1
|
Stennett CR, Luevano MR, Queen JD, Nguyen JQ, Moore WNG, Evans WJ. Large- and Small-Scale Syntheses of Donor-Free Rare-Earth Triiodides from the Metals and Ammonium Iodide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:16855-16860. [PMID: 39183574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Rare-earth triiodides free of donor solvents, LnI3 (Ln = Sc, Y, La-Lu), have been prepared in quantities as high as 76 g and in yields between 72% (Sc) and 98% (La) by the reaction between the corresponding metal and excess ammonium iodide in a two-step, one-pot procedure that is conducted in borosilicate glassware at temperatures of 350-430 °C in commercial tube furnaces. Procedures for both large-scale and small-scale syntheses are described, with specific examples for Ln = Sc, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, and Lu. While the large-scale synthesis described here utilizes specialized glassware, the small-scale preparation may be performed in commercially available glassware.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cary R Stennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Makayla R Luevano
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joshua D Queen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William N G Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Queen JD, Rajabi A, Goudzwaard QE, Yuan Q, Nguyen DK, Ziller JW, Furche F, Xi Z, Evans WJ. Dinitrogen reduction chemistry with scandium provides a complex with two side-on (N[double bond, length as m-dash]N) 2- ligands bound to one metal: (C 5Me 5)Sc[(µ-η 2:η 2-N 2)Sc(C 5Me 5) 2] 2. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03977g. [PMID: 39309095 PMCID: PMC11411411 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03977g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Although there are few reduced dinitrogen complexes of scandium, this metal has revealed a new structural type in reductive dinitrogen chemistry by reduction of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) scandium halides under N2. Reduction of (Cp* = C5Me5) with potassium graphite (KC8) under dinitrogen generates the dark blue paramagnetic complex , 1. This end-on bridging (N[double bond, length as m-dash]N)2- complex is a diradical with a magnetic moment of 2.8µ B. Upon further reduction of 1 with KC8, the orange diamagnetic trimetallic complex , 2, is obtained. This complex has an unprecedented structure in which two side-on bridging (N[double bond, length as m-dash]N)2- ligands are bound to the central (Cp*Sc)2+ moiety. Complex 2 can also be obtained directly from reduction of or a mixture of and with KC8. The reaction of with KC8 in the presence of 18-crown-6 or 2.2.2-cryptand affords 2 along with small amounts of , 3, which is green at room temperature and purple at low temperature and displays a mixture of side-on and end-on bridging isomers in the crystal structure collected at -180 °C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are consistent with a triplet ground state for the end-on complex 1 and singlet ground states for the side-on complexes 2 and 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Queen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92697 California USA
| | - Ahmadreza Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92697 California USA
| | - Quinn E Goudzwaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92697 California USA
| | - Qiong Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92697 California USA
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92697 California USA
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92697 California USA
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92697 California USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Queen JD, Anderson-Sanchez LM, Stennett CR, Rajabi A, Ziller JW, Furche F, Evans WJ. Synthesis of Crystallographically Characterizable Bis(cyclopentadienyl) Sc(II) Complexes: (C 5H 2tBu 3) 2Sc and {[C 5H 3(SiMe 3) 2] 2ScI} 1. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3279-3292. [PMID: 38264991 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of previously unknown bis(cyclopentadienyl) complexes of the first transition metal, i.e., Sc(II) scandocene complexes, has been investigated using C5H2(tBu)3 (Cpttt), C5Me5 (Cp*), and C5H3(SiMe3)2 (Cp″) ligands. Cpttt2ScI, 1, formed from ScI3 and KCpttt, can be reduced with potassium graphite (KC8) in hexanes to generate dark-red crystals of the first crystallographically characterizable bis(cyclopentadienyl) scandium(II) complex, Cpttt2Sc, 2. Complex 2 has a 170.6° (ring centroid)-Sc-(ring centroid) angle and exhibits an eight-line EPR spectrum characteristic of Sc(II) with Aiso = 82.6 MHz (29.6 G). It sublimes at 200 °C at 10-4 Torr and has a melting point of 268-271 °C. Reductions of Cp*2ScI and Cp″2ScI under analogous conditions in hexanes did not provide new Sc(II) complexes, and reduction of Cp*2ScI in benzene formed the Sc(III) phenyl complex, Cp*2Sc(C6H5), 3, by C-H bond activation. However, in Et2O and toluene, reduction of Cp*2ScI at -78 °C gives a dark-red solution, 4, which displays an eight-line EPR pattern like that of 1, but it did not provide thermally stable crystals. Reduction of Cp″2ScI, in THF or Et2O at -35 °C in the presence of 2.2.2-cryptand, yields the green Sc(II) metallocene iodide complex, [K(crypt)][Cp″2ScI], 5, which was identified by X-ray crystallography and EPR spectroscopy and is thermally unstable. The analogous reaction of Cp*2ScI with KC8 and 18-crown-6 in Et2O gave the ligand redistribution product, [Cp*2Sc(18-crown-6-κ2O,O')][Cp*2ScI2], 6, as the only crystalline product. Density functional theory calculations on the electronic structure of these compounds are reported in addition to a steric analysis using the Guzei method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Queen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | | | - Cary R Stennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Ahmadreza Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bekyarova E, Conley MP. The coordination chemistry of oxide and nanocarbon materials. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8557-8570. [PMID: 35586978 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how a ligand affects the steric and electronic properties of a metal is the cornerstone of the inorganic chemistry enterprise. What happens when the ligand is an extended surface? This question is central to the design and implementation of state-of-the-art functional materials containing transition metals. This perspective will describe how these two very different sets of extended surfaces can form well-defined coordination complexes with metals. In the Green formalism, functionalities on oxide surfaces react with inorganics to form species that contain X-type or LX-type interactions between the metal and the oxide. Carbon surfaces are neutral L-type ligands; this perspective focuses on carbons that donate six electrons to a metal. The nature of this interaction depends on the curvature, and thereby orbital overlap, between the metal and the extended π-system from the nanocarbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mazzotta
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Doris Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gordon CP, Lätsch L, Copéret C. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: A Spectroscopic Probe to Understand the Electronic Structure and Reactivity of Molecules and Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2072-2085. [PMID: 33617260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective focuses on the ability of chemical shift to identify and characterize the electronic structure and associated reactivity of molecules and materials. After a general introduction on NMR parameters, we will show selected examples where the chemical shift of various NMR active nuclei has been used to investigate and understand electronic properties, with a particular focus on organometallic compounds and inorganic materials with relevance to catalysis. We will demonstrate how the NMR parameter of probe molecules and ligands can be used to elucidate the nature of active sites and how they can help to understand and predict their reactivity. Lastly, we will give an overview over recent advances in deciphering metal NMR parameters. Overall, we show how chemical shift is a reactivity descriptor that can be analyzed and understood on a molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Gordon
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Lätsch
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Culver DB, Huynh W, Tafazolian H, Conley MP. Solid-State 45Sc NMR Studies of Cp* 2Sc–OR (R = CMe 2CF 3, CMe(CF 3) 2, C(CF 3) 3, SiPh 3) and Relationship to the Structure of Cp* 2Sc-Sites Supported on Partially Dehydroxylated Silica. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien B. Culver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Winn Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hosein Tafazolian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Edelmann FT, Farnaby JH, Jaroschik F, Wilson B. Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2018. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|