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Garratt D, Matthews M, Marangos J. Toward ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of organic photovoltaic devices. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:010901. [PMID: 38250136 PMCID: PMC10799687 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Novel ultrafast x-ray sources based on high harmonic generation and at x-ray free electron lasers are opening up new opportunities to resolve complex ultrafast processes in condensed phase systems with exceptional temporal resolution and atomic site specificity. In this perspective, we present techniques for resolving charge localization, transfer, and separation processes in organic semiconductors and organic photovoltaic devices with time-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy. We review recent results in ultrafast soft x-ray spectroscopy of these systems and discuss routes to overcome the technical challenges in performing time-resolved x-ray experiments on photosensitive materials with poor thermal conductivity and low pump intensity thresholds for nonlinear effects.
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Borchert M, Braenzel J, Gnewkow R, Lunin L, Sidiropoulos T, Tümmler J, Will I, Noll T, Reichel O, Rohloff D, Erko A, Krist T, von Korff Schmising C, Pfau B, Eisebitt S, Stiel H, Schick D. Versatile tabletop setup for picosecond time-resolved resonant soft-x-ray scattering and spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:063102. [PMID: 37862537 DOI: 10.1063/5.0151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a laser-driven, bright, and broadband (50 to 1500 eV) soft-x-ray plasma source with <10 ps pulse duration. This source is employed in two complementary, laboratory-scale beamlines for time-resolved, magnetic resonant scattering and spectroscopy, as well as near-edge x-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. In both beamlines, dedicated reflection zone plates (RZPs) are used as single optical elements to capture, disperse, and focus the soft x rays, reaching resolving powers up to E/ΔE > 1000, with hybrid RZPs at the NEXAFS beamline retaining a consistent E/ΔE > 500 throughout the full spectral range, allowing for time-efficient data acquisition. We demonstrate the versatility and performance of our setup by a selection of soft-x-ray spectroscopy and scattering experiments, which so far have not been possible on a laboratory scale. Excellent data quality, combined with experimental flexibility, renders our approach a true alternative to large-scale facilities, such as synchrotron-radiation sources and free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Borchert
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Braenzel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Gnewkow
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX), 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonid Lunin
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Tümmler
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Will
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Noll
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Reichel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Rohloff
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Krist
- NOB Nano Optics Berlin GmbH, 10627 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Bastian Pfau
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Stiel
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX), 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schick
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Rossi TC, Dykstra CP, Haddock TN, Wallick R, Burke JH, Gentle CM, Doumy G, March AM, van der Veen RM. Charge Carrier Screening in Photoexcited Epitaxial Semiconductor Nanorods Revealed by Transient X-ray Absorption Linear Dichroism. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9534-9542. [PMID: 34767364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the electronic structure and dynamics of semiconducting nanomaterials at the atomic level is crucial for the realization and optimization of devices in solar energy, catalysis, and optoelectronic applications. We report here on the use of ultrafast X-ray linear dichroism spectroscopy to monitor the carrier dynamics in epitaxial ZnO nanorods after band gap photoexcitation. By rigorously subtracting out thermal contributions and conducting ab initio calculations, we reveal an overall depletion of absorption cross sections in the transient X-ray spectra caused by photogenerated charge carriers screening the core-hole potential of the X-ray absorbing atom. At low laser excitation densities, we observe phase-space filling by excited electrons and holes separately. These results pave the way for carrier- and element-specific probing of charge transfer dynamics across heterostructured interfaces with ultrafast table-top and fourth-generation X-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Conner P Dykstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tyler N Haddock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rachel Wallick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John H Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cecilia M Gentle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Anne Marie March
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Renske M van der Veen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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Kao LC, Ha Y, Chang WJ, Feng X, Ye Y, Chen JL, Pao CW, Yang F, Zhu C, Yang W, Guo J, Liou SYH. Trace Key Mechanistic Features of the Arsenite Sequestration Reaction with Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16538-16548. [PMID: 34524811 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) is considered as a highly efficient material for sequestrating arsenite, but the origin of its high efficacy as well as the chemical transformations of arsenite during reaction is not well understood. Here, we report an in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study to investigate the complex mechanism of nZVI reaction with arsenite under anaerobic conditions at the time scale from seconds to days. The time-resolved XAS analysis revealed a gradual oxidation of AsIII to AsV in the course of minutes to hours in both the solid and liquid phase for the high (above 0.5 g/L) nZVI dose system. When the reaction time increased up to 60 days, AsV became the dominant species. The quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure (QEAXFS) was introduced to discover the transient intermediate at the highly reactive stage, and a small red-shift in As K-edge absorption edge was observed. The QEAXFS combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculation suggested that the red-shift is likely due to the electron donation in a Fe-O-As complex and possible active sites of As sequestrations include Fe(OH)4 and 4-Fe cluster. This is the first time that the transient reaction intermediate was identified in the As-nZVI sequestration system at the fast-reacting early stage. This study also demonstrated usefulness of in situ monitoring techniques in environmental water research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng Kao
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yang Ha
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wan-Jou Chang
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yifan Ye
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jeng-Lung Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Pao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Catherine Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology: Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Sofia Ya Hsuan Liou
- Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Research Center for Future Earth, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Ahmed M, Kostko O. From atoms to aerosols: probing clusters and nanoparticles with synchrotron based mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2713-2737. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation provides insight into spectroscopy and dynamics in clusters and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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