1
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Nielsen LG, Sørensen TJ. Effect of buffers and pH in antenna sensitized Eu(III) luminescence. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2023; 11. [PMID: 36696692 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/acb63a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics of a europium(III) complex of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacycododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid-10-(2-methylene)-1-azathioxanthone was investigated in three buffer systems and at three pH values. The buffers-phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and universal buffer (UB)-had no effect on the europium luminescence, but a lower overall emission intensity was determined in HEPES. It was found that this was due to quenching of the 1-azathioxanthone first excited singlet state by HEPES. The effect of pH on the photophysics of the complex was found to be minimal, and protonation of the pyridine nitrogen was found to be irrelevant. Even so, pH was shown to change the intensity ratio between 1-azathioxanthone fluorescence and europium luminescence. It was concluded that the full photophysics of a potential molecular probe should be investigated to achieve the best possible results in any application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gundorff Nielsen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, København Ø, Denmark
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2
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Zhang J, Zhou X, Wang J, Fang D. A red-emitting Europium(III) complex as a luminescent probe with large Stokes shift for the sequential determination of Cu 2+ and biothiols in real samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 282:121663. [PMID: 35917616 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel Eu3+-DTPA-bis(AMC) complex with red luminescence was designed and synthesized for sequential detection of Cu2+ and biothiols (Cys/Hcy/GSH) based on the displacement strategy with the good selectivity, high sensitivity, and large Stokes shift (288 nm). The possible detection mechanism was verified by UV-vis, the high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the fluorescence decay curve. The experimental parameters, including the solution pH, the incubation time, the concentration ratio of Eu3+-DTPA-bis(AMC) to Cu2+ and biothiols concentration, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, it shows a good linear relationship between the concentration (0-10 μM) of Cu2+ and the fluorescence intensity of Eu3+-DTPA-bis(AMC), with a low detection limit of 0.065 μM. The linear range and the limit of detection of the Eu3+-DTPA-bis(AMC)/Cu2+ system for Cys/Hcy/GSH were 2.5-22.5/5-45/5-50 μM and 0.11/0.07/0.05 μM, respectively. Surprisingly, the high or low concentration of Eu3+-DTPA-bis(AMC)/Cu2+ can significantly affect the selectivity of the sensing system to biothiols (Cys/GSH/Hcy). When the concentration of the Eu3+-DTPA-bis(AMC)/Cu2+ system is 10.0 μΜ, it could recognize biothiols (Cys/GSH/Hcy) from other substances, but when the concentration is as low as 3.3 μM, it could further specifically distinguished Cys from Hcy/GSH. Owing to the high anti-interference characteristics, accuracy and specificity, the sensing system was well applied to the cascade detection of Cu2+ in actual environmental samples and Cys in biological and food samples, including FBS, urine, milk, beverage, fresh juice with the satisfactory recoveries from 96.20 to 106.80 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, 121001, PR China
| | - Xibin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, 121001, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
| | - Dawei Fang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
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3
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Thomsen MS, Nawrocki PR, Kofod N, Sørensen TJ. Seven Europium(III) Complexes in Solution – the Importance of Reporting Data When Investigating Luminescence Spectra and Electronic Structure. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Patrick R. Nawrocki
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Nicolaj Kofod
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Thomas J. Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
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4
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Abstract
Intersystem crossing (ISC), a vital component of the electronic and nuclear transitions that compose photophysics, has been successfully simulated in light elements and transition metal complexes. Derived from the Z-dependent spin-orbit coupling (SOC), ISC is expected to be of greater importance in heavier elements, but few attempts have been made at the simulation of ISC in lanthanides or actinides. In this work, we explore several of the challenges that will need to be overcome in order to treat ISC in late-row elements, including the loss of spin as a good quantum number, the need to include SOC variationally via two- or four-component electronic structure, and the high density of states present in late-row complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to illustrate several of these effects, while a model Hamiltonian is used to illustrate the importance of momentum rescaling in surface hopping simulations of strongly coupled states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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5
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Cosby AG, Woods JJ, Nawrocki P, Sørensen TJ, Wilson JJ, Boros E. Accessing lanthanide-based, in situ illuminated optical turn-on probes by modulation of the antenna triplet state energy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9442-9451. [PMID: 34349918 PMCID: PMC8278976 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02148f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanides possess ideal properties for biological imaging, including long luminescent lifetimes and emission within the optical window. Here, we report a novel approach to responsive luminescent Tb(iii) probes that involves direct modulation of the antenna excited triplet state energy. If the triplet energy lies too close to the 5D4 Tb(iii) excited state (20 500 cm-1), energy transfer to 5D4 competes with back energy transfer processes and limits lanthanide-based emission. To validate this approach, a series of pyridyl-functionalized, macrocyclic lanthanide complexes were designed, and the corresponding lowest energy triplet states were calculated using density functional theory (DFT). Subsequently, three novel constructs L3 (nitro-pyridyl), L4 (amino-pyridyl) and L5 (fluoro-pyridyl) were synthesized. Photophysical characterization of the corresponding Gd(iii) complexes revealed antenna triplet energies between 25 800 and 30 400 cm-1 and a 500-fold increase in quantum yield upon conversion of Tb(L3) to Tb(L4) using the biologically relevant analyte H2S. The corresponding turn-on reaction can be monitored using conventional, small-animal optical imaging equipment in presence of a Cherenkov radiation emitting isotope as an in situ excitation source, demonstrating that antenna triplet state energy modulation represents a viable approach to biocompatible, Tb-based optical turn-on probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia G Cosby
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Joshua J Woods
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Patrick Nawrocki
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Thomas J Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
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6
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Arnedo-Sanchez L, Smith KF, Deblonde GJP, Carter KP, Moreau LM, Rees JA, Tratnjek T, Booth CH, Abergel RJ. Combining the Best of Two Chelating Titans: A Hydroxypyridinone-Decorated Macrocyclic Ligand for Efficient and Concomitant Complexation and Sensitized Luminescence of f-Elements. Chempluschem 2021; 86:483-491. [PMID: 33733616 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An ideal chelator for f-elements features rapid kinetics of complexation, high thermodynamic stability, and slow kinetics of dissociation. Here we present the facile synthesis of a macrocyclic ligand bearing four 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinone units linked to a cyclen scaffold that rapidly forms thermodynamically stable complexes with lanthanides (Sm3+ , Eu3+ , Tb3+ , Dy3+ ) and a representative late actinide (Cm3+ ) in aqueous media and concurrently sensitizes them. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy revealed an increase in the Ln/An-O bond lengths following the trend Cm>Eu>Tb and EXAFS data were compatible with time-resolved luminescence studies, which indicated one to two water molecules in the inner metal coordination sphere of Eu(III) and two water molecules for the Cm(III) complex. Spectrofluorimetric ligand competition titrations against DTPA confirmed the high thermodynamic stability of DOTHOPO complexes, with pM values between 19.9(1) and 21.9(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Arnedo-Sanchez
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kurt F Smith
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Physical & Life Sciences, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Korey P Carter
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Liane M Moreau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julian A Rees
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Toni Tratnjek
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Corwin H Booth
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
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7
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Aquino LEDN, Barbosa GA, Ramos JDL, O K Giese S, Santana FS, Hughes DL, Nunes GG, Fu L, Fang M, Poneti G, Carneiro Neto AN, Moura RT, Ferreira RAS, Carlos LD, Macedo AG, Soares JF. Seven-Coordinate Tb 3+ Complexes with 90% Quantum Yields: High-Performance Examples of Combined Singlet- and Triplet-to-Tb 3+ Energy-Transfer Pathways. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:892-907. [PMID: 33393287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Seven-coordinate, pentagonal-bipyramidal (PBP) complexes [Ln(bbpen)Cl] and [Ln(bbppn)Cl], in which Ln = Tb3+ (products I and II), Eu3+ (III and IV), and Gd3+ (V and VI), with bbpen2- = N,N'-bis(2-oxidobenzyl)-N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine and bbppn2- = N,N'-bis(2-oxidobenzyl)-N,N'-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1,2-propanediamine, were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, alternating-current magnetic susceptibility measurements, and photoluminescence (steady-state and time-resolved) spectroscopy. Under a static magnetic field of 0.1 T, the Tb3+ complexes I and II revealed single-ion-magnet behavior. Also, upon excitation at 320 nm at 300 K, I and II presented very high absolute emission quantum yields (0.90 ± 0.09 and 0.92 ± 0.09, respectively), while the corresponding Eu3+ complexes III and IV showed no photoluminescence. Detailed theoretical calculations on the intramolecular energy-transfer rates for the Tb3+ products indicated that both singlet and triplet ligand excited states contribute efficiently to the overall emission performance. The expressive quantum yields, QLnL, measured for I and II in the solid state and a dichloromethane solution depend on the excitation wavelength, being higher at 320 nm. Such a dependence was rationalized by computing the intersystem crossing rates (WISC) and singlet fluorescence lifetimes (τS) related to the population dynamics of the S1 and T1 levels. Thin films of product II showed high air stability and photostability upon continuous UV illumination, which allowed their use as downshifting layers in a green light-emitting device (LED). The prototypes presented a luminous efficacy comparable with those found in commercial LED coatings, without requiring encapsulation or dispersion of II in host matrixes. The results indicate that the PBP environment determined by the ethylenediamine (en)-based ligands investigated in this work favors the outstanding optical properties in Tb3+ complexes. This work presents a comprehensive structural, chemical, and spectroscopic characterization of two Tb3+ complexes of mixed-donor, en-based ligands, focusing on their outstanding optical properties. They constitute good molecular examples in which both triplet and singlet excited states provide energy to the Tb3+ ion and lead to high values of QLnL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme A Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-900 - Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de L Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-900 - Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - Siddhartha O K Giese
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-900 - Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - Francielli S Santana
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-900 - Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - David L Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Giovana G Nunes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-900 - Curitiba-PR, Brazil
| | - Lianshe Fu
- Phantom-g, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 - Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ming Fang
- Phantom-g, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 - Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Giordano Poneti
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 - Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Albano N Carneiro Neto
- Phantom-g, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 - Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Federal University of Paraíba, 58397-000 - Areia-PB, Brazil
| | - Rute A S Ferreira
- Phantom-g, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 - Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís D Carlos
- Phantom-g, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 - Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia G Macedo
- Phantom-g, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 - Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, 80230-901 - Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jaísa F Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81530-900 - Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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8
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Salerno EV, Eliseeva SV, Schneider BL, Kampf JW, Petoud S, Pecoraro VL. Visible, Near-Infrared, and Dual-Range Luminescence Spanning the 4f Series Sensitized by a Gallium(III)/Lanthanide(III) Metallacrown Structure. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10550-10564. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvin V. Salerno
- Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Svetlana V. Eliseeva
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, F-45071, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Bernadette L. Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeff W. Kampf
- Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stéphane Petoud
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, F-45071, Orleans Cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent L. Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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9
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Dansholm CN, Junker AKR, Nielsen LG, Kofod N, Pal R, Sørensen TJ. π-Expanded Thioxanthones - Engineering the Triplet Level of Thioxanthone Sensitizers for Lanthanide-Based Luminescent Probes with Visible Excitation. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1778-1788. [PMID: 31943860 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bright lanthanide based probes for optical bioimaging must rely on the antenna principle, where the lanthanide-centred excited state is formed by a complex sensitization process. Efficient sensitization of lanthanide-centred emission occurs via triplet states centred on the sensitizing chromophore. Here, the triplet state of thioxanthone chromophores is modulated by extending the π-system. Three thioxanthone chromophores-thioxanthone, benzo[c]thioxanthone, and naphtho[2,3-c]thioxanthone were synthesised and characterised. The triplet state energies and lifetimes is found to change as expected, and two dyes are found to be suitable sensitizers for europium(iii) luminescence. Reactive derivatives of thioxanthone and benzo[c]thioxanthone were prepared and coupled to a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (DO3A) lanthanide binding pocket. The photophysics and the performance in optical bioimaging of the resulting europium(iii) complexes were investigated. It is concluded that while the energetics favour efficient sensitization, the solution structure does not. While it was found that the complexes are too lipophilic to be efficient luminescent probes for optical bioimaging, we successfully demonstrated bioimaging using europium(iii) luminescence following 405 nm excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nybro Dansholm
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Kathrine R Junker
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Lea G Nielsen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicolaj Kofod
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
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10
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Nielsen LG, Sørensen TJ. Including and Declaring Structural Fluctuations in the Study of Lanthanide(III) Coordination Chemistry in Solution. Inorg Chem 2019; 59:94-105. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gundorff Nielsen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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11
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Cosby AG, Quevedo G, Boros E. A High-Throughput Method To Measure Relative Quantum Yield of Lanthanide Complexes for Bioimaging. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10611-10615. [PMID: 31380629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanides provide a promising alternative to organic chromophores for cellular bioimaging and bioassay applications; efficacy is closely governed by their respective quantum yields. Conventionally utilized quantum-yield measurements for lanthanides are laborious and not amenable to rapid relative comparison of compound performance. Here, we introduce a high-throughput optical imaging method to determine and directly compare relative quantum yield using Cherenkov-radiation-mediated excitation of luminescent lanthanide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia G Cosby
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11790 , United States
| | - Gregory Quevedo
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11790 , United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11790 , United States
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12
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Junker AKR, Sørensen TJ. Illuminating the Intermolecular vs. Intramolecular Excited State Energy Transfer Quenching by Europium(III) Ions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrine R. Junker
- Nano‐Science Center & Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
| | - Thomas Just Sørensen
- Nano‐Science Center & Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 København Ø Denmark
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