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Bernard MM, Mohanty A, Rajendran V. Title: A Comprehensive Review on Classifying Fast-acting and Slow-acting Antimalarial Agents Based on Time of Action and Target Organelle of Plasmodium sp. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6589403. [PMID: 35588061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical resistance towards malarial parasites has rendered many antimalarials ineffective, likely due to a lack of understanding of time of action and stage specificity of all life stages. Therefore, to tackle this problem a more incisive comprehensive analysis of the fast and slow-acting profile of antimalarial agents relating to parasite time-kill kinetics and the target organelle on the progression of blood-stage parasites was carried out. It is evident from numerous findings that drugs targeting food vacuole, nuclear components, and endoplasmic reticulum mainly exhibit a fast-killing phenotype within 24h affecting first-cycle activity. Whereas drugs targeting mitochondria, apicoplast, microtubules, parasite invasion and egress exhibit a largely slow-killing phenotype within 96-120h, affecting second-cycle activity with few exemptions as moderately fast-killing. It is essential to understand the susceptibility of drugs on rings, trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites, and the appearance of organelle at each stage of 48h intraerythrocytic parasite cycle. Therefore, these parameters may facilitate the paradigm for understanding the timing of antimalarials action in deciphering its precise mechanism linked with time. Thus, classifying drugs based on the time of killing may promote designing new combination regimens against varied strains of P. falciparum and evaluating potential clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marie Bernard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Abhinab Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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Edgar RCS, Counihan NA, McGowan S, de Koning-Ward TF. Methods Used to Investigate the Plasmodium falciparum Digestive Vacuole. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:829823. [PMID: 35096663 PMCID: PMC8794586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.829823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a global health problem as parasites continue to develop resistance to all antimalarials in use. Infection causes clinical symptoms during the intra-erythrocytic stage of the lifecycle where the parasite infects and replicates within red blood cells (RBC). During this stage, P. falciparum digests the main constituent of the RBC, hemoglobin, in a specialized acidic compartment termed the digestive vacuole (DV), a process essential for survival. Many therapeutics in use target one or multiple aspects of the DV, with chloroquine and its derivatives, as well as artemisinin, having mechanisms of action within this organelle. In order to better understand how current therapeutics and those under development target DV processes, techniques used to investigate the DV are paramount. This review outlines the involvement of the DV in therapeutics currently in use and focuses on the range of techniques that are currently utilized to study this organelle including microscopy, biochemical analysis, genetic approaches and metabolomic studies. Importantly, continued development and application of these techniques will aid in our understanding of the DV and in the development of new therapeutics or therapeutic partners for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. S. Edgar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Counihan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Centre to Impact AMR, Monash University, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania F. de Koning-Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Seah JWK, Teo RHX, Leung PH. Organometallic chemistry and application of palladacycles in asymmetric hydrophosphination reactions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16909-16915. [PMID: 34734619 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A number of palladacycles containing chiral chelating auxiliaries have been utilized as efficient catalysts for asymmetric hydrophosphination reactions. In all cases, the chiral auxiliaries remained coordinated to the palladium centres throughout the course of the reactions. Despite the presence of a large quantity of powerful tertiary phosphines, which are known to be strong metal ion sequesters, the expected catalyst poisoning was rarely observed in these palladacycle catalyzed processes. This review highlights the unique stereoelectronic features and the important organometallic chemistry of palladacycle catalysts which are essential to their synthetic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Wee Kiong Seah
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ronald Hong Xiang Teo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Pak-Hing Leung
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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Rashidzadeh H, Tabatabaei Rezaei SJ, Adyani SM, Abazari M, Rahamooz Haghighi S, Abdollahi H, Ramazani A. Recent advances in targeting malaria with nanotechnology-based drug carriers. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:807-823. [PMID: 34190000 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1948568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, as one of the most common human infectious diseases, remains the greatest global health concern, since approximately 3.5 billion people around the world, especially those in subtropical areas, are at the risk of being infected by malaria. Due to the emergence and spread of drug resistance to the current antimalarials, malaria-related mortality and incidence rates have recently increased. To overcome the aforementioned obstacles, nano-vehicles based on biodegradable, natural, and non-toxic polymers have been developed. Accordingly, these systems are considered as a potential drug vehicle, which due to their unique properties such as the excellent safety profile, good biocompatibility, tunable structure, diversity, and the presence of functional groups within the polymer structure, could facilitate covalent attachment of targeting moieties and antimalarials to the polymeric nano-vehicles. In this review, we highlighted some recent developments of liposomes as unique nanoscale drug delivery vehicles and several polymeric nanovehicles, including hydrogels, dendrimers, self-assembled micelles, and polymer-drug conjugates for the effective delivery of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Rashidzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Laboratory of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Jamal Tabatabaei Rezaei
- Laboratory of Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Seyed Masih Adyani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Morteza Abazari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rahamooz Haghighi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossien Abdollahi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Sánchez García JJ, Joo-Cisneros RS, García-Bassoco D, Flores-Alamo M, Stivalet JMM, García-Valdés J, Klimova EI. Synthesis, characterization, and oxidation electrochemistry of some novel 1,2-dithiol-3-ones and 1,2-dithiol-3-thiones containing aryl and metallocenyl fragments. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Organometallic compounds are molecules that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. Due to resistance of the Plasmodium parasite to traditional organic antimalarials, the use of organometallic compounds has become widely adopted in antimalarial drug discovery. Ferroquine, which was developed due to the emergence of chloroquine resistance, is currently the most advanced organometallic antimalarial drug and has paved the way for the development of new organometallic antimalarials. In this review, a general overview of organometallic antimalarial compounds and their antimalarial activity in comparison to purely organic antimalarials are presented. Furthermore, recent developments in the field are discussed, and future applications of this emerging class of therapeutics in antimalarial drug discovery are suggested.
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Whole-Cell Phenotypic Screening of Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box Identifies Specific Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Late-Stage Development and Egress. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01802-19. [PMID: 32071059 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01802-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a systematic, cellular phenotype-based antimalarial screening of the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pathogen Box collection, which facilitated the identification of specific blockers of late-stage intraerythrocytic development of Plasmodium falciparum First, from standard growth inhibition assays, we identified 173 molecules with antimalarial activity (50% effective concentration [EC50] ≤ 10 μM), which included 62 additional molecules over previously known antimalarial candidates from the Pathogen Box. We identified 90 molecules with EC50 of ≤1 μM, which had significant effect on the ring-trophozoite transition, while 9 molecules inhibited the trophozoite-schizont transition and 21 molecules inhibited the schizont-ring transition (with ≥50% parasites failing to proceed to the next stage) at 1 μM. We therefore rescreened all 173 molecules and validated hits in microscopy to prioritize 12 hits as selective blockers of the schizont-ring transition. Seven of these molecules inhibited the calcium ionophore-induced egress of Toxoplasma gondii, a related apicomplexan parasite, suggesting that the inhibitors may be acting via a conserved mechanism which could be further exploited for target identification studies. We demonstrate that two molecules, MMV020670 and MMV026356, identified as schizont inhibitors in our screens, induce the fragmentation of DNA in merozoites, thereby impairing their ability to egress and invade. Further mechanistic studies would facilitate the therapeutic exploitation of these molecules as broadly active inhibitors targeting late-stage development and egress of apicomplexan parasites relevant to human health.
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Bertuzzi DL, Perli G, Braga CB, Ornelas C. Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of folate γ-ferrocenyl conjugates. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04954a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel folate γ-ferrocene conjugates were synthesized through a regiospecific route, and showed selectivity and enhanced cytotoxicity against Frα-positive malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L. Bertuzzi
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
| | - Gabriel Perli
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
| | - Carolyne B. Braga
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
| | - Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – Unicamp
- Campinas 13083-861
- Brazil
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Xiao J, Sun Z, Kong F, Gao F. Current scenario of ferrocene-containing hybrids for antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111791. [PMID: 31669852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid molecules have the potential to enhance the efficacy against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant organisms, and Ferroquine, a ferrocene hybrid, has demonstrated great potency in clinical trials against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria. Accordingly, hybridization of ferrocene with other antimalarial pharmacophores represents a promising strategy to develop novel antimalarial candidates. This work attempts to systematically review the recent study of ferrocene hybrids in the design and development of antimalarial agents, and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is also discussed to provide an insight for rational design of more effective antibacterial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, PR China.
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