1
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Thanigachalam S, Pathak M. Bioactive O^N^O^ Schiff base appended homoleptic titanium(iv) complexes: DFT, BSA/CT-DNA interactions, molecular docking and antitumor activity against HeLa and A549 cell lines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13062-13082. [PMID: 38655487 PMCID: PMC11034360 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Five new homoleptic derivatives of titanium(iv) have been developed and characterized by physicochemical techniques. Metal complexes, TiH2L1 [(C38H26N6O4)Ti], TiH2L2 [(C38H24F2N6O4)Ti], TiH2L3 [(C38H24Cl2N6O4)Ti], TiH2L4 [(C38H24Br2N6O4)Ti] and TiH2L5 [(C38H24N8O8)Ti], were obtained by treating Ti(OPri)4 with appropriate ONO ligands (H2L1-H2L5) in anhydrous THF as solvent. The electronic structures and properties of titanium(iv) complexes (TiH2L1-TiH2L5) and ligands (H2L1-H2L5) were examined by DFT studies. The stability of all synthesized derivatives was assessed by a UV-visible technique using 10% DMSO, GSH medium and n-octanol/water systems. The binding interactions of BSA and CT-DNA with respective titanium(iv) complexes were successfully evaluated by employing UV-visible absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) techniques and docking studies. The in vitro cytotoxicity of TiH2L2, TiH2L3 and TiH2L4 complexes was assessed against HeLa (human epithelioid cervical cancer cells) and A549 (lung carcinoma) cell lines. The IC50 values of TiH2L2, TiH2L3 and TiH2L4 were observed to be 28.8, 14.7 and 31.2 μg mL-1 for the HeLa cell line and 38.2, 32.9 and 67.78 μg mL-1 for A549 cells, respectively. Complex TiH2L3 exhibited remarkably induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and 77.99% ROS production selectivity in the HeLa cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Thanigachalam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 Tamilnadu India
| | - Madhvesh Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 Tamilnadu India
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2
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Sahu G, Sahu K, Patra SA, Mohapatra D, Khangar R, Sengupta S, Dinda R. Hydrolytically Stable Ti IV-Hydrazone-Based Metallodrugs: Protein Interaction and Anticancer Potential. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5360-5371. [PMID: 38019535 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, three titanium(IV) [TiIV(L1-3)2] (1-3) complexes have been reported using three different tridentate dibasic ONO donor hydrazone ligands, pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydrazide (H2L1), furan-2-carboxylic acid (3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydrazide (H2L2), and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydrazide (H2L3) tethered with heterocyclic moieties. Elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-vis, NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and single-crystal X-ray analysis have been used to characterize H2L1-3 and 1-3. In solid structures of 1-3, two ligand molecules with N2O4 donor sets give distorted octahedral geometries to the metal center. The aqueous stability of 1-3 was investigated and well correlated to their perceived pharmacological results. During the investigation, all three complexes were found to be hydrolytically stable in a 90% DMSO-d6/10% D2O (v/v) medium up to 48 h. Furthermore, the interaction of 1-3 with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was tested using fluorescence and absorption techniques. The complexes showed static quenching with a biomolecular quenching constant of Kq ∼ 1013 proposing a high affinity of complexes for BSA. Finally, the anticancer potential of 1-3 was tested against HeLa, A549, and NIH-3T3 cell lines. Among all, 1 with an IC50 value of 11.6 ± 1.1 μM against HeLa cells was found to be the most cytotoxic in the series. Furthermore, it has been found that the compounds induce an apoptotic mode of cell death, which is confirmed by the live cell confocal microscopy and flow cytometry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurunath Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Kausik Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Sushree Aradhana Patra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Deepika Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Ravi Khangar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Swaraj Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Rupam Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
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3
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An J, Ishii A, Nakata N. Niobium Complexes Supported by Chalcogen-Bridged [OEO]-Type Bis(phenolate) Ligands (E = S, Se): Synthesis, Characterization, and Phenylacetylene Polymerization. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062573. [PMID: 36985545 PMCID: PMC10056720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichloro niobium(V) complexes 3 and 4 with the sulfur- or selenium-bridged [OEO]-type bis(phenolate) ligands (E = S, Se) were synthesized and fully characterized on the basis of their NMR spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallographic analysis. In the crystalline state of 4, the [OSeO]-core of the ligand was coordinated to the niobium center in a fac-fashion. The corresponding tribenzyl niobium(V) complexes 5 and 6 were also prepared by the reactions of 3 and 4 with 3 equivalents of PhCH2MgCl in toluene. The X-ray diffraction analysis of 6 revealed that the distorted six-coordinated niobium center incorporated in the [OSeO]-type ligand took a mer-fashion, and one benzyl ligand was coordinated to the niobium center by η2-fashion. Complexes 5 and 6 were tested for the phenylacetylene polymerization that produced poly(phenylacetylene)s (PPAs), oligomers, and triphenylbenzenes (TPBs) depending on the chalcogen atom in the [OEO]-type ligand.
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4
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Zhao T, Wang P, Liu N, Zhao W, Yang M, Li S, Yang Z, Sun B, Huhn T. Synthesis and X-ray structure analysis of cytotoxic heptacoordinated Salan hafnium (IV) complexes stabilized with 2,6-dipicolinic acid. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112094. [PMID: 36525714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four novel Salan Hf(IV) complexes stabilized by 2,6-dipicolinic acid (Dipic) were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. These Hf(IV)bis-chelates could be obtained in good to excellent yields (88%-91%) and demonstrated rather good stability in aqueous media and on silica gel. [L2Hf(IV)Dipic4-H,Cl] containing steric bulk L2 were stable in about 10% H2O (H2O/THF (v/v)), however, [L1Hf(IV)Dipic4-H,Cl] with non-steric L1 could slowly dissociate and release nontoxic L1. [L1-2Hf(IV)Dipic4-Cl] showed excellent anti-tumoral activity in the range of cisplatin (Hela S3: IC50 = 3.5 ± 0.4 μM, Hep G2: IC50 = 11.2 ± 2.1 μM). In addition, the cellular uptake and apoptosis investigation of [L1Hf(IV)Dipic4-Cl] suggested a fast cellular uptake process against Hela S3 cells with an almost exclusive induced apoptosis cell death path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankun Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Nan Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wenzhuo Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Mingjun Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shanjia Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhongduo Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Bolu Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Thomas Huhn
- Fachbereich Chemie and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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5
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Pedko A, Rubanovich E, Tshuva EY, Shurki A. Hydrolytically Stable and Cytotoxic [ONO N] 2Ti(IV)-Type Octahedral Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17653-17661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Pedko
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9190401, Israel
| | - Eden Rubanovich
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ein Kerem Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
| | - Edit Y. Tshuva
- Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9190401, Israel
| | - Avital Shurki
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Ein Kerem Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9112001, Israel
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6
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Zhao T, Wang P, Liu N, Li S, Yang M, Yang Z. Facile synthesis of [ONON] type titanium (IV)bis-chelated complexes in alcoholic solvents and evaluation of anti-tumor activity. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111925. [PMID: 35839681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel anti-tumoral diamino-bis-(phenolato) [ONON] type titanium(IV) complexes stabilized by 2,6-dipicolinic acid were synthesis via an efficient protocol using n-propanol as solvent and H2O for isolation. In total 20 [ONON] type and 2 Salan Ti(IV)bis-chelated complexes were synthesized with yields ranging from 68% to 96%. All reactions could reach to completion in 1.5 min at 80 °C either using Ti(OiPr)4 or TiCl4 as starting materials. Most [ONON] type Ti(IV) complexes exhibit selectively enhanced inhibition activity against Hep G2 cells in comparison with Salan Ti(IV) complexes. Among which, the inhibitory activity of 2 t (IC50: 0.15 ± 0.1 μM) against Hep G2 cells is about 80 times enhanced than that of cisplatin (IC50: 12.4 ± 1.2 μM). The [ONON] type Ti(IV) complexes slowly released nontoxic phenolato ligands in presence of large amount of aqueous media, and a fast cellular uptake process was proposed for these Ti(IV) complexes based on metal uptake analysis. Decagram scale synthesis indicates this facile synthetic methodology can be applied to large scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiankun Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Nan Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shanjia Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Mingjun Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Zhongduo Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
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7
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Titanium(IV) complex containing ONO-tridentate Schiff base ligand: Synthesis, crystal structure determination, Hirshfeld surface analysis, spectral characterization, theoretical and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Kargar H, Fallah-Mehrjardi M, Behjatmanesh-Ardakani R, Tahir MN, Ashfaq M, Munawar KS. Synthesis, crystal structure determination, Hirshfeld surface analysis, spectral characterization, theoretical and computational studies of titanium(IV) Schiff base complex. J COORD CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2021.1972984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Kargar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Department of Physics, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Shahzad Munawar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan
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9
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Serrano R, Martinez-Argudo I, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Pacheco-Liñan PJ, Bravo I, Cohen B, Calero R, Ruiz MJ. New titanocene derivative with improved stability and binding ability to albumin exhibits high anticancer activity. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 223:111562. [PMID: 34364140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Titanium-based therapies have emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of cancer patients, particularly those with cisplatin resistant tumors. Unfortunately, some titanium compounds show stability and solubility problems that have hindered their use in clinical practice. Here, we designed and synthesized a new titanium complex containing a titanocene fragment, a tridentate ligand to improve its stability in water, and a long aliphatic chain, designed to facilitate a non-covalent interaction with albumin, the most abundant protein in human serum. The stability and human serum albumin affinity of the resulting titanium complex was investigated by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Complex [TiCp2{(OOC)2py-O-myr}] (3) (myr = C14H29, py = pyridine) and its analogous [TiCp2{(OOC)2py-OH}] (4), lacking the aliphatic chain, showed improved stability in phosphate saline buffer compared with [TiCp2Cl2] (1). 3 showed a strong interaction with human serum albumin in a 1:1 stoichiometry. The cytotoxic effect of 3 was higher compared to [TiCp2Cl2] in tumor cell lines and showed potential tumor selectivity when assayed in non-tumor human epithelial cells. Finally, 3 showed an antiproliferative effect on cancer cells, decreasing the population in the S phase, and increasing apoptotic cells in a significant manner. All this makes the novel Ti(IV) compound 3 a firm candidate to continue further studies of its therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Serrano
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica, Spain
| | - Isabel Martinez-Argudo
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Sanchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Pedro J Pacheco-Liñan
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Farmacia, 02071 Albacete, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Spain
| | - Ivan Bravo
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Farmacia, 02071 Albacete, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Spain
| | - Boiko Cohen
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Física, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, INAMOL, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Raul Calero
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica, Spain.
| | - Maria Jose Ruiz
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Inorgánica y Bioquímica, Spain
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10
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Chen I, Ganta PK, Chung S, Chang Y, Chang H, Ding S, Chen H, Chiu C, Wu K. Titanium complexes bearing 2,
6‐bis
(
o
‐hydroxyalkyl)pyridine ligands in vitro cytotoxicity against
triple‐negative breast‐cancer
cells. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I‐Ni Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Prasanna Kumar Ganta
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shou‐Jie Chung
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Lun Chang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Heng‐Yi Chang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shangwu Ding
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐Sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐Sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Kuo‐Hui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Department of Chemistry Tamkang University New Taipei City Taiwan
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11
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Shpilt Z, Manne R, Rohman MA, Mitra S, Tiekink ER, Basu Baul TS, Tshuva EY. Homoleptic Ti[ONO] 2type complexes of amino‐acid‐tethered phenolato Schiff‐base ligands: Synthesis, characterization, time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, and cytotoxicity against ovarian and colon cancer cells. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Shpilt
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Rajesh Manne
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North‐Eastern Hill University, NEHU Permanent Campus Umshing Shillong 793 022 India
| | - Mostofa Ataur Rohman
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North‐Eastern Hill University, NEHU Permanent Campus Umshing Shillong 793 022 India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North‐Eastern Hill University, NEHU Permanent Campus Umshing Shillong 793 022 India
| | - Edward R.T. Tiekink
- Research Centre for Crystalline MaterialsSchool of Science and Technology, Sunway University 47500 Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Tushar S. Basu Baul
- Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, North‐Eastern Hill University, NEHU Permanent Campus Umshing Shillong 793 022 India
| | - Edit Y. Tshuva
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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12
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Abid M, Nouch R, Bradshaw TD, Lewis W, Woodward S. Tripodal O-N-O Bis
-Phenolato Amine Titanium(IV) Complexes Show High in vitro Anti-Cancer Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abid
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; University of Anbar; Western side of Ramadi City Anbarshire Republic of Iraq
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Nouch
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU United Kingdom
| | - Tracey D. Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences; College of Science; University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD United Kingdom
| | - William Lewis
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU United Kingdom
| | - Simon Woodward
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU United Kingdom
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