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Cao S, Wang A, Li K, Lin Z, Yang H, Zhang X, Qiu J, Tai X. A novel tetranuclear Cu(ii) complex for DNA-binding and in vitro anticancer activity. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26324-26329. [PMID: 37671352 PMCID: PMC10476018 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel tetranuclear Cu(ii) complex (TNC) was successfully synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The interaction of the complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been studied by UV-vis absorption titration, fluorescence technology and molecular docking. The results indicated that TNC could bind to the DNA through an intercalative mode. The agarose gel electrophoresis experiment showed that TNC could cleave supercoiled plasmid DNA into linear DNA. The anticancer activity of TNC was tested on four cancer cell lines: MCF7, A549, 4T1 and HepG2. The results indicated that TNC shown significant activity against all of above cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University No. 5147 Dongfeng Street Weifang 261061 P. R. China
| | - Anlin Wang
- Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University No. 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100020 P. R. China
| | - Kaoxue Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University No. 5147 Dongfeng Street Weifang 261061 P. R. China
| | - Zhiteng Lin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University No. 5147 Dongfeng Street Weifang 261061 P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University No. 5147 Dongfeng Street Weifang 261061 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University No. 5147 Dongfeng Street Weifang 261061 P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Qiu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University No. 5147 Dongfeng Street Weifang 261061 P. R. China
| | - Xishi Tai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Weifang University No. 5147 Dongfeng Street Weifang 261061 P. R. China
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2
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Pimenov OA, Grazhdan KV, Zavalishin MN, Gamov GA. Geometry and UV-Vis Spectra of Au 3+ Complexes with Hydrazones Derived from Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate: A DFT Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098412. [PMID: 37176119 PMCID: PMC10179053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold(III) complexes with different ligands can provide researchers with a measure against pathogenic microorganisms with antibiotic resistance. We reported in our previous paper that the UV-Vis spectra of different protonated species of complexes formed by gold(III) and five hydrazones derived from pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are similar to each other and to the spectra of free protonated hydrazones. The present paper focuses on the reasons of the noted similarity in electron absorption spectra. The geometry of different protonated species of complexes of gold(III) and hydrazones (15 structures in total) was optimized using the density functional theory (DFT). The coordination polyhedron of gold(III) bond critical points were further studied to identify the symmetry of the gold coordination sphere and the type of interactions that hold the complex together. The UV-Vis spectra were calculated using TD DFT methods. The molecular orbitals were analyzed to interpret the calculated spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Pimenov
- General Chemical Technology Department, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii pr. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Grazhdan
- General Chemical Technology Department, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii pr. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Maksim N Zavalishin
- General Chemical Technology Department, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii pr. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - George A Gamov
- General Chemical Technology Department, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii pr. 7, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
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Irfandi R, Raya I, Ahmad A, Fudholi A, Santi S, Puspa Azalea W, Ratih Tirto Sari D, Jarre S, Eka Putri S, Kartina D. Anticancer potential of Cu(II)prolinedithiocarbamate complex: design, synthesis, spectroscopy, molecular docking, molecular dynamic, ADMET, and in-vitro studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12938-12950. [PMID: 36690606 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2169764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer continues to be a major health issue for women all over the world. Cancer medications like cisplatin, which are widely used, still have negative side effects. The novel complex was created as a potential anticancer medication candidate that is both effective and safe, with few side effects. The Cu(II) complex using the prolinedithiocarbamate ligands was synthesized in situ. The Cu(II) complexes Characterization by UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy and melting point determination, conductivity, and HOMO-LUMO were studied. Computational NMR spectrum analysis was performed. The interaction of Cu(II)prolineditiocarbamate complex with cancer cell target protein (MCF-7) was confirmed by molecular docking and molecular dynamic. The pharmacokinetic/ADMET properties were also performed on the complex. Results of the cytotoxic complex test against cancer cells (MCF-7) undergoing apoptosis with an IC50 value of 13.64 µg/mL showed high anticancer activity in MCF-7 cancer cells. The in-vivo data for Cu(II)prolineditiocarbamate complex was predicted using the Protox online tool with an LD50 value of 2500 mg/kg and belonging to the GHS toxicity class 5, which means the compound has a low acute toxicity effect. The Cu(II) prolineitiocarbamate complex may pave the way for the development of essential metal-based chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizal Irfandi
- Doctoral Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Puangrimaggalatung, Sengkang, Indonesia
| | - Indah Raya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ahyar Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Fudholi
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Institute of Science (LIPI), Bandung, Indonesia g Research Center of Smart Molecules and Natural Genetic Resources, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Santi Santi
- Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Wynda Puspa Azalea
- OKU Selatan District Health Office, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pancasila University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Ratih Tirto Sari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Ibrahimy University, Indonesia
- SMONAGENES Research Center, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Sulistiani Jarre
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Suriati Eka Putri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Desy Kartina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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5
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Broad Spectrum Functional Activity of Structurally Related Monoanionic Au(III) Bis(Dithiolene) Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137146. [PMID: 35806151 PMCID: PMC9266914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological properties of sixteen structurally related monoanionic gold (III) bis(dithiolene/diselenolene) complexes were evaluated. The complexes differ in the nature of the heteroatom connected to the gold atom (AuS for dithiolene, AuSe for diselenolene), the substituent on the nitrogen atom of the thiazoline ring (Me, Et, Pr, iPr and Bu), the nature of the exocyclic atom or group of atoms (O, S, Se, C(CN)2) and the counter-ion (Ph4P+ or Et4N+). The anticancer and antimicrobial activities of all the complexes were investigated, while the anti-HIV activity was evaluated only for selected complexes. Most complexes showed relevant anticancer activities against Cisplatin-sensitive and Cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells A2780 and OVCAR8, respectively. After 48 h of incubation, the IC50 values ranged from 0.1–8 µM (A2780) and 0.8–29 µM (OVCAR8). The complexes with the Ph4P+ ([P]) counter-ion are in general more active than their Et4N+ ([N]) analogues, presenting IC50 values in the same order of magnitude or even lower than Auranofin. Studies in the zebrafish embryo model further showed that, despite their marked anticancer effect, the complexes with [P] counter-ion exhibited low in vivo toxicity. In general, the exocyclic exchange of sulfur by oxygen or ylidenemalononitrile (C(CN)2) enhanced the compounds toxicity. Most complexes containing the [P] counter ion exhibited exceptional antiplasmodial activity against the Plasmodium berghei parasite liver stages, with submicromolar IC50 values ranging from 400–700 nM. In contrast, antibacterial/fungi activities were highest for most complexes with the [N] counter-ion. Auranofin and two selected complexes [P][AuSBu(=S)] and [P][AuSEt(=S)] did not present anti-HIV activity in TZM-bl cells. Mechanistic studies for selected complexes support the idea that thioredoxin reductase, but not DNA, is a possible target for some of these complexes. The complexes [P] [AuSBu(=S)], [P] [AuSEt(=S)], [P] [AuSEt(=Se)] and [P] [AuSeiPr(=S)] displayed a strong quenching of the fluorescence intensity of human serum albumin (HSA), which indicates a strong interaction with this protein. Overall, the results highlight the promising biological activities of these complexes, warranting their further evaluation as future drug candidates with clinical applicability.
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Lu Y, Ma X, Chang X, Liang Z, Lv L, Shan M, Lu Q, Wen Z, Gust R, Liu W. Recent development of gold(I) and gold(III) complexes as therapeutic agents for cancer diseases. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5518-5556. [PMID: 35699475 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes have demonstrated significant antitumor activities and platinum complexes are well established in the clinical application of cancer chemotherapy. However, the platinum-based treatment of different types of cancers is massively hampered by severe side effects and resistance development. Consequently, the development of novel metal-based drugs with different mechanism of action and pharmaceutical profile attracts modern medicinal chemists to design and synthesize novel metal-based agents. Among non-platinum anticancer drugs, gold complexes have gained considerable attention due to their significant antiproliferative potency and efficacy. In most situations, the gold complexes exhibit anticancer activities by targeting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) or other thiol-rich proteins and enzymes and trigger cell death via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, gold complexes were recently reported to elicit biochemical hallmarks of immunogenic cell death (ICD) as an ICD inducer. In this review, the recent progress of gold(I) and gold(III) complexes is comprehensively summarized, and their activities and mechanism of action are documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xingyu Chang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhenlin Liang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Lin Lv
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Min Shan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qiuyue Lu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhenfan Wen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Ronald Gust
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Wukun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,State key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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7
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Jovičić Milić SS, Jevtić VV, Radisavljević SR, Petrović BV, Radojević ID, Raković IR, Petrović ĐS, Stojković DL, Jurišević M, Gajović N, Petrović A, Arsenijević N, Jovanović I, Klisurić OR, Vuković NL, Vukić M, Kačániová M. Synthesis, characterization, DNA interactions and biological activity of new palladium(II) complexes with some derivatives of 2-aminothiazoles. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 233:111857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pearce BH, Joseph MC, Nkabyo HA, Luckay RC. Pincer-like pyrazole- and imidazole-pyridinyl compounds: Synthesis, characterisation, crystallographic and computational investigation. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Kordestani N, Abas E, Grasa L, Alguacil A, Scalambra F, Romerosa A. The Significant Influence of a Second Metal on the Antiproliferative Properties of the Complex [Ru(η 6 -C 10 H 14 )(Cl 2 )(dmoPTA)]. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103048. [PMID: 34806242 PMCID: PMC9299940 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complexes [Ru(η6−C10H14)(Cl2)(HdmoPTA)](OSO2CF3) (1), [Ru(η6−C10H14)(Cl2)(dmoPTA)] (2) and [Ru(η6−C10H14)(Cl2)‐μ‐dmoPTA‐1κP:2κ2N,N’‐MCl2] (M=Zn (3), Co (4), Ni (5), dmoPTA=3,7‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐triaza‐5‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structures of 1, 3 and 5 were obtained by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The antiproliferative activity of the complexes was evaluated against colon cancer cell line Caco‐2/TC7 by using the MTT protocol. The monometallic ruthenium complexes 1 and 2 were found to be inactive, but the bimetallic complexes 3, 4 and 5 display an increased activity (IC503: 9.07±0.27, 4: 5.40±0.19, 5: 7.15±0.30 μM) compared to cisplatin (IC50=45.6±8.08 μM). Importantly, no reduction in normal cell viability was observed in the presence of the complexes. Experiments targeted to obtain information on the possible action mechanism of the complexes, such as cell cycle, ROS and gene expression studies, were performed. The results showed that the complexes display different properties and action mechanism depending on the nature of metal, M, bonded to the CH3NdmoPTA atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Kordestani
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
| | - Elisa Abas
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad de ZaragozaMiguel Servet, 17750013ZaragozaSpain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense Facultad de VeterinariaUniversidad de ZaragozaMiguel Servet, 17750013ZaragozaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón)San Juan Bosco, 1350009ZaragozaSpain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón -IA2-Universidad de Zaragoza–CITA)Miguel Servet, 17750013ZaragozaSpain
| | - Andres Alguacil
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de AlmeríaCarr. Sacramento, s/n04120La Cañada, AlmeríaSpain
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Radisavljević S, Scheurer A, Bockfeld D, Ćoćić D, Puchta R, Senft L, Pešić M, Damljanović I, Petrović B. New mononuclear gold(III) complexes: Synthesis, characterization, kinetic, mechanistic, DNA/BSA/HSA binding, DFT and molecular docking studies. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Churusova SG, Aleksanyan DV, Rybalkina EY, Susova OY, Peregudov AS, Brunova VV, Gutsul EI, Klemenkova ZS, Nelyubina YV, Glushko VN, Kozlov VA. Palladium(II) Pincer Complexes of Functionalized Amides with S-Modified Cysteine and Homocysteine Residues: Cytotoxic Activity and Different Aspects of Their Biological Effect on Living Cells. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9880-9898. [PMID: 34130457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the search for potential new metal-based antitumor agents, two series of nonclassical palladium(II) pincer complexes based on functionalized amides with S-modified cysteine and homocysteine residues have been prepared and fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, HMQC or HSQC, 1H-13C, and 1H-15N HMBC) and IR spectroscopy and, in some cases, X-ray diffraction. Most of the resulting complexes exhibit a high level of cytotoxic activity against several human cancer cell lines, including colon (HCT116), breast (MCF7), and prostate (PC3) cancers. Some of the compounds under consideration are also efficient in both native and doxorubicin-resistant transformed breast cells HBL100, suggesting the prospects for the creation of therapeutic agents based on the related compounds that would be able to overcome drug resistance. An analysis of different aspects of their biological effects on living cells has revealed a remarkable ability of the S-modified derivatives to induce cell apoptosis and efficient cellular uptake of their fluorescein-conjugated counterpart, confirming the high anticancer potential of Pd(II) pincer complexes derived from functionalized amides with S-donor amino acid pendant arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G Churusova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Diana V Aleksanyan
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Yu Rybalkina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 23, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Susova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 23, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Alexander S Peregudov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina V Brunova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenii I Gutsul
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Zinaida S Klemenkova
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina N Glushko
- Institute of Chemical Reagents and High Purity Chemical Substances of the National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Bogorodskii val 3, Moscow 107076, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Kozlov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Lazić D, Scheurer A, Ćoćić D, Milovanović J, Arsenijević A, Stojanović B, Arsenijević N, Milovanović M, Rilak Simović A. A new bis-pyrazolylpyridine ruthenium(III) complex as a potential anticancer drug: in vitro and in vivo activity in murine colon cancer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7686-7704. [PMID: 33982702 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00185j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized and characterized the ruthenium(iii) pincer-type complex [RuCl3(H2Lt-Bu] (H2Lt-Bu = 2,6-bis(5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine, 1) by elemental analysis, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, and the mass spectrometry (MS) method ESI Q-TOF. For comparison reasons, we also studied ruthenium(iii) terpyridine complexes of the general formula [Ru(N-N-N)Cl3], where N-N-N = 4'-chloro-terpyridine (Cl-tpy; 2) or 4'-chlorophenyl-terpyridine (Cl-Ph-tpy; 3). A kinetic study of the substitution reactions of 1-3 with biomolecules showed that the rate constants depend on the properties of the spectator ligand and the nature of the entering nucleophile. The DNA/HSA binding study showed that in comparison to complex 1 (bis-pyrazolylpyridine), the other two (2 and 3) terpyridine complexes had a slightly better binding affinity to calf thymus DNA (CT DNA), while in the case of human serum albumin (HSA), complex 1 exhibited the strongest quenching ability. We demonstrated that 1 possesses significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against mouse colon carcinoma CT26 cells and in vivo antitumor activity in murine heterotopic colon carcinoma. Complex 1 induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptotic death in CT26 cells. Additionally, 1 showed antiproliferative activity, as evaluated by the detection of the expression levels of the Ki67 protein. Furthermore, the in vivo results showed that 1 reduced primary tumour growth and the number and growth of lung and liver metastases, significantly prolonging the treated mice's survival rate. This study highlighted that 1 does not show hepato- and nephrotoxicity. Our data demonstrated the considerable antitumor activity of the ruthenium(iii) pincer complex against CT26 tumour cells and implicated further investigations of its role as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Lazić
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kraujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Andreas Scheurer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Radoja Domanovića 12, P. O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. and Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijević
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Bojana Stojanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia. and Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Arsenijević
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Marija Milovanović
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ana Rilak Simović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Natural Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Wu S, Wu Z, Ge Q, Zheng X, Yang Z. Antitumor activity of tridentate pincer and related metal complexes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5254-5273. [PMID: 34059868 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pincer complexes featuring tunable tridentate ligand frameworks are one of the most actively studied classes of metal-based complexes. Currently, growing attention is devoted to the cytotoxicity of pincer and related metal complexes. The antiproliferative activity of numerous pincer complexes has been reported. Pincer tridentate ligand scaffolds show different coordination modes and offer multiple options for directed structural modifications. This review summarizes the significant progress in the research studies of the antitumor activity of pincer and related platinum(ii), gold(iii), palladium(ii), copper(ii), iron(iii), ruthenium(ii), nickel(ii) and some other metal complexes, in order to provide a reference for designing novel metal coordination drug candidates with promising antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zaoduan Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Qianyi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Xing Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zehua Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, 28 Western Changsheng Road, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, PR China.
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Omondi RO, Sibuyi NRS, Fadaka AO, Meyer M, Jaganyi D, Ojwach SO. Role of π-conjugation on the coordination behaviour, substitution kinetics, DNA/BSA interactions, and in vitro cytotoxicity of carboxamide palladium(II) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8127-8143. [PMID: 34027534 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatments of N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (L1), N-(quinolin-8-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (L2), N-(quinolin-8-yl)picolinamide (L3) and N-(quinolin-8-yl)quinoline-2-carboxamide (L4) with [PdCl2(NCMe)]2 afforded the corresponding Pd(ii) complexes, [Pd(L1)Cl] (PdL1); [Pd(L2)Cl] (PdL2); [Pd(L3)Cl] (PdL3); and [Pd(L4)Cl] (PdL4) in moderate yields. Structural characterisation of the compounds was achieved by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies, elemental analyses and single crystal X-ray crystallography. The solid-state structures of complexes PdL2-PdL4 established the presence of one tridentate carboxamide and Cl ligands around the Pd(ii) coordination sphere, to give distorted square planar complexes. Electrochemical investigations of PdL1-PdL4 showed irreversible one-electron oxidation reactions. Kinetics reactivity of the complexes towards bio-molecules, thiourea (Tu), l-methionine (L-Met) and guanosine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt (5'-GMP) decreased in the order: PdL1 > PdL2 > PdL3 > PdL4, in tandem with the density functional theory (DFT) data. The complexes bind favourably to calf thymus (CT-DNA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the order of their interactions agrees with the substitution kinetics trends. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of PdL1-PdL4 were examined in cancer cell lines A549, PC-3, HT-29, Caco-2, and HeLa, and a normal cell line, KMST-6. Overall, PdL1 and PdL3 displayed potent cytotoxic effects on A549, PC-3 HT-29 and Caco-2 comparable to cisplatin. All the investigated complexes exhibited lower toxicity on normal cells than cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinner O Omondi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
| | - Nicole R S Sibuyi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adewale O Fadaka
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Jaganyi
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Stephen O Ojwach
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
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15
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Konovalov B, Franich AA, Jovanović M, Jurisević M, Gajović N, Jovanović M, Arsenijević N, Maric V, Jovanović I, Živković MD, Rajković S. Synthesis, DNA‐/bovine serum albumin‐binding affinity, and cytotoxicity of dinuclear platinum(II) complexes with 1,6‐naphthyridine‐bridging ligand. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bata Konovalov
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Andjela A. Franich
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Marina Jovanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Milena Jurisević
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Nevena Gajović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Marina Jovanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Nebojša Arsenijević
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Veljko Maric
- Faculty of Medicine Foca, Department of Surgery University of East Sarajevo Foca Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivan Jovanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Marija D. Živković
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Snežana Rajković
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry University of Kragujevac Kragujevac Serbia
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16
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Yue S, Luo M, Liu H, Wei S. Recent Advances of Gold Compounds in Anticancer Immunity. Front Chem 2020; 8:543. [PMID: 32695747 PMCID: PMC7338717 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, gold compounds have gained more and more attentions in the design of new metal anticancer drugs. Numerous researches have reported that gold compounds, in addition to their widely studied cytotoxic antitumor effects, also reverse tumor immune escape and directly facilitate the functions of immune cells, leading to enhanced anticancer effects. This review mainly summarizes our current understandings of antitumor effects of gold drugs and their relationships with various aspects of antitumor immunity, including innate immunity, adaptive immunity, immunogenic cell death, and immune checkpoints, as well as their roles in adverse effects. Some recent examples of anticancer gold compounds are highlighted. The property of gold compounds is expected to combine with anticancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, to develop new anticancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Radisavljević S, Petrović B. Gold(III) Complexes: An Overview on Their Kinetics, Interactions With DNA/BSA, Cytotoxic Activity, and Computational Calculations. Front Chem 2020; 8:379. [PMID: 32509724 PMCID: PMC7251155 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, metallodrugs play a key role in the development of medicinal chemistry. The choice of metal ion, its oxidation state and stability, and the choice of inert and labile ligands are just some of the very important facts which must be considered before starting the synthesis of complexes with utilization in medicinal purpose. As a result, a lot of compounds of different transition metal ions found application for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose. Beside all, gold compounds have attracted particular attention. It is well-known that gold compounds could be used for the treatment of cancer, HIV, rheumatoid arthritis (chrysotherapy), and other diseases. This metal ion has unoccupied d-sublevels and possibility to form compounds with different oxidation states, from -1 to +5. However, gold(I) and gold(III) complexes are dominant in chemistry and medicine. Especially, gold(III) complexes are of great interest due to their structural similarity with cisplatin. Accordingly, this review summarizes the chemistry of some mononuclear and polynuclear gold(III) complexes. Special attention is given to gold(III) complexes with nitrogen-donor inert ligands (aliphatic or aromatic that have a possibility to stabilize complex) and their kinetic behavior toward different biologically relevant nucleophiles, mechanism of interaction with DNA/bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytotoxic activity, as well as computational calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Radisavljević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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18
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New cyclometalated gold (III) complex targeting thioredoxin reductase: exploring as cytotoxic agents and mechanistic insights. Biometals 2020; 33:107-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Novel nickel(II), palladium(II), and platinum(II) complexes having a pyrrolyl-iminophosphine (PNN) pincer: Synthesis, crystal structures, and cytotoxic activity. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 205:111015. [PMID: 32032825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A pyrrolyl-iminophosphine (PNNH) which would act as a potential terdentate ligand has been prepared by Schiff base reaction. Complexes [M(PNN)X] (M = Ni; X = Cl (1), Pd; X = Cl (2), Br (3), I (4), M = Pt; X = Cl (5)) were prepared. The title complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic (IR, 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR) and elemental analyses. The molecular structures of 1, 2, and 5 have been established by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, demonstrating a distorted square planar geometry comprising two 5-membered metallacyclic rings. Complexes 1 and 2 were found to crystallize in the orthorhombic while complex 5 crystallizes in the monoclinic. Cytotoxicities of the complexes along with PNNH were evaluated against A549 (lung), SK-OV-3 (ovarian), SM-MEL-2 (skin), and HCT15 (colon) human cancer cell lines by sulforhodamine B assay. Notably, the palladium(II) complex (2) shows the highest activity. Apoptosis activity along with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD (Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) assay of 2 and 5 against A549 and HCT15 cancer cell lines were investigated to learn a mechanistic pathway for the observed cytotoxicity, practically eliminating an apoptotic cell-death route. Complexes 2 and 5 were studied to DNA cleavage assay and molecular docking simulation. The DNA (pcDNA3.0) cleavage experiment evaluates complex 5 interacting with DNA, more effectively, in comparison to complex 2. Molecular docking simulation of 2 and 5 toward DNA and GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) was performed to predict binding sites of ligand-receptors and a plausible mechanistic aspect of metallodrug-action.
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Radisavljević S, Đeković Kesić A, Ćoćić D, Puchta R, Senft L, Milutinović M, Milivojević N, Petrović B. Studies of the stability, nucleophilic substitution reactions, DNA/BSA interactions, cytotoxic activity, DFT and molecular docking of some tetra- and penta-coordinated gold(iii) complexes. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02037k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stability in water and at pH = 7.2, substitution reactions with Tu, 5’-GMP, GSH and l-Met, DNA/BSA interactions, cytotoxicity, DFT and molecular docking of gold(iii) complexes with phenanthroline derivatives as inert ligands were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Radisavljević
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Ana Đeković Kesić
- State University of Novi Pazar
- Department of Chemical-Technological Sciences
- 36200 Novi Pazar
- Serbia
| | - Dušan Ćoćić
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Ralph Puchta
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Laura Senft
- Inorganic Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
- Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Milena Milutinović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- Department of Biology
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Nevena Milivojević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- Department of Biology
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Biljana Petrović
- University of Kragujevac
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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21
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New dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with benzodiazines as bridging ligands: interactions with CT-DNA and BSA, and cytotoxic activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:1009-1022. [PMID: 31385067 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01695-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Three new dinuclear Pd(II) complexes with general formula [{Pd(en)Cl}2(μ-L)](NO3)2 [L is bridging ligand quinoxaline (Pd1), quinazoline (Pd2) and phthalazine (Pd3)] were synthesized and characterized by elemental microanalyses, UV-Vis, IR and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The interaction of dinuclear Pd1-Pd3 complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) has been monitored by viscosity measurements, UV-Vis and fluorescence emission spectroscopy in aqueous phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.40 and 37 °C. In addition, these experimental conditions have been applied to investigate the binding affinities of Pd1-Pd3 complexes to the bovine serum albumin (BSA) by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. In vitro antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of the dinuclear Pd(II) complexes have been tested on colorectal and lung cancer cell lines. All tested Pd(II) complexes had lower cytotoxic effect than cisplatin against colorectal cancer cells, but also had similar or even higher cytotoxicity than cisplatin against lung cancer cells. All complexes induced apoptosis of colorectal and lung cancer cells, while the highest antiproliferative effect exerted Pd2 complex.
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22
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Laroum R, Berrée F, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Carboni B, Debache A. AlCl3-promoted reaction of cycloalkanones with hydrazones: a convenient direct synthesis of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazoles and their analogues. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.150988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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New organoruthenium compounds with pyrido[2′,3′:5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1, 10]phenanthroline: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity, and investigation of mechanism of action. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:297-310. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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