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Xu S, Xiong Y, Fu B, Guo D, Sha Z, Lin X, Wu H. Bacteria and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1115556. [PMID: 36825088 PMCID: PMC9941202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and microbial infections are significant worldwide health challenges. Numerous studies have demonstrated that bacteria may contribute to the emergence of cancer. In this review, we assemble bacterial species discovered in various cancers to describe their variety and specificity. The relationship between bacteria and macrophages in cancer is also highlighted, and we look for ample proof to establish a biological basis for bacterial-induced macrophage polarization. Finally, we quickly go over the potential roles of metabolites, cytokines, and microRNAs in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment by bacterially activated macrophages. The complexity of bacteria and macrophages in cancer will be revealed as we gain a better understanding of their pathogenic mechanisms, which will lead to new therapeutic approaches for both inflammatory illnesses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beibei Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Kuang H, Dou G, Cheng L, Wang X, Xu H, Liu X, Ding F, Yang X, Liu S, Bao L, Liu H, Liu Y, Li B, Jin Y, Liu S. Humoral regulation of iron metabolism by extracellular vesicles drives antibacterial response. Nat Metab 2023; 5:111-128. [PMID: 36658400 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Immediate restriction of iron initiated by the host is a critical process to protect against bacterial infections and has been described in the liver and spleen, but it remains unclear whether this response also entails a humoral mechanism that would enable systemic sequestering of iron upon infection. Here we show that upon bacterial invasion, host macrophages immediately release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that capture circulating iron-containing proteins. Mechanistically, in a sepsis model in female mice, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in macrophages and activates inositol-requiring enzyme 1α signaling, triggering lysosomal dysfunction and thereby promoting the release of EVs, which bear multiple receptors required for iron uptake. By binding to circulating iron-containing proteins, these EVs prevent bacteria from iron acquisition, which inhibits their growth and ultimately protects against infection and related tissue damage. Our findings reveal a humoral mechanism that can promptly regulate systemic iron metabolism during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Geng Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Linfeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Haokun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Feng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lili Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Bei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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Oliveira F, Lima T, Correia A, Silva AM, Soares C, Morais S, Weißelberg S, Vilanova M, Rohde H, Cerca N. Involvement of the Iron-Regulated Loci hts and fhuC in Biofilm Formation and Survival of Staphylococcus epidermidis within the Host. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0216821. [PMID: 35019768 PMCID: PMC8754135 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02168-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major nosocomial pathogen with a remarkable ability to persist on indwelling medical devices through biofilm formation. Nevertheless, it remains intriguing how this process is efficiently achieved under the host's harsh conditions, where the availability of nutrients, such as essential metals, is scarce. Following our previous identification of two iron-regulated loci putatively involved in iron transport, hts and fhuC, we assessed here their individual contribution to both bacterial physiology and interaction with host immune cells. Single deletions of the hts and fhuC loci led to marked changes in the cell iron content, which were partly detrimental for planktonic growth and strongly affected biofilm formation under iron-restricted conditions. Deletion of each of these two loci did not lead to major changes in S. epidermidis survival within human macrophages or in an ex vivo human blood model of bloodstream infection. However, the lack of either hts or fhuC loci significantly impaired bacterial survival in vivo in a murine model of bacteremia. Collectively, this study establishes, for the first time, the pivotal role of the iron-regulated loci hts and fhuC in S. epidermidis biofilm formation and survival within the host, providing relevant information for the development of new targeted therapeutics against this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens and a major cause of central line-associated bloodstream infections. Once in the bloodstream, this bacterium must surpass severe iron restriction in order to survive and establish infection. Surprisingly, very little is known about the iron acquisition mechanisms in this species. This study represents the first report on the involvement of the S. epidermidis iron-regulated loci hts and fhuC in biofilm formation under host relevant conditions and, most importantly, in survival within the host. Ultimately, these findings highlight iron acquisition and these loci in particular, as potential targets for future therapeutic strategies against biofilm-associated S. epidermidis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Oliveira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO – Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Lima
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Silva
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Soares
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Samira Weißelberg
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO – Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Wang Q, Li S, Tang X, Liang L, Wang F, Du H. Lipocalin 2 Protects Against Escherichia coli Infection by Modulating Neutrophil and Macrophage Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2594. [PMID: 31781104 PMCID: PMC6857527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an essential component of the antimicrobial innate immune system. It attenuates bacterial growth by binding and sequestering the iron-scavenging siderophores to prevent bacterial iron acquisition. Whereas, the ability of Lcn2 to sequester iron is well-described, the role of Lcn2 in regulating immune cells during bacterial infection remains unclear. In this study, we showed that upon infection with Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2 -/-) mice carried more bacteria in blood and liver, and the acute-phase sera lost their antibacterial activity in vitro. Neutrophils from Lcn2 -/- mice were defective in homeostasis and morphological development. E. coli O157:H7 infection of Lcn2 -/- mice resulted in a reduced neutrophil migration capacity, with 30% reduction of extravasated neutrophils, and impaired chemotaxis, as shown by a reduction in the secretion of chemoattractants, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, which are instrumental in eliciting a neutrophil response. We also found that some secreted cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α] were decreased. Transcripts of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10), chemokines (MIP-2 and MCP-1), and iNOS production were all strongly repressed in Lcn2 -/- macrophages. Furthermore, Lcn2 could induce the production of chemokines and promote the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages. Thus, Lcn2 deficiency could impair the migration and chemotaxis ability of neutrophils and disturb the normal secretion of inflammatory cytokines of macrophages. Therefore, the heightened sensitivity of Lcn2 -/- mice to E. coli O157:H7 is not only due to the antibacterial function of Lcn2 but also a consequence of impaired functions of immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Li
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueyou Tang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Du
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Hunsaker EW, Franz KJ. Emerging Opportunities To Manipulate Metal Trafficking for Therapeutic Benefit. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13528-13545. [PMID: 31247859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The indispensable requirement for metals in life processes has led to the evolution of sophisticated mechanisms that allow organisms to maintain dynamic equilibria of these ions. This dynamic control of the level, speciation, and availability of a variety of metal ions allows organisms to sustain biological processes while avoiding toxicity. When functioning properly, these mechanisms allow cells to return to their metal homeostatic set points following shifts in the metal availability or other stressors. These periods of transition, when cells are in a state of flux in which they work to regain homeostasis, present windows of opportunity to pharmacologically manipulate targets associated with metal-trafficking pathways in ways that could either facilitate a return to homeostasis and the recovery of cellular function or further push cells outside of homeostasis and into cellular distress. The purpose of this Viewpoint is to highlight emerging opportunities for chemists and chemical biologists to develop compounds to manipulate metal-trafficking processes for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Hunsaker
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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