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Vásquez B, Bayas M, Dreyse P, Palma JL, Cabrera AR, Rossin E, Natali M, Saldias C, González-Pavez I. Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium(III) Complexes with Substituted Phenylimidazo(4,5- f)1,10-phenanthroline Ancillary Ligands and Their Application in LEC Devices. Molecules 2023; 29:53. [PMID: 38202636 PMCID: PMC10779995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of six new iridium(III) complexes of the type [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ using 2-phenylpyridine (C1-3) and its fluorinated derivative (C4-6) as cyclometalating ligands (C^N) and R-phenylimidazo(4,5-f)1,10-phenanthroline (R = H, CH3, F) as the ancillary ligand (N^N). These luminescent complexes have been fully characterized through optical and electrochemical studies. In solution, the C4-6 series exhibits quantum yields (Ф) twice as high as the C1-3 series, exceeding 60% in dichloromethane and where 3MLCT/3LLCT and 3LC emissions participate in the phenomenon. These complexes were employed in the active layer of light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). Device performance of maximum luminance values of up to 21.7 Lx at 14.7 V were observed for the C2 complex and long lifetimes for the C1-3 series. These values are counterintuitive to the quantum yields observed in solution. Thus, we established that the rigidity of the system and the structure of the solid matrix dramatically affect the electronic properties of the complex. This research contributes to understanding the effects of the modifications in the ancillary and cyclometalating ligands, the photophysics of the complexes, and their performance in LEC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Vásquez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile;
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Max Bayas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile (A.R.C.)
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Juan Luis Palma
- Engineering School, Universidad Central de Chile, Santa Isabel 1186, Santiago 8330601, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Alan R. Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile (A.R.C.)
| | - Elena Rossin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (M.N.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (M.N.)
| | - Cesar Saldias
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile;
| | - Iván González-Pavez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
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Moreno-da Costa D, Zúñiga-Loyola C, Droghetti F, Robles S, Villegas-Menares A, Villegas-Escobar N, Gonzalez-Pavez I, Molins E, Natali M, Cabrera AR. Air- and Water-Stable Heteroleptic Copper (I) Complexes Bearing Bis(indazol-1-yl)methane Ligands: Synthesis, Characterisation, and Computational Studies. Molecules 2023; 29:47. [PMID: 38202630 PMCID: PMC10780253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of four novel heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes, bearing bis(1H-indazol-1-yl)methane analogues as N,N ligands and DPEPhos as the P,P ligand, were synthesised in high yields under mild conditions and characterised by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. In addition, the position of the carboxymethyl substituent in the complexes and its effect on the electrochemical and photophysical behaviour was evaluated. As expected, the homoleptic copper (I) complexes with the N,N ligands showed air instability. In contrast, the obtained heteroleptic complexes were air- and water-stable in solid and solution. All complexes displayed green-yellow luminescence in CH2Cl2 at room temperature due to ligand-centred (LC) phosphorescence in the case of the Cu(I) complex with an unsubstituted N,N ligand and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) phosphorescence for the carboxymethyl-substituted complexes. Interestingly, proper substitution of the bis(1H-indazol-1-yl)methane ligand enabled the achievement of a remarkable luminescent yield (2.5%) in solution, showcasing the great potential of this novel class of copper(I) complexes for potential applications in luminescent devices and/or photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno-da Costa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - César Zúñiga-Loyola
- Departamento de Química de Los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Sucursal Matucana, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (C.Z.-L.); (S.R.)
| | - Federico Droghetti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Stephania Robles
- Departamento de Química de Los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Sucursal Matucana, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (C.Z.-L.); (S.R.)
| | - Alondra Villegas-Menares
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Nery Villegas-Escobar
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Edmundo Larenas 129, Concepción 4070371, Chile;
| | - Ivan Gonzalez-Pavez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Elies Molins
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Alan R. Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
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Theoretical Approach for the Luminescent Properties of Ir(III) Complexes to Produce Red-Green-Blue LEC Devices. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092623. [PMID: 35565982 PMCID: PMC9104581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With an appropriate mixture of cyclometalating and ancillary ligands, based on simple structures (commercial or easily synthesized), it has been possible to design a family of eight new Ir(III) complexes (1A, 1B, 2B, 2C, 3B, 3C, 3D and 3E) useful as luminescent materials in LEC devices. These complexes involved the use of phenylpyridines or fluorophenylpyridines as cyclometalating ligands and bipyridine or phenanthroline-type structures as ancillary ligands. The emitting properties have been evaluated from a theoretical approach through Density Functional Theory and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory calculations, determining geometric parameters, frontier orbital energies, absorption and emission energies, injection and transport parameters of holes and electrons, and parameters associated with the radiative and non-radiative decays. With these complexes it was possible to obtain a wide range of emission colours, from deep red to blue (701-440 nm). Considering all the calculated parameters between all the complexes, it was identified that 1B was the best red, 2B was the best green, and 3D was the best blue emitter. Thus, with the mixture of these complexes, a dual host-guest system with 3D-1B and an RGB (red-green-blue) system with 3D-2B-1B are proposed, to produce white LECs.
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González IA, Palavecino A, Núñez C, Dreyse P, Melo-González F, Bueno SM, Palavecino CE. Effective Treatment against ESBL-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae through Synergism of the Photodynamic Activity of Re (I) Compounds with Beta-Lactams. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1889. [PMID: 34834303 PMCID: PMC8621492 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase (KPC+) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae are multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) with the highest risk to human health. The significant reduction of new antibiotics development can be overcome by complementing with alternative therapies, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDI). Through photosensitizer (PS) compounds, aPDI produces local oxidative stress-activated by light (photooxidative stress), nonspecifically killing bacteria. METHODOLOGY Bimetallic Re(I)-based compounds, PSRe-µL1 and PSRe-µL2, were tested in aPDI and compared with a Ru(II)-based PS positive control. The ability of PSRe-µL1 and PSRe-µL2 to inhibit K. pneumoniae was evaluated under a photon flux of 17 µW/cm2. In addition, an improved aPDI effect with imipenem on KPC+ bacteria and a synergistic effect with cefotaxime on ESBL producers of a collection of 118 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae was determined. Furthermore, trypan blue exclusion assays determined the PS cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. RESULTS At a minimum dose of 4 µg/mL, both the PSRe-µL1 and PSRe-µL2 significantly inhibited in 3log10 (>99.9%) the bacterial growth and showed a lethality of 60 and 30 min of light exposure, respectively. Furthermore, they were active on clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae at 3-6 log10. Additionally, a remarkably increased effectiveness of aPDI was observed over KPC+ bacteria when mixed with imipenem, and a synergistic effect from 3 to 6log10 over ESBL producers of K. pneumoniae clinic isolates when mixed with cefotaxime was determined for both PSs. Furthermore, the compounds show no dark toxicity and low light-dependent toxicity in vitro to mammalian HEp-2 and HEK293 cells. CONCLUSION Compounds PSRe-µL1 and PSRe-µL2 produce an effective and synergistic aPDI effect on KPC+, ESBL, and clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae and have low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván A. González
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Annegrett Palavecino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile; (A.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Constanza Núñez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile; (A.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
| | - Felipe Melo-González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (F.M.-G.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (F.M.-G.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Christian Erick Palavecino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Santiago 8330546, Chile; (A.P.); (C.N.)
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Escobar MA, Morales‐Verdejo C, Arroyo JL, Dreyse P, González I, Brito I, MacLeod‐Carey D, Moreno da Costa D, Cabrera AR. Burning Rate Performance Study of Ammonium Perchlorate Catalyzed by Heteroleptic Copper(I) Complexes with Pyrazino[2,3‐
f
][1,10]phenanthroline‐Based Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Escobar
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Química y de Farmacia Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - Cesar Morales‐Verdejo
- Universidad Bernardo OHiggins Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA) General Gana 1702 Santiago Chile
| | - Juan Luis Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Materiales Energéticos Instituto de Investigaciones y Control del Ejército de Chile, IDIC Av. Pedro Montt 2136 Santiago Chile
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María Av. España 1680 Valparaíso Chile
| | - Iván González
- Laboratorio de Química Aplicada Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Central de Chile Lord Cochrane 418 Santiago Chile
| | - Iván Brito
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Universidad de Antofagasta Av. Angamos 601 Antofagasta Chile
| | - Desmond MacLeod‐Carey
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile Facultad de Ingeniería Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas Inorganic Chemistry and Molecular Materials Center El Llano Subercaseaux 2801 San Miguel Santiago Chile
| | - David Moreno da Costa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Química y de Farmacia Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago Chile
| | - Alan R. Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Química y de Farmacia Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Macul Santiago Chile
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Effective Photodynamic Therapy with Ir(III) for Virulent Clinical Isolates of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050603. [PMID: 33922077 PMCID: PMC8143563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of health-associated infections (HAIs), whose antibiotic treatments have been severely reduced. Moreover, HAI bacteria may harbor pathogenic factors such as siderophores, enzymes, or capsules, which increase the virulence of these strains. Thus, new therapies, such as antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI), are needed. Method: A collection of 118 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae was characterized by susceptibility and virulence through the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amikacin (Amk), cefotaxime (Cfx), ceftazidime (Cfz), imipenem (Imp), meropenem (Mer), and piperacillin–tazobactam (Pip–Taz); and, by PCR, the frequency of the virulence genes K2, magA, rmpA, entB, ybtS, and allS. Susceptibility to innate immunity, such as human serum, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear cells, was tested. All the strains were tested for sensitivity to the photosensitizer PSIR-3 (4 µg/mL) in a 17 µW/cm2 for 30 min aPDI. Results: A significantly higher frequency of virulence genes in ESBL than non-ESBL bacteria was observed. The isolates of the genotype K2+, ybtS+, and allS+ display enhanced virulence, since they showed higher resistance to human serum, as well as to phagocytosis. All strains are susceptible to the aPDI with PSIR-3 decreasing viability in 3log10. The combined treatment with Cfx improved the aPDI to 6log10 for the ESBL strains. The combined treatment is synergistic, as it showed a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index value of 0.15. Conclusions: The aPDI effectively inhibits clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae, including the riskier strains of ESBL-producing bacteria and the K2+, ybtS+, and allS+ genotype. The aPDI with PSIR-3 is synergistic with Cfx.
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Bustamante V, González IA, Dreyse P, Palavecino CE. The mode of action of the PSIR-3 photosensitizer in the photodynamic inactivation of Klebsiella pneumoniae is by the production of type II ROS which activate RpoE-regulated extracytoplasmic factors. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102020. [PMID: 32977066 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to increased bacterial multi-drug resistance (MDR), there is an antibiotic depletion to treat infectious diseases. Consequently, other promising options have emerged, such as the antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation therapy (aPDI) based on photosensitizer (PS) compounds to produce light-activated local oxidative stress (photooxidative stress). However, there are scarce studies regarding the mode of action of PS compounds to induce photooxidative stress on pathogenic γ-proteobacteria such as MDR-Klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODOLOGY The mode of action exerted by the cationic Ir(III)-based PS (PSIR-3) to inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae was analyzed. RT-qPCR determined the transcriptional response induced by PSIR-3 on bacteria treated with aPDI. The expression levels of genes associated with a bacterial oxidative response, such as oxyR and sodA, and the extracytoplasmic, regulators rpoE and hfq were determined. Also, were determined the transcriptional response of the extracytoplasmic factors mrkD, acrB, magA, and rmpA. RESULTS At 17 μW/cm2 photon flux and 4 μg/mL of the PSIR-3 compound, the K. pneumoniae growth was inhibited in 3 log10. Compared with untreated bacteria, the transcriptional response induced by PSIR-3 occurs via the extracytoplasmic sigma factor rpoE and hfq. In contrast, no participation in the oxyR pathway or induction of the sodA gene was observed. This response was accompanied by the upregulation of the extracytoplasmic virulence factors mrkD, magA, and rmpA. CONCLUSIONS PDI aPDI produced by PSIR-3 kills K. pneumoniae and may induce damage to the bacterial envelope. The bacterium tries to avoid this injury by activation of extracytoplasmic factors mediated through the rpoE regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Post Cod: 8330546, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Iván A González
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Chile.
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 2390123, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Christian Erick Palavecino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Lord Cochrane 418, Post Cod: 8330546, Santiago, Chile.
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Valenzuela-Valderrama M, Carrasco-Véliz N, González IA, Dreyse P, Palavecino CE. Synergistic effect of combined imipenem and photodynamic treatment with the cationic Ir(III) complexes to polypyridine ligand on carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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González I, Gómez J, Santander-Nelli M, Natali M, Cortés-Arriagada D, Dreyse P. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of novel Ir(III) complexes with a dipyridophenazine analogue (ppdh) as ancillary ligand. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Photodynamic treatment with cationic Ir(III) complexes induces a synergistic antimicrobial effect with imipenem over carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Volpe A, Natali M, Graiff C, Sartorel A, Tubaro C, Bonchio M. Novel iridium complexes with N-heterocyclic dicarbene ligands in light-driven water oxidation catalysis: photon management, ligand effect and catalyst evolution. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2696-2705. [PMID: 32049077 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iridium complexes [IrClCp*diNHC]PF6, with N-heterocyclic dicarbene (diNHC) and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) ligands, have been investigated in light driven water oxidation catalysis within the Ru(bpy)32+/S2O82- cycle (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). In particular, the effect of different diNHC ligands was evaluated by employing the complex 1a (diNHC = 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3'-ethylenediimidazol-2,2'-diylidene) and the novel and structurally characterised 2 (diNHC = 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3'-ethylene-5,5'-dibromodiimidazol-2,2'-diylidene) and 3 (diNHC = 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3'-ethylene-dibenzimidazol-2,2'-diylidene). The presented results include: (i) a photon management analysis of the 1a/Ru(bpy)32+/S2O82- system, revealing two regimes of O2 evolution rate, being dependent on the light intensity at low photon flux, where the system reaches an overall quantum yield up to 0.17 ± 0.01 (quantum efficiency 34 ± 2%), while being independent of light intensity at high photon flux thus indicating a change of limiting step; (ii) a trend of O2 evolution activity that follows the order 1a > 2 > 3 both under low and high photon flux conditions, with the reactivity that is favoured by the electron donating nature of the diNHC ligand, quantified on the basis of the carbene carbon chemical shift; (iii) an analogous trend also in the bimolecular rate constants of electron transfer kET from the iridium species to photogenerated Ru(bpy)33+, with kET values in the range 4.2-6.1 × 104 M-1 s-1, thus implying a significant reorganisation energy to the iridium sphere; (iv) the evolution of 1a, as the most active Ir species in the series, to mononuclear iridium species with lower molecular weight and originating from oxidative transformation of the organic ligand scaffold, as proven by converging UV-Vis, MALDI-MS and 1H-NMR evidences. These results can be used for the further design and engineering of novel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Volpe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM), sez. Di Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Cristina Tubaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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González IA, Henríquez MA, Cortés-Arriagada D, Natali M, Daniliuc CG, Dreyse P, Maze J, Rojas RS, Salas CO, Cabrera AR. Heteroleptic Cu(i) complexes bearing methoxycarbonyl-imidoylindazole and POP ligands – an experimental and theoretical study of their photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00699g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substitutions in the ligand play a key role in the photophysical properties of new Cu(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván A. González
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
- Universidad Central de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Marco A. Henríquez
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación
- Desarrollo e Innovación
- Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara, and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM)
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - Jerónimo Maze
- Facultad de Fisca
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - René S. Rojas
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Cristian O. Salas
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Alan R. Cabrera
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas
| |
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