated Benzyl Amines by Pd 3(OAc) 6: The Coexistence of Multinuclear Pd n Reaction Pathways Highlights the Importance of Pd Speciation in C-H Bond Activation. Organometallics 2023; 42:2197-2205. [PMID: 37654651 PMCID: PMC10466454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Palladacycles are key intermediates in catalytic C-H bond functionalization reactions and important precatalysts for cross-couplings. It is commonly believed that palladacycle formation occurs through the reaction of a substrate bearing a C-H bond ortho to a suitable metal-directing group for interaction with, typically, mononuclear "Pd(OAc)2" species, with cyclopalladation liberating acetic acid as the side product. In this study, we show that N,N-dimethyl-fluoro-benzyl amines, which can be cyclopalladated either ortho or para to fluorine affording two regioisomeric products, can occur by a direct reaction of Pd3(OAc)6, proceeding via higher-order cyclopalladated intermediates. Regioselectivity is altered subtly depending on the ratio of substrate:Pd3(OAc)6 and the solvent used. Our findings are important when considering mechanisms of Pd-mediated reactions involving the intermediacy of palladacycles, of particular relevance in catalytic C-H bond functionalization chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Lang
- Department
of Low Temperature Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 747/2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department
of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Sedlák
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology, Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Váňa
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology, Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suárez-Lustres A, Martínez-Yáñez N, Velasco-Rubio Á, Varela JA, Saá C. Palladium-Catalyzed [5 + 2] Rollover Annulation of 1-Benzylpyrazoles with Alkynes: A Direct Entry to Tricyclic 2-Benzazepines. Org Lett 2023; 25:794-799. [PMID: 36720009 PMCID: PMC9926515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The first Pd-catalyzed [5 + 2] rollover annulation of 1-benzylpyrazoles with alkynes to assemble 10H-benzo[e]pyrazolo[1,5-a]azepines (tricyclic 2-benzazepines) has been developed. The rollover annulation implies a twofold C-H activation of aryl and heteroaryl Csp2-H bonds (C-H/C-H) of 1-benzylpyrazoles (five-atom partners) and alkynes to give the [5 + 2] annulated compounds.
Collapse
|
4
|
Roy S, Anoop A. Insights into the Active Catalyst Formation from Dinuclear Palladium Acetate in Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8562-8576. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| | - Anakuthil Anoop
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barišić D, Halasz I, Bjelopetrović A, Babić D, Ćurić M. Mechanistic Study of the Mechanochemical Pd II-Catalyzed Bromination of Aromatic C–H Bonds by Experimental and Computational Methods. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Barišić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alen Bjelopetrović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manda Ćurić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, Wang LL, Fang DC. DFT Case Study on the Comparison of Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Allylation, C-H Alkenylation, and Hydroarylation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6133-6141. [PMID: 35224376 PMCID: PMC8867598 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Density functional calculations at the B3LYP-D3+IDSCRF/TZP-DKH(-dfg) level of theory have been performed to understand the mechanism of ruthenium-catalyzed C-H allylation reported in the literature in depth. The plausible pathway consisted of four sequential processes, including C-H activation, migratory insertion, amide extrusion, and recovery of the catalyst, in which C-H activation was identified as the rate-determining step. The amide extrusion step could be promoted kinetically by trifluoroacetic acid since its mediation lowered the free-energy barrier from 32.1 to 12.2 kcal/mol. Additional calculations have been performed to explore other common pathways between arenes and alkenes, such as C-H alkenylation and hydroarylation. A comparison of the amide extrusion and β-H elimination steps established the following reactivity sequence of the leaving groups: protonated amide group > β-H group > unprotonated amide group. The suppression of hydroarylation was attributed to the sluggishness of the Ru-C protonation step as compared to the amide extrusion step. This study can unveil factors favoring the C-H allylation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School
of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- School
of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College
of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghosh S, Shilpa S, Athira C, Sunoj RB. Role of Additives in Transition Metal Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation Reactions: A Computational Perspective. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
8
|
Kim RS, Wegener EC, Yang MC, O'Reilly ME, Oh S, Hendon CH, Miller JT, Surendranath Y. Rapid Electrochemical Methane Functionalization Involves Pd-Pd Bonded Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20631-20639. [PMID: 33231440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-valent Pd complexes are potent agents for the oxidative functionalization of inert C-H bonds, and it was previously shown that rapid electrocatalytic methane monofunctionalization could be achieved by electro-oxidation of PdII to a critical dinuclear PdIII intermediate in concentrated or fuming sulfuric acid. However, the structure of this highly reactive, unisolable intermediate, as well as the structural basis for its mechanism of electrochemical formation, remained elusive. Herein, we use X-ray absorption and Raman spectroscopies to assemble a structural model of the potent methane-activating intermediate as a PdIII dimer with a Pd-Pd bond and a 5-fold O atom coordination by HxSO4(x-2) ligands at each Pd center. We further use EPR spectroscopy to identify a mixed-valent M-M bonded Pd2II,III species as a key intermediate during the PdII-to-PdIII2 oxidation. Combining EPR and electrochemical data, we quantify the free energy of Pd dimerization as <-4.5 kcal/mol for Pd2II,III and <-9.1 kcal/mol for PdIII2. The structural and thermochemical data suggest that the aggregate effect of metal-metal and axial metal-ligand bond formation drives the critical Pd dimerization reaction in between electrochemical oxidation steps. This work establishes a structural basis for the facile electrochemical oxidation of PdII to a M-M bonded PdIII dimer and provides a foundation for understanding its rapid methane functionalization reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evan C Wegener
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Min Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Matthew E O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Seokjoon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiao Y, Zhao J, Zhao M, Chong R, Li X, Qiao Y. Mechanism, Chemoselectivity, and Stereoselectivity of NHC‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Desymmetrization of Enal‐Tethered Cyclohexadienones. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Ruifeng Chong
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Sciences College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University 475001 Kaifeng China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology School of Basic Medical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention Zhengzhou University 450001 Zhengzhou Henan China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi Q, Wang W, Wang Y, Lan Y, Yao C, Wei D. Prediction on the origin of chemoselectivity in Lewis base-mediated competition cyclizations between allenoates and chalcones: a computational study. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00606k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The HOMOTSs and p-orbital contributions of the center atoms were used to predict the origin of chemoselectivity in this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- and School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Qu LB, Qiao Y, Wei D. Insights into N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 4] annulation reactions of 2-bromoenals with N-Ts hydrazones. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00716k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A DFT study toward N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3 + 4] annulation reactions of 2-bromoenals has been performed for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|