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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Yıldız Gül E, Aydin Karataş E, Aydin Doğan H, Yenilmez Çiftçi G, Tanrıverdi Eçik E. BODIPY precursors and their cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives: Synthesis, photochemical properties and their application in PDT. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 311:124006. [PMID: 38350411 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment method consisting of common combination of oxygen, light energy and a light absorbing molecule called a photosensitizer. In this work, four new compounds consisting of BODIPY precursors and BODIPY-cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were synthesized to investigate the PDT effects. The chemical structures of the compounds were characterized and then their photophysical properties were determined by spectroscopic techniques. The precursor BODIPYs and their cyclotriphosphazene derivatives exhibited similar properties such as strong absorption intensity, high photostability and low fluorescence profile in the NIR region. Additionally, the singlet oxygen production capacities of these compounds were determined using the photobleaching technique of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) under light illumination. By introducing iodine atoms into the molecule, which are responsible for the intersystem transition (ISC) enhancement, a more efficient singlet oxygen production was achieved in both the iodinated-BODIPY and its cyclotriphosphazene derivative. Anticancer activities of the precursor BODIPYs and their cyclotriphosphazene derivatives in the absence and presence of light illumination were evaluated on cancerous cell lines (PC3 and DU145) and non-tumorigenic prostate epithelial PNT1a cell. The compounds triggered the death of cancer cell PC3 the more significantly in the presence of red light compared to the healthy cells (PNT1a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yıldız Gül
- Department of Chemistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydin Karataş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey; High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aydin Doğan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey; High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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3
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Avagyan NA, Lemport PS, Roznyatovsky VA, Evsiunina MV, Matveev PI, Gerasimov MA, Lyssenko KA, Goncharenko VE, Khrustalev VN, Dorovatovskii PV, Tarasevich BN, Yakushev AA, Averin AD, Gloriozov IP, Petrov VG, Ustynyuk YA, Nenajdenko VG. 4-Oxo-7-fluoro-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-diamides: Synthesis, Structural Features, Lanthanide Complexes, and Am(III)/Ln(III) Solvent Extraction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17721-17735. [PMID: 37847197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient synthetic approach was developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-diamides with two different substituents in the fourth and seventh positions of the phenanthroline core. The structures of these ligands were confirmed using various spectral methods including 2D-NMR and X-ray analysis. Quantum chemical calculations supported the presence of tautomeric forms of these ligands. Furthermore, it was discovered that these compounds exhibit polydentate ligand behavior toward lanthanide nitrates. The structural characteristics of the complexes formed between these ligands and lanthanide nitrates were investigated both in the solid state and in solution. To further understand the binding properties of these novel unsymmetrical ligands, the binding constants for potential complexes were quantitatively measured by using UV-vis spectrophotometric titration. This allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the binding affinity and stability of these complexes. Extraction experiments of f-elements were performed for symmetrical and unsymmetrical diamides. Overall, this study presents significant advancement in the synthesis and characterization of unsymmetrical 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-diamides and provides valuable insights into their potential applications as polydentate ligands for lanthanide nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nane A Avagyan
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel S Lemport
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaly A Roznyatovsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mariia V Evsiunina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Petr I Matveev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Gerasimov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victoria E Goncharenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor N Khrustalev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 115419, Russia
| | | | - Boris N Tarasevich
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexei A Yakushev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexei D Averin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Igor P Gloriozov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri A Ustynyuk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1 bld. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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4
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Garcés-Garcés J, Sánchez-Martos M, Martinez-Navarrete G, Fernández-Jover E, Encheva M, León M, Ortiz J, Sastre-Santos Á, Fernández-Lázaro F. New Highly Fluorescent Water Soluble Imidazolium-Perylenediimides: Synthesis and Cellular Response. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1892. [PMID: 37514077 PMCID: PMC10384807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of two new water soluble 2,6-bis(imidazolylmethyl)-4-methylphenoxy-containing perylenediimides, PDI-1 and PDI-2, are described. These compounds demonstrate a high fluorescence quantum yield in water and were investigated as potential photosensitizers for generating reactive oxygen species with applications in anticancer activities. The HeLa cell line (VPH18) was used to evaluate their efficacy. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to confirm the successful internalization of PDI-1 and PDI-2, while confocal microscopy revealed the specific locations of both PDIs within the lysosomes and mitochondria. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the anticancer activity of PDI-1 and PDI-2. Remarkably, these photosensitizers demonstrated a significant ability to selectively eliminate cancer cells when exposed to a specific light wavelength. The water solubility, high fluorescence quantum yield, and selective cytotoxicity of these PDIs toward cancer cells highlight their potential as effective agents for targeted photodynamic therapy. In conclusion, the findings presented here provide a strong foundation for the future exploration and optimization of PDI-1 and PDI-2 as effective photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, potentially leading to improved treatment strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Garcés-Garcés
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Martos
- Área de Neuroprótesis y Rehabilitación Visual, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Gema Martinez-Navarrete
- Área de Neuroprótesis y Rehabilitación Visual, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Jover
- Área de Neuroprótesis y Rehabilitación Visual, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mirela Encheva
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Martín León
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Ortiz
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
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5
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Gül EY, Karataş EA, Doğan HA, Karataş ÖF, Çoşut B, Eçik ET. Erlotinib-Modified BODIPY Photosensitizers for Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200439. [PMID: 36317417 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative, non-invasive and highly selective therapeutic modality for tumours and non-malignant diseases. BODIPY based molecules can function as new generation photosensitizers (PSs) in various PDT applications. Despite numerous conjugated PS systems are available, BODIPYs containing erlotinib lagged behind other photosensitizer units. In this study, smart photosensitizers containing BODIPY, erlotinib and hydrophilic units were prepared for the first time, their physicochemical properties and PDT effects were investigated. Compared with non-halogenated compound, halogenated derivatives possessed much lower fluorescence profile as well as the good ROS generation ability under red light. In vitro PDT studies were performed on both healthy (PNT1a) and prostate cancerous cells (PC3) to determine the selectivity of the compounds on cancerous cells and their effects under light. The halogenated conjugates, exposed to low dose of light illumination exhibited potent activity on cancer cell viability and the calculated IC50 values proved the high phototoxicity of the photosensitizers. It was also determined that the PSs have very low dark toxicity and that the light illumination and ROS formation are required for the initiation of the cell death mechanism. As a result, erlotinib modified BODIPYs could serve as promising agents in anticancer photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yıldız Gül
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elanur Aydın Karataş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25050, Erzurum, Turkey.,High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, 25050, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aydın Doğan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25050, Erzurum, Turkey.,High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, 25050, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Karataş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25050, Erzurum, Turkey.,High Technology Application and Research Center, Erzurum Technical University, 25050, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Bünyemin Çoşut
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Esra Tanrıverdi Eçik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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6
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Garcés-Garcés J, Redrado M, Sastre-Santos Á, Gimeno MC, Fernández-Lázaro F. Synthesis of Dipyridylaminoperylenediimide-Metal Complexes and Their Cytotoxicity Studies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122616. [PMID: 36559110 PMCID: PMC9781374 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of perylenediimide (PDI) silver and copper complexes has been successfully synthesized by reacting ortho- and bay-substituted (dipyrid-2',2″-ylamino)perylenediimide ligands with metal phosphine fragments. The coordination of the metal center did not reveal a significant effect on the photophysical properties, which are mainly due to the PDI ligands, and in some cases quenching of the luminescence was observed. The antiproliferative effect of the free perylenediimide ligands and the metalloPDI complexes against the cervix cancer cell line HeLa was determined by MTT assay. The free perylenediimide ligands exhibited a moderate cytotoxic activity, but the coordination of silver or copper to the dypyridylamino fragment greatly enhanced the activity, suggesting a synergistic effect between the two fragments. In attempts to elucidate the cellular biodistribution of the PDIs and the complexes, a colocalization experiment using specific dyes for the lysosomes or mitochondria as internal standards revealed a major internalization inside the cell for the metal complexes, as well as a partial mitochondrial localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Garcés-Garcés
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Marta Redrado
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - María Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.G.); (F.F.-L.); Tel.: +34-(97)-6762291 (M.C.G.); +34-(96)-6658405 (F.F.-L.)
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain
- Correspondence: (M.C.G.); (F.F.-L.); Tel.: +34-(97)-6762291 (M.C.G.); +34-(96)-6658405 (F.F.-L.)
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7
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Munegowda MA, Manalac A, Weersink M, Cole HD, McFarland SA, Lilge L. Ru(II) CONTAINING PHOTOSENSITIZERS FOR PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY: A CRITIQUE ON REPORTING AND AN ATTEMPT TO COMPARE EFFICACY. Coord Chem Rev 2022; 470:214712. [PMID: 36686369 PMCID: PMC9850455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-based coordination complexes have emerged as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in oncology as well as antimicrobial indications and have great potential. Their modular architectures that integrate multiple ligands can be exploited to tune cellular uptake and subcellular targeting, solubility, light absorption, and other photophysical properties. A wide range of Ru(II) containing compounds have been reported as PSs for PDT or as photochemotherapy (PCT) agents. Many studies employ a common scaffold that is subject to systematic variation in one or two ligands to elucidate the impact of these modifications on the photophysical and photobiological performance. Studies that probe the excited state energies and dynamics within these molecules are of fundamental interest and are used to design next-generation systems. However, a comparison of the PDT efficacy between Ru(II) containing PSs and 1st or 2nd generation PSs, already in clinical use or preclinical/clinical studies, is rare. Even comparisons between Ru(II) containing molecular structures are difficult, given the wide range of excitation wavelengths, power densities, and cell lines utilized. Despite this gap, PDT dose metrics quantifying a PS's efficacy are available to perform qualitative comparisons. Such models are independent of excitation wavelength and are based on common outcome parameters, such as the photon density absorbed by the Ru(II) compound to cause 50% cell kill (LD50) based on the previously established threshold model. In this focused photophysical review, we identified all published studies on Ru(II) containing PSs since 2005 that reported the required photophysical, light treatment, and in vitro outcome data to permit the application of the Photodynamic Threshold Model to quantify their potential efficacy. The resulting LD50 values range from less than 1013 to above 1020 [hν cm-3], indicating a wide range in PDT efficacy and required optical energy density for ultimate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelica Manalac
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Madrigal Weersink
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas
at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dept Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
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8
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Wazzan N. Theoretical investigation of anthanthrene-based dyes in dye‐sensitized solar cell applications: Effect of nature of alkyl-substitutions and number of anchoring groups. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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9
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Azadikhah F, Karimi AR. Injectable photosensitizing supramolecular hydrogels: A robust physically cross-linked system based on polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/tannic acid with self-healing and antioxidant properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Azadikhah F, Karimi AR, Yousefi GH, Hadizadeh M. Dual antioxidant-photosensitizing hydrogel system: Cross-linking of chitosan with tannic acid for enhanced photodynamic efficacy. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:114-125. [PMID: 34358602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a new antioxidant-photosensitizing hydrogel based on chitosan has been developed to control photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity in cancer treatment. In PDT, photosensitizers generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photochemical reactions, leading oxidative damage to cancer cells. However, high ROS levels are lethal to non-target healthy cells and tissues such as endothelial cells and blood cells. To mediate these drawbacks, we improved PDT with a natural polyphenolic antioxidant, Tannic acid (TA), to control the ROS level and minimize side effects through singlet oxygen (1O2) scavenging. In this work, chitosan-based hydrogels were designed using tannic acid as an antioxidant cross-linker and loaded with water-soluble N, N'-di-(l-alanine)-3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic diimide (PDI-Ala) as a photosensitizer. Our results showed that the hydrogel formed a three-dimensional (3D) microstructure with good mechanical strength and significant singlet oxygen production and antioxidant activity. In addition, the behavior of human melanoma cell line A375 and dental pulp stem cells (as normal cells) was compared and studied during an in vitro photodynamic treatment. Normal cells had a higher viability than cancer cells, indicating that the PDT is more effective on cancer cells than on normal cells. The new hydrogels could be applied as an effective new drug to control PDT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Azadikhah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - Gholam Hossein Yousefi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Hadizadeh
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran 3353136846, Iran
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11
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Kougioumtzi A, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Vrettos EI, Sayyad N, Sakka M, Stathopoulos P, Mantzaris MD, Ganai AM, Karpoormath R, Vartholomatos G, Tsikaris V, Lazarides T, Murphy C, Tzakos AG. Development of novel GnRH and Tat 48-60 based luminescent probes with enhanced cellular uptake and bioimaging profile. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9215-9224. [PMID: 34125130 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a clear need to develop photostable chromophores for bioimaging with respect to the classically utilized green fluorescent dye fluorescein. Along these lines, we utilized a phosphorescent carboxy-substituted ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+ (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridyl and mcb = 4-carboxy-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl) complex. We developed two luminescent peptide conjugates of the cell-penetrating peptide Tat48-60 consisting of either [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+ or 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (5(6)-FAM) tethered on the Lys50 of the peptide through amide bond. We confirmed the efficient cellular uptake of both bioconjugates in HeLa cells by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry and proved that the ruthenium-based chromophore possesses enhanced photostability compared to a 5(6)-FAM-based peptide, after continuous laser scanning. Furthermore, we designed and developed a luminescent agent with high photostability, based on the ruthenium core, that could be selectively localized in cancer cells overexpressing the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R). To achieve this, we took advantage of the tumor-homing character of d-Lys6-GnRH which selectively recognizes the GnRH-R. The [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+-d-Lys6-GnRH peptide conjugate was synthesized, and its cellular uptake was evaluated through flow cytometric analysis and live-cell imaging in HeLa and T24 bladder cancer cells as negative and positive controls of GnRH-R, respectively. Besides the selective targeting that the specific conjugate could offer, we also recorded high internalization levels in T24 bladder cancer cells. The ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl peptide-based conjugates we developed is an intriguing approach that offers targeted cell imaging in the Near Infrared region, and simultaneously paves the way for further advancements in the dynamic studies on cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kougioumtzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Eirinaios I Vrettos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Mariana Sakka
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Stathopoulos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Michalis D Mantzaris
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Hematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110 Greece
| | - Vassilios Tsikaris
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Theodore Lazarides
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carol Murphy
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece. and University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
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12
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Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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13
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Yuan G, Yao M, Lv H, Jia X, Chen J, Xue J. Novel Targeted Photosensitizer as an Immunomodulator for Highly Efficient Therapy of T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15655-15667. [PMID: 33300796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dasatinib is a kinase-targeted drug used in the treatment of leukemia. Regrettably, it remains far from optimal medicine due to insurmountable drug resistance and side effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proven that it can induce systemic immune responses. However, conventional photosensitizers as immunomodulators produce anticancer immunities, which are inadequate to eliminate residual cancer cells. Herein, a novel compound 4 was synthesized and investigated, which introduces dasatinib and zinc(II) phthalocyanine as the targeting and photodynamic moiety, respectively. Compound 4 exhibits a high affinity to CCRF-CEM cells/tumor tissues, which overexpress lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), and preferential elimination from the body. Meanwhile, compound 4 shows excellent photocytotoxicity and tumor regression. Significantly, compound 4-induced PDT can obviously enhance immune responses, resulting in the production of more immune cells. We believe that the proposed manner is a potential strategy for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gankun Yuan
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Yao
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Lv
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jia
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Xue
- National & Local Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Center on Photodynamic Technologies, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, P. R. China
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14
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Hruzd M, Rocard L, Goujon A, Allain M, Cauchy T, Hudhomme P. Desymmetrization of Perylenediimide Bay Regions Using Selective Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions from Dinitro Substituted Derivatives. Chemistry 2020; 26:15881-15891. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Hruzd
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Lou Rocard
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Antoine Goujon
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Thomas Cauchy
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
| | - Piétrick Hudhomme
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, UNIV Angers, SFR MATRIX. 2 Bd Lavoisier ANGERS Cedex 49045 France
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15
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Zhu SE, Zhang J, Dou L, Li N, Hu K, Gao T, Lu H, Si J, Wang X, Yang W. Rigid axially symmetrical C 60-BODIPY triplet photosensitizers: effect of bridge length on singlet oxygen generation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two rigid axially symmetrical C60-BODIPY systems with different bridge lengths have been synthesized and the dyad with short bridge generates a higher quantum yield of singlet oxygen.
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Okutan E, Eserci H, Şenkuytu E. New perylenebisimide decorated cyclotriphosphazene heavy atom free conjugate as singlet oxygen generator. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 222:117232. [PMID: 31177003 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perylenebisimide-cyclotriphosphazene based inorganic-organic system was synthesized by a multistep procedure. The substitution reaction of asymmetric perylenebisimide (PBI) derivative with the hexachloroyclotriphosphazene (trimer) resulted in the formation of fully PBI decorated cyclotriphosphazene (5). The identity of newly synthesized compound (5) was confirmed by using 31P, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. The photophysical (UV- Vis absorption, fluorescence emission, fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence quantum yield) and photochemical (the singlet oxygen generation, and photostability) properties of this conjugate were investigated as novel heavy atom free triplet photosensitizer. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the PBI-cyclotriphosphazene (5) was calculated to be 0.86 which is good for a heavy atom free triplet photosensitizer. These results will add to the development of cyclotriphosphazene based heavy atom free singlet oxygen triplet photosensitizer systems for applications in organic oxygenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Okutan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Hande Eserci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Elif Şenkuytu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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17
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Zhang SQ, Meng TT, Li J, Hong F, Liu J, Wang Y, Gao LH, Zhao H, Wang KZ. Near-IR/Visible-Emitting Thiophenyl-Based Ru(II) Complexes: Efficient Photodynamic Therapy, Cellular Uptake, and DNA Binding. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14244-14259. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Meng
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
- College of Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Gao
- School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhao
- School of Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Aksakal NE, Tanrıverdi Eçik E, Kazan HH, Yenilmez Çiftçi G, Yuksel F. Novel ruthenium(ii) and iridium(iii) BODIPY dyes: insights into their application in photodynamic therapy in vitro. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2012-2022. [PMID: 31282525 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic-metal complexes are promising molecules for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro effects of novel Ru(ii) and Ir(iii) BODIPY complexes for PDT. These hybrid organic-metal molecules (Ru-BD and Ir-BD) have been synthesized via reactions of a BODIPY precursor (BD) with a phenanthroline unit bearing Ru(ii) (3) and novel Ir(iii) (4) compounds. The crystal structures of the new distyryl BODIPY (BD) and Ru(ii) complex (3) are also reported. The photophysical and singlet oxygen generation properties of Ru-BD and Ir-BD were investigated in comparison with unsubstituted BODIPY (BD). Moreover, Ru-BD and Ir-BD have been biologically evaluated in vitro in chronic myeloid leukemia and cervical cancer cell lines in terms of photodynamic therapy efficacy in the presence of BD control. These complexes were not toxic in the dark but red light was needed to induce cell death. These data support the fact that Ru-BD could be accepted as a valuable photosensitizer-drug for further PDT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Esra Aksakal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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