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Audignon-Durand S, Gramond C, Ducamp S, Manangama G, Garrigou A, Delva F, Brochard P, Lacourt A. Development of a Job-Exposure Matrix for Ultrafine Particle Exposure: The MatPUF JEM. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:516-527. [PMID: 33637984 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are generated from common work processes and have thus existed for a long time. Far more prevalent than engineered nanoparticles, they share common toxicological characteristics with them. However, there is no existing retrospective assessment tool specific to UFPs, for example, for epidemiological purposes. Thus, we aimed to develop a job-exposure matrix dedicated to UFPs. METHOD Fifty-seven work processes were identified as well as the chemical composition of UFPs emitted, following a literature review and the input of an expert panel. These work processes were associated with occupational codes as defined by the ISCO 1968 classification. The probability and frequency of UFP exposure were assessed for each combination of occupational code and process. Summarized probabilities and frequencies were then calculated for all ISCO occupational codes associated with several processes. Variations in exposure over time or across industrial sectors were accounted for in the assessment of each occupational code. RESULTS In the ISCO classification, 52.8% of the occupational codes (n = 835) assessed were associated with exposure to UFPs, consisting mainly of carbonaceous, metallic, and mineral families (39.5%, 22 and, 15.8%, respectively). Among them, 42.6% involved very probable exposure, and at a high frequency (regularly or continuously). CONCLUSION These results suggest that occupational exposure to UFPs may be extensive at the workplace and could concern a wide variety of workers. Pending the integration of a third parameter assessing the intensity of UFP exposure, the MatPUF JEM already constitutes a promising and easy-to-use tool to study the possible adverse health effects of UFPs at work. It may also guide prevention policies in the occupational environments concerned, including those involving engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyne Audignon-Durand
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Service of Occupational Medicine and Occupational Pathology, 12 rue Dubernat, Talence, France
| | - Céline Gramond
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Ducamp
- Santé Publique France, Division of Environmental and Occupational health, 12 rue du Val d'Osne, Saint Maurice, France
| | - Guyguy Manangama
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Service of Occupational Medicine and Occupational Pathology, 12 rue Dubernat, Talence, France
| | - Alain Garrigou
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fleur Delva
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Service of Occupational Medicine and Occupational Pathology, 12 rue Dubernat, Talence, France
| | - Patrick Brochard
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Service of Occupational Medicine and Occupational Pathology, 12 rue Dubernat, Talence, France
| | - Aude Lacourt
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
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Pattammattel A, Leppert VJ, Aronstein P, Robinson M, Mousavi A, Sioutas C, Forman HJ, O’Day PA. Iron Speciation in Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) from Urban Los Angeles Using Spectro-microscopy Methods. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 245:117988. [PMID: 33223923 PMCID: PMC7673293 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The speciation, oxidation states, and relative abundance of iron (Fe) phases in PM2.5 samples from two locations in urban Los Angeles were investigated using a combination of bulk and spatially resolved, element-specific spectroscopy and microscopy methods. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of bulk samples in situ (i.e., without extraction or digestion) was used to quantify the relative fractions of major Fe phases, which were corroborated by spatially resolved spectro-microscopy measurements. Ferrihydrite (amorphous Fe(III)-hydroxide) comprised the largest Fe fraction (34-52%), with hematite (α-Fe2O3; 13-23%) and magnetite (Fe3O4; 10-24%) identified as major crystalline oxide components. An Fe-bearing phyllosilicate fraction (16-23%) was fit best with a reference spectrum of a natural illite/smectite mineral, and metallic Fe(0) was a relatively small (2-6%) but easily identified component. Sizes, morphologies, oxidation state, and trace element compositions of Fe-bearing PM from electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) revealed variable and heterogeneous mixtures of Fe species and phases, often associated with carbonaceous material with evidence of surface oxidation. Ferrihydrite (or related Fe(III) hydroxide phases) was ubiquitous in PM samples. It forms as an oxidation or surface alteration product of crystalline Fe phases, and also occurs as coatings or nanoparticles dispersed with other phases as a result of environmental dissolution and re-precipitation reactions. The prevalence of ferrihydrite (and adsorbed Fe(III) has likely been underestimated in studies of ambient PM because it is non-crystalline, non-magnetic, more soluble than crystalline phases, and found in complex mixtures. Review of potential sources of different particle types suggests that the majority of Fe-bearing PM from these urban sites originates from anthropogenic activities, primarily abrasion products from vehicle braking systems and engine emissions from combustion and/or wear. These variable mixtures have a high probability for electron transfer reactions between Fe, redox-active metals such as copper, and reactive carbon species such as quinones. Our findings suggest the need to assess biological responses of specific Fe-bearing phases both individually and in combination to unravel mechanisms of adverse health effects of particulate Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Pattammattel
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
| | | | - Paul Aronstein
- Environmental Systems Program, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
| | - Matthew Robinson
- School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peggy A. O’Day
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute and School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
- Environmental Systems Program, University of California, Merced, 95343, USA
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