1
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Ajayi T, Lough AJ, Morris RH. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Chromium(III) Complexes Containing Bidentate PN and Tridentate P-NH-P and P-NH-P' Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19690-19699. [PMID: 38708235 PMCID: PMC11064035 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Chromium(III) complexes bearing bidentate {NH2(CH2)2PPh2: PN, (S,S)-[NH2(CHPh)2PPh2]: P'N} and tridentate [Ph2P(CH2)2N(H)(CH2)2PPh2: P-NH-P, (S,S)-(iPr)2PCH2CH2N(H)CH(Ph)CH(Ph)PPh2: P-NH-P'] ligands have been synthesized using a mechanochemical approach. The complexes {cis-[Cr(PN)Cl2]Cl (1), cis-[Cr(P'N)Cl2]Cl (2), mer-Cr(P-NH-P)Cl3 (3), and mer-Cr(P-NH-P')Cl3 (4)} were obtained in high yield (95-97%) via the grinding of the respective ligands andthe solid Cr(III) ion precursor [CrCl3(THF)3] with the aid of a pestle and mortar, followed by recrystallization in acetonitrile. The isolated complexes are high spin. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 2 revealed a cationic chromium complex with two P'N ligands in a cis configuration with P' trans to P' with chloride as the counteranion. The X-ray study of 4 shows a neutral Cr(III) complex with the P-NH-P' ligand in a mer configuration. The difference in molecular structures and bulkiness of the ligands influence the electronic, magnetic, and electrochemical properties of the complexes as exhibited by the bathochromic shifts in the electronic absorption peaks of the complexes and the relative increase in the magnetic moment of 3 (4.19 μβ) and 4 (4.15 μβ) above the spin only value (3.88 μβ) for a d3 electronic configuration. Complexes 1-4 were found to be inactive in the hydrogenation of an aldimine [(E)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-phenylmethanimine] under a variety of activating conditions. The addition of magnesium and trimethylsilyl chloride in THF did cause hydrogenation at room temperature, but this occurred even in the absence of the chromium complex. The hydrogen in the amine product came from the THF solvent in this novel reaction, as determined by deuterium incorporation into the product when deuterated THF was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomilola
J. Ajayi
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert H. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Bonsignore R, Trippodo E, Di Gesù R, Carreca AP, Rubino S, Spinello A, Terenzi A, Barone G. Novel half Salphen cobalt(III) complexes: synthesis, DNA binding and anticancer studies. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6311-6322. [PMID: 38487871 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00092g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
While platinum(II)-based drugs continue to be employed in cancer treatments, the escalating occurrence of severe side effects has spurred researchers to explore novel sources for potential therapeutic agents. Notably, cobalt(III) has emerged as a subject of considerable interest due to its ubiquitous role in human physiology. Several studies investigating the anticancer effects of Salphen complexes derived from cobalt(III) have unveiled intriguing antiproliferative properties. In a bid to enhance our understanding of this class of compounds, we synthesized and characterized two novel half Salphen cobalt(III) complexes. Both compounds exhibited notable stability, even in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of glutathione. The application of spectroscopic and computational methodologies unravelled their interactions with duplex and G4-DNAs, suggesting an external binding affinity for these structures, with preliminary indications of selectivity trends. Importantly, antiproliferative assays conducted on 3D cultured SW-1353 cancer cells unveiled a compelling anticancer activity at low micromolar concentrations, underscoring the potential therapeutic efficacy of this novel class of cobalt(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bonsignore
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Elisa Trippodo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | | | | | - Simona Rubino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Angelo Spinello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Alessio Terenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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3
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Alajroush DR, Smith CB, Anderson BF, Oyeyemi IT, Beebe SJ, Holder AA. A Comparison of In Vitro Studies between Cobalt(III) and Copper(II) Complexes with Thiosemicarbazone Ligands to Treat Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Inorganica Chim Acta 2024; 562:121898. [PMID: 38282819 PMCID: PMC10810091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Metal complexes have gained significant attention as potential anti-cancer agents. The anti-cancer activity of [Co(phen)2(MeATSC)](NO3)3•1.5H2O•C2H5OH 1 (where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and MeATSC = 9-anthraldehyde-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) and [Cu(acetylethTSC)Cl]Cl•0.25C2H5OH 2 (where acetylethTSC = (E)-N-ethyl-2-[1-(thiazol-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide) was investigated by analyzing DNA cleavage activity. The cytotoxic effect was analyzed using CCK-8 viability assay. The activities of caspase 3/7, 9, and 1, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cell cycle arrest, and mitochondrial function were further analyzed to study the cell death mechanisms. Complex 2 induced a significant increase in nicked DNA. The IC50 values of complex 1 were 17.59 μM and 61.26 μM in cancer and non-cancer cells, respectively. The IC50 values of complex 2 were 5.63 and 12.19 μM for cancer and non-cancer cells, respectively. Complex 1 induced an increase in ROS levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activated caspases 3/7, 9, and 1, which indicated the induction of intrinsic apoptotic pathway and pyroptosis. Complex 2 induced cell cycle arrest in the S phase, ROS generation, and caspase 3/7 activation. Thus, complex 1 induced cell death in the breast cancer cell line via activation of oxidative stress which induced apoptosis and pyroptosis while complex 2 induced cell cycle arrest through the induction of DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa R. Alajroush
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
| | - Chloe B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
| | - Brittney F. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Virgin Islands, 2 John Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, VI 00802, U.S.A
| | - Ifeoluwa T. Oyeyemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Nigeria
| | - Stephen J. Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA, 23508, U.S.A
| | - Alvin A. Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University 4501 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23529, U.S.A
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4
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Presenjit, Chaturvedi S, Singh A, Gautam D, Singh K, Mishra AK. An Insight into the Effect of Schiff Base and their d and f Block Metal Complexes on Various Cancer Cell Lines as Anticancer Agents: A Review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:488-503. [PMID: 38279753 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206280314231201111358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, an alarming rise in the percentage of individuals with cancer and those with multi-resistant illnesses has forced researchers to explore possibilities for novel therapeutic approaches. Numerous medications currently exist to treat various disorders, and the development of small molecules as anticancer agents has considerable potential. However, the widespread prevalence of resistance to multiple drugs in cancer indicates that it is necessary to discover novel and promising compounds with ideal characteristics that could overcome the multidrug resistance issue. The utilisation of metallo-drugs has served as a productive anticancer chemotherapeutic method, and this approach may be implemented for combating multi-resistant tumours more successfully. Schiff bases have been receiving a lot of attention as a group of compounds due to their adaptable metal chelating abilities, innate biologic properties, and versatility to tweak the structure to optimise it for a specific biological purpose. The biological relevance of Schiff base and related complexes, notably their anticancer effects, has increased in their popularity as bio-inorganic chemistry has progressed. As a result of learning about Schiff bases antitumor efficacy against multiple cancer cell lines and their complexes, researchers are motivated to develop novel, side-effect-free anticancer treatments. According to study reports from the past ten years, we are still seeking a powerful anticancer contender. This study highlights the potential of Schiff bases, a broad class of chemical molecules, as potent anticancer agents. In combination with other anticancer strategies, they enhance the efficacy of treatment by elevating the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, surmounting drug resistance, and promoting targeted therapy. Schiff bases also cause cancer cell DNA repair, improve immunotherapy, prevent angiogenesis, cause apoptosis, and lessen the side effects of chemotherapy. The present review explores the development of potential Schiff base and their d and f block metal complexes as anticancer agents against various cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Presenjit
- Radiological Nuclear and Imaging Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, 110054, Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, 226025, Lucknow, India
| | - Shubhra Chaturvedi
- Radiological Nuclear and Imaging Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, 110054, Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Department of Zoology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Divya Gautam
- Radiological Nuclear and Imaging Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, 110054, Delhi, India
- Centre of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kaman Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, 226025, Lucknow, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mishra
- Radiological Nuclear and Imaging Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, DRDO, Timarpur, 110054, Delhi, India
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5
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Duez Q, Tinnemans P, Elemans JAAW, Roithová J. Kinetics of ligand exchange in solution: a quantitative mass spectrometry approach. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9759-9769. [PMID: 37736645 PMCID: PMC10510763 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03342b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex speciation and exchange kinetics of labile ligands are critical parameters for understanding the reactivity of metal complexes in solution. We present a novel approach to determine ligand exchange parameters based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The introduction of isotopically labelled ligands to a solution of metal host and unlabelled ligands allows the quantitative investigation of the solution-phase equilibria. Furthermore, ion mobility separation can target individual isomers, such as ligands bound at specific sites. As a proof of concept, we investigate the solution equilibria of labile pyridine ligands coordinated in the cavity of macrocyclic porphyrin cage complexes bearing diamagnetic or paramagnetic metal centres. The effects of solvent, porphyrin coordination sphere, transition metal, and counterion on ligand dissociation are discussed. Rate constants and activation parameters for ligand dissociation in the solution can be derived from our ESI-MS approach, thereby providing mechanistic insights that are not easily obtained from traditional solution-phase techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul Tinnemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A A W Elemans
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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6
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Synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of new mononuclear Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes against MDA–MB–231, HCC–1806 and HT–29 cancer cell lines. Polyhedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Frei A, Elliott AG, Kan A, Dinh H, Bräse S, Bruce AE, Bruce MR, Chen F, Humaidy D, Jung N, King AP, Lye PG, Maliszewska HK, Mansour AM, Matiadis D, Muñoz MP, Pai TY, Pokhrel S, Sadler PJ, Sagnou M, Taylor M, Wilson JJ, Woods D, Zuegg J, Meyer W, Cain AK, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Metal Complexes as Antifungals? From a Crowd-Sourced Compound Library to the First In Vivo Experiments. JACS AU 2022; 2:2277-2294. [PMID: 36311838 PMCID: PMC9597602 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are currently fewer than 10 antifungal drugs in clinical development, but new fungal strains that are resistant to most current antifungals are spreading rapidly across the world. To prevent a second resistance crisis, new classes of antifungal drugs are urgently needed. Metal complexes have proven to be promising candidates for novel antibiotics, but so far, few compounds have been explored for their potential application as antifungal agents. In this work, we report the evaluation of 1039 metal-containing compounds that were screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD). We show that 20.9% of all metal compounds tested have antimicrobial activity against two representative Candida and Cryptococcus strains compared with only 1.1% of the >300,000 purely organic molecules tested through CO-ADD. We identified 90 metal compounds (8.7%) that show antifungal activity while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or hemolytic properties at similar concentrations. The structures of 21 metal complexes that display high antifungal activity (MIC ≤1.25 μM) are discussed and evaluated further against a broad panel of yeasts. Most of these have not been previously tested for antifungal activity. Eleven of these metal complexes were tested for toxicity in the Galleria mellonella moth larva model, revealing that only one compound showed signs of toxicity at the highest injected concentration. Lastly, we demonstrated that the organo-Pt(II) cyclooctadiene complex Pt1 significantly reduces fungal load in an in vivo G. mellonella infection model. These findings showcase that the structural and chemical diversity of metal-based compounds can be an invaluable tool in the development of new drugs against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Alex Kan
- Molecular
Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical
School, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital-Research
and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Hue Dinh
- School
of Natural Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alice E. Bruce
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Mitchell R. Bruce
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Dhirgam Humaidy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Nicole Jung
- Karlsruhe
Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A. Paden King
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Peter G. Lye
- School
of Science and Technology, University of
New England, Armidale, NSW2351, Australia
| | - Hanna K. Maliszewska
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Ahmed M. Mansour
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza12613, Egypt
| | - Dimitris Matiadis
- Institute
of Biosciences & Applications, National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310Athens, Greece
| | - María Paz Muñoz
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7TJ, U.K.
| | - Tsung-Yu Pai
- Molecular
Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical
School, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital-Research
and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Shyam Pokhrel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine04469, United States
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CoventryCV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Marina Sagnou
- Institute
of Biosciences & Applications, National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310Athens, Greece
| | - Michelle Taylor
- School
of Science and Technology, University of
New England, Armidale, NSW2351, Australia
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York14853, United States
| | - Dean Woods
- School
of Science and Technology, University of
New England, Armidale, NSW2351, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular
Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology,
Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical
School, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital-Research
and Education Network, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW2145, Australia
| | - Amy K. Cain
- School
of Natural Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW2109, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Centre
for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland4072, Australia
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Majid SA, Mir JM, Jan G, Shalla AH. Schiff base complexes, cancer cell lines, and anticancer evaluation: a review. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2131402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gowhar Jan
- Department of Chemistry, IUST, Awantipora Pulwama, India
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9
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Ibrahim ABM, Mahmoud GA, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ. Pb (II) and Hg (II) Thiosemicarbazones for Inhibiting the Broad‐Spectrum Pathogen
Cladosporium sphaerospermum
ASU18 (MK387875) and Altering Its Antioxidant System. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews Fife U.K
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10
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Kar K, Ghosh D, Kabi B, Chandra A. A concise review on cobalt Schiff base complexes as anticancer agents. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nath BD, Islam MM, Karim MR, Rahman S, Shaikh MAA, Georghiou PE, Menelaou M. Recent Progress in Metal‐Incorporated Acyclic Schiff‐Base Derivatives: Biological Aspects. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Dev Nath
- Chemical Research Division Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monarul Islam
- Chemical Research Division Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rezaul Karim
- Chemical Research Division Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
| | - Shofiur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) Dhanmondi Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry University of Dhaka Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh
| | - Paris E. Georghiou
- Department of Chemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7 Canada
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12
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Srivastava AK, Mondal A, Konar S, Pal S. A tetra Co(II/III) complex with an open cubane Co 4O 4 core and square-pyramidal Co(II) and octahedral Co(III) centres: bifunctional electrocatalytic activity towards water splitting at neutral pH. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4510-4521. [PMID: 35234225 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol, 4-methoxybenzoylhydrazine and Co(OAc)2·4H2O in 1 : 2 : 2 mole ratio in methanol under aerobic conditions produced in 61% yield a tetranuclear complex having the molecular formula [CoIICoIII(μ-OAc)(μ3-OH)(μ-L)]2 where OAc- and L3- represent acetate and N',N''-(5-methyl-2-oxido-1,3-phenylene)bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(4-methoxybenzoylhydrazonate), respectively. The elemental analysis and the mass spectrometric data confirmed the molecular formula of the complex. It is electrically non-conducting and paramagnetic. The complex crystallized as acetonitrile solvate. The X-ray structure shows that each Co(II) centre has a distorted square-pyramidal NO4 coordination sphere, while each Co(III) centre is in a distorted octahedral NO5 environment. The four metal atoms and the four bridging O-atoms form an open cubane type Co4O4 motif. In the crystal lattice, self-assembly of the solvated complex via intermolecular O-H⋯O interaction leads to a two-dimensional network structure. The infrared and electronic spectroscopic features of the complex are consistent with its molecular structure. Cryomagnetic measurements together with theoretical calculations suggest the presence of easy-axis anisotropy for the square-pyramidal Co(II) centres. The complex is redox-active and displays metal centred oxidation and reduction responses on the anodic and cathodic sides, respectively, of the Ag/AgCl electrode. Bifunctional heterogeneous electrocatalytic activity of the complex towards O2 and H2 evolution reactions (OER and HER) in neutral aqueous medium has been explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Sanjit Konar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Samudranil Pal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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13
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Chen YT, Zhang SN, Wang ZF, Wei QM, Zhang SH. Discovery of thirteen cobalt(II) and copper(II) salicylaldehyde Schiff base complexes that induce apoptosis and autophagy in human lung adenocarcinoma A549/DDP cells and that can overcome cisplatin resistance in vitro and in vivo. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4068-4078. [PMID: 35179159 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 13 transition metal complexes, namely, [Cu(L1H)(H2O)2]·(H2O)·NO3 (1), [Cu(LnH2)2]·(NO3)·(H2O)2 (2, n = 2; 3, n = 3; 4, n = 4; 5, n = 5), [Co(LnH)2]2·(H2O)0.5 (6, n = 2; 7, n = 3; 8, n = 4; 9, n = 5), [Cu(L6H)0.5(L10H)0.5(phen)]·(CH3OH)0.25 (10), [Cu(L11H) (phen)]4·(H2O)9 (11), [Cu(L8H)0.27(L12H)0.73(phen)]4·(H2O)5.5(CH3OH) (12), and [Cu(L9H) (phen)]3·(H2O)7·(CH3OH) (13), were synthesized using Schiff base ligands and characterized by elemental analysis (EA), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). Compared with complexes 1-9, complexes 10-13 displayed stronger cytotoxic activities against the tested A549/DDP cancer cells (IC50 = 0.97-3.31 μM), with differences greater than one order of magnitude. Moreover, complexes 11 and 13 could induce apoptosis and autophagy in A549/DDP cells via the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway that affects the regulation of autophagy- and mitochondrial-related proteins. Importantly, the results indicate that the two novel salicylaldehyde Schiff base analogs, 11 and 13, exhibited pronounced and selective activity against A549/DDP xenografts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chen
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P R China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China
| | - Shao-Nan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China
| | - Zhen-Feng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China
| | - Qing-Min Wei
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China.
| | - Shu-Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P R China. .,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China
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14
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Relevance of Fluorinated Ligands to the Design of Metallodrugs for Their Potential Use in Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020402. [PMID: 35214133 PMCID: PMC8874657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorination of pharmaceutical agents has afforded crucial modifications to their pharmacological profiles, leading to important advances in medicinal chemistry. On the other hand, metallodrugs are considered to be valuable candidates in the treatment of several diseases, albeit with the caveat that they may exhibit pharmacological disadvantages, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability and short circulating time. To surmount these limitations, two approaches have been developed: one based on the design of novel metallodrug-delivering carriers and the other based on optimizing the structure of the ligands bound to the metal center. In this context, fluorination of the ligands may bring beneficial changes (physicochemical and biological) that can help to elude the aforementioned drawbacks. Thus, in this review, we discuss the use of fluorinated ligands in the design of metallodrugs that may exhibit potential anticancer activity.
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15
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Woods JJ, Spivey JA, Wilson JJ. A [1H,15N] Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence NMR Study of the Solution Reactivity of the Ruthenium‐Based Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Inhibitor Ru265. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Woods
- Cornell University Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
| | - Jesse A. Spivey
- Cornell University Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Cornell University Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology G50A Baker Laboratory 14853 Ithaca UNITED STATES
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16
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Rigamonti L, Reginato F, Ferrari E, Pigani L, Gigli L, Demitri N, Kopel P, Tesarova B, Heger Z. From solid state to in vitro anticancer activity of copper(II) compounds with electronically-modulated NNO Schiff base ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:14626-14639. [PMID: 33057512 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03038d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The copper(ii) complexes of general formula [Cu(GL)(Cl)] (1-3, G = OMe, H and NO2, respectively), bearing tridentate Schiff base ligands (GL-) and a chloride as a fourth labile one, are here reported. The Schiff bases derive from the monocondensation of ethylenediamine and substituted salicylaldehyde, where the electronic properties are modulated by the releasing or withdrawing power of the G group. The compounds were structurally characterized through single crystal Synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments in the solid state, revealing that 1 (OMe) and 2 (H) adopt a dimeric assembly [Cu(μ-Cl)(GL)]2 through apical interaction of the chloride ions of two monomeric units, while 3 embraces a 1D polymeric chain structure [Cu(μ-Cl)(NO2L)]n with a similar bridging fashion, all supported by extended intramolecular or intrachain hydrogen bonds. The redox properties of the complexes were also studied by cyclic voltammetry with no marked effect of the substituent on the potential of the CuII/CuI redox system. UV/Vis spectroscopic studies in mimicked physiological conditions highlighted the intactness and stability of the coordinated NNO tridentate ligand in 1-3 and the lability of the coordinated chloride ion with the formation of the aquo-complexes [Cu(GL)(H2O)]+ in aqueous solution, as confirmed by conductance measurements with a 1 : 1 electrolyte molar conductivity. In vitro tests on cell viability were conducted on malignant cell lines typical for their poor prognosis and curability, revealing time-dependent and differential cytotoxicity given by the substituent G. All compounds were capable of formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and DNA intercalation, acting as nuclease and producing double-strand DNA breaks. This is especially effective for 3 (NO2), which revealed the highest anticancer activity against malignant triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, with a two-to-four-fold cytotoxicity enhancement with respect to 1 (OMe) and 2 (H), and, most important, substantial differentiation of cytotoxicity with respect to healthy endothelial HUVEC cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rigamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesco Reginato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Erika Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Laura Pigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra Synchrotron Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 - Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra Synchrotron Trieste, Strada Statale 14 - km 163.5 - Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Tesarova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University, Zemedelska 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, CZ-612-00 Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Synthesis, crystal structure and ligand based catalytic activity of octahedral salen Schiff base Co(III) compounds. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Frei A, King AP, Lowe GJ, Cain AK, Short FL, Dinh H, Elliott AG, Zuegg J, Wilson JJ, Blaskovich MAT. Nontoxic Cobalt(III) Schiff Base Complexes with Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Activity. Chemistry 2021; 27:2021-2029. [PMID: 33231906 PMCID: PMC7855930 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to currently available antifungal drugs has quietly been on the rise but overshadowed by the alarming spread of antibacterial resistance. There is a striking lack of attention to the threat of drug-resistant fungal infections, with only a handful of new drugs currently in development. Given that metal complexes have proven to be useful new chemotypes in the fight against diseases such as cancer, malaria, and bacterial infections, it is reasonable to explore their possible utility in treating fungal infections. Herein we report a series of cobalt(III) Schiff base complexes with broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Some of these complexes show minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the low micro- to nanomolar range against a series of Candida and Cryptococcus yeasts. Additionally, we demonstrate that these compounds show no cytotoxicity against both bacterial and human cells. Finally, we report the first in vivo toxicity data on these compounds in Galleria mellonella, showing that doses as high as 266 mg kg-1 are tolerated without adverse effects, paving the way for further in vivo studies of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Centre for Superbug SolutionsInstitute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - A. Paden King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Gabrielle J. Lowe
- Centre for Superbug SolutionsInstitute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Amy K. Cain
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Francesca L. Short
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Hue Dinh
- Department of Molecular SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSW2109Australia
| | - Alysha G. Elliott
- Centre for Superbug SolutionsInstitute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre for Superbug SolutionsInstitute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug SolutionsInstitute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
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19
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Perontsis S, Geromichalou E, Perdih F, Hatzidimitriou AG, Geromichalos GD, Turel I, Psomas G. Synthesis, structural determination, in vitro and in silico biological evaluation of divalent or trivalent cobalt complexes with indomethacin. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 212:111213. [PMID: 32889129 PMCID: PMC7416082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of cobalt chloride with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (Hindo) led to the formation of the polymeric complex [Co(indo-O)2(H2O)2(μ-Cl)]n·n(MeOH·H2O) bearing one chlorido bridge between the cobalt atoms. The presence of the nitrogen-donor co-ligands 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), 2,2'-bipyridylamine (bipyam), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 1H-imidazole (Himi) resulted in the isolation of complexes [Co2(μ-indo-O,O')2(indo-O)2(bipy)2(μ-H2O)]·3.3MeOH, [Co(indo-O,O')2(bipyam)]·0.9MeOH·0.2H2O, [Co(indo-O,O')2(phen)] (4) and [Co(indo-O)2(Himi)2] (5), respectively, where the indomethacin ligands were coordinated in diverse manners. The study of the affinity of the complexes for calf-thymus DNA revealed their intercalation between the DNA-bases. The binding of the complexes to albumins was also examined and the corresponding binding constants and binding subdomain were determined. The free radical scavenging activity of the compounds was evaluated towards 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Molecular modeling calculations may usually provide a molecular basis for the understanding of both the impairment of DNA by its binding with the studied complexes and the ability of these compounds to transportation through serum albumin proteins. This study can provide information for the elucidation of the mechanism of action of the compounds in a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Perontsis
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Geromichalou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Franc Perdih
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antonios G Hatzidimitriou
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George D Geromichalos
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - George Psomas
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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20
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Frei A, Zuegg J, Elliott AG, Baker M, Braese S, Brown C, Chen F, G Dowson C, Dujardin G, Jung N, King AP, Mansour AM, Massi M, Moat J, Mohamed HA, Renfrew AK, Rutledge PJ, Sadler PJ, Todd MH, Willans CE, Wilson JJ, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Metal complexes as a promising source for new antibiotics. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2627-2639. [PMID: 32206266 PMCID: PMC7069370 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dire need for new antimicrobial compounds to combat the growing threat of widespread antibiotic resistance. With a currently very scarce drug pipeline, consisting mostly of derivatives of known antibiotics, new classes of antibiotics are urgently required. Metal complexes are currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer, malaria and neurodegenerative diseases. However, only little attention has been paid to their application as potential antimicrobial compounds. We report the evaluation of 906 metal-containing compounds that have been screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD) for antimicrobial activity. Metal-bearing compounds display a significantly higher hit-rate (9.9%) when compared to the purely organic molecules (0.87%) in the CO-ADD database. Out of 906 compounds, 88 show activity against at least one of the tested strains, including fungi, while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or haemolytic properties. Herein, we highlight the structures of the 30 compounds with activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria containing Mn, Co, Zn, Ru, Ag, Eu, Ir and Pt, with activities down to the nanomolar range against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). 23 of these complexes have not been reported for their antimicrobial properties before. This work reveals the vast diversity that metal-containing compounds can bring to antimicrobial research. It is important to raise awareness of these types of compounds for the design of truly novel antibiotics with potential for combatting antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Murray Baker
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Stirling Highway , 6009 Perth , Australia
| | - Stefan Braese
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Christopher Brown
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Pharmacology) , University of Sydney , Australia
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Christopher G Dowson
- Antimicrobial Screening Facility , School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Gilles Dujardin
- Institute of Molecules and Matter of Le Mans (IMMM) , UMR 6283 CNRS , Le Mans Université , France
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - A Paden King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA
| | - Ahmed M Mansour
- Chemistry Department , Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Egypt
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin Institute for Functional Materials and Interfaces , Curtin University , Kent Street , 6102 Bentley WA , Australia
| | - John Moat
- Antimicrobial Screening Facility , School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Heba A Mohamed
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Anna K Renfrew
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Peter J Rutledge
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Pharmacology) , University of Sydney , Australia
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
- School of Pharmacy , University College London , London , WC1N 1AX , UK
| | - Charlotte E Willans
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , NY 14853 , USA
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia . ;
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