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Ren C, Jin J, Zhang Y, Jin Q, Wang X. Triacylglycerol fingerprint of sow milks during different lactation stages and from different breeds. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-10. [PMID: 36128794 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029922000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sow milk fats not only provide energy but also essential nutrients for piglets. Thus, feeding strategies must be aligned with fat composition, especially triacylglycerols (TAGs) and their isomers. The triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of sow milk fats from five typical breeds (Landrace × Large White, Landrace, Large White, Duroc, Pietrain) and two lactation stages (colostrum and milk) were systematically studied. A total of 45 major TAG species were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The most abundant TAG was oleic acid-palmitic acid-linoleic acid (O-P-L) (13.92% and 12.03% in colostrum and milk, respectively), which was not significantly different in colostrum among all breeds. TAG composition of sow milk was affected mainly by the lactation stage rather than sow breed. Furthermore, TAG compositions of sow milk fats were similar to those of human milk fats, but significant differences were observed between commercial piglet formulas and sow milk. Therefore, the results will contribute to the optimization of piglet formulas to improve the growth and wellness of piglets, as well as potentially providing a basis for food usage as a new source of nutrients for human infants in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuirong Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- HuaNong Lipid Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd in Shandong Province, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Phospholipid profiling, cholesterol, and tocopherols: Comparison of sow milk fats from two lactation stages and five breeds. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yang L, Guo Z, Yu M, Cai X, Mao Y, Tian F, Xu W, Liu G, Li X, Zhao Y, Xie L. Profile of Nucleotides in Chinese Mature Breast Milk from Six Regions. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071418. [PMID: 35406031 PMCID: PMC9003106 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study measured the total potentially available nucleoside (TPAN) content in breast milk from six different regions of China as a part of the Maternal Nutrition and Infant Investigation (MUAI) study. A total of 631 breast milk samples were collected from healthy, lactating women with singleton, full-term pregnancies between 40 and 45 days postpartum in Changchun, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou. TPAN and free 5′-monophosphate nucleotide (5′-MNT) contents were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The TPAN content of the Chinese mature milk ranged from 11.61 mg/L to 111.09 mg/L, with a median level of 43.26 mg/L. Four types of nucleotides were identified, and the median levels of cytidine monophosphate (CMP), uridine monophosphate (UMP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were 22.84 mg/L, 9.37 mg/L, 4.86 mg/L, and 4.80 mg/L, respectively. CMP was the predominant nucleotide, accounting for 52.9% of the TPAN content, while free 5′-MNT accounted for 18.38% of the TPAN content. The distribution pattern of the TPAN content and level of the individual nucleotides were significantly different among the selected regions (p < 0.05), but the result showed no significant differences in the TPAN level in breast milk (p > 0.05). In addition, no correlation was reported between the geographic distribution and TPAN levels. This result showed that TPAN better reflects the level of total potential nucleosides in Chinese breast milk rather than 5′-MNT in free form. CMP, UMP, GMP, and AMP are the only 4 types of nucleotides reported in all detections. In addition, results revealed a large variation of TPAN levels in Chinese breast milk across six regions, so that the median value may not be the optimal fortification level of TPAN for Chinese infant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutong Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (L.Y.); (M.Y.); (W.X.); (G.L.)
| | - Zhiheng Guo
- Department of Obstetrics, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (L.Y.); (M.Y.); (W.X.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiaokun Cai
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development (R&D) Centre, Shanghai 200233, China; (X.C.); (Y.M.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Yingyi Mao
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development (R&D) Centre, Shanghai 200233, China; (X.C.); (Y.M.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Fang Tian
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development (R&D) Centre, Shanghai 200233, China; (X.C.); (Y.M.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Wenhui Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (L.Y.); (M.Y.); (W.X.); (G.L.)
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (L.Y.); (M.Y.); (W.X.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development (R&D) Centre, Shanghai 200233, China; (X.C.); (Y.M.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Yanrong Zhao
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development (R&D) Centre, Shanghai 200233, China; (X.C.); (Y.M.); (F.T.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-021-2082-2472 (Y.Z.); +86-0431-8561-9455 (L.X.)
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (L.Y.); (M.Y.); (W.X.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-021-2082-2472 (Y.Z.); +86-0431-8561-9455 (L.X.)
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Yu J, Wei W, Wang F, Yu R, Jin Q, Wang X. Evaluation of total, sn-2 fatty acid, and triacylglycerol composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study of preterm and term formulas. Food Chem 2022; 384:132477. [PMID: 35219236 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants with physiological immaturity require higher lipid provision than term infants. This study compared the lipid composition, including total, sn-2 fatty acid, and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions in 14 preterm formulas and 25 term formulas in the Chinese market, in 2020-2021. Preterm formula had higher medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) and comparable C22:6n-3 (DHA) contents than term formula. Notably, significantly lower C16:0 and C18:0 (p < 0.001) were distributed on the sn-2 position in preterm formula. Two hundred and thirteen kinds of TAG molecular species were identified using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. In preterm formula, significantly higher Ca-Ca-Cy and Ca-Ca-Ca (p < 0.001) existed. These clear distinctions showed the challenge of the progress in preterm formula, such as DHA status, MCFA pattern, and TAG esterified with palmitic acid on the sn-2 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Wei
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fangmin Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Renqiang Yu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214002, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Ni M, Wang Y, Wu R, Zhang L, Xu X, Yang Y, Chen J. Total and Sn-2 Fatty Acid Profile in Human Colostrum and Mature Breast Milk of Women Living in Inland and Coastal Areas of China. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021; 77:29-37. [PMID: 33730729 DOI: 10.1159/000510379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although lipid is the major energy source and exerts beneficial effects on infant growth, research on the composition of fatty acid (FA) at the sn-2 position of human milk (HM) in China and abroad is limited. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the FA positional distribution in colostrum and mature HM of women living in the inland and coastal areas of China and explore the potential influences of geographical region and lactation stage on the FA profile of Chinese women. METHODS Colostrum milk (n = 61) and mature milk (n = 56) samples were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Guangzhou and Chengdu, China. Gas chromatography was used to determine the total and sn-2 FA composition. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in the FA profile of HM between different regions and lactation stages, with differences in polyunsaturated FA levels being the most pronounced. Nearly 70% of sn-2 FAs were saturated FAs, of which C16:0 accounted for approximately 75%. C8:0, C10:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, and all of the unsaturated FAs were mainly located at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, while C14:0, C15:0, and C16:0 were mainly at the sn-2 position. The proportion of C12:0 and C17:0 at sn-2 was approximately equivalent to that at the sn-1, 3 positions. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the variability in the FA profile of HM between regions and lactation stages. The contents of polyunsaturated FAs and sn-2 FAs, especially palmitic acid, should be paid more attention when optimizing infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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