1
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Magri DC. Lab-on-a-molecule and multi-analyte sensing. Front Chem 2024; 12:1393308. [PMID: 38698939 PMCID: PMC11063248 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1393308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of a lab-on-a-molecule, which was proposed just short of two decades ago, has captured the imagination of scientists. From originally being proposed as an AND logic gate driven by three chemical inputs as a direct way of detecting congregations of chemical species, the definition of what constitutes a lab-on-a-molecule has broadened over the years. In this review, molecules that can detect multiple analytes by fluorescence, among other techniques, are reviewed and discussed, in the context of molecular logic and multi-analyte sensing. The review highlights challenges and suggestions for moving the frontiers of research in this field to the next dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Magri
- Laboratory of Molecular Logic Gates, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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2
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Sakr AR, Georgiev NI, Bojinov VB. Design and Synthesis of a Novel ICT Bichromophoric pH Sensing System Based on 1,8-Naphthalimide Fluorophores as a Two-Input Logic Gate and Its Antibacterial Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083631. [PMID: 37110865 PMCID: PMC10145821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, sensor activity, and logic behavior of a novel 4-iminoamido-1,8-naphthalimide bichromophoric system based on a "fluorophore-receptor" architecture with ICT chemosensing properties is reported. The synthesized compound showed good colorimetric and fluorescence signaling properties as a function of pH and proved itself as a promising probe for the rapid detection of pH in an aqueous solution and base vapors in a solid state. The novel dyad is able to work as a two-input logic gate with chemical inputs H+ (Input 1) and HO- (Input 2) executing INHIBIT logic gate. The synthesized bichromophoric system and the corresponding intermediates demonstrated good antibacterial activity toward Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria when compared with the Gentamycin standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa R Sakr
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Nikolai I Georgiev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B Bojinov
- Department of Organic Synthesis, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1040 Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Georgiev NI, Krasteva PV, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Highly Water-Soluble and Solid State Emissive 1,8-Naphthalimide as a Fluorescent PET Probe for Determination of pHs, Acid/Base Vapors, and Water Content in Organic Solvents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134229. [PMID: 35807479 PMCID: PMC9268048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new highly water-soluble 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore designed on the “fluorophore-spacer-receptor1-receptor2” model has been synthesized. Due to the unusually high solubility in water, the novel compound proved to be a selective PET-based probe for the determination of pHs in aqueous solutions and rapid detection of water content in organic solvents. Based on the pH dependence of the probe and its high water solubility, the INH logic gate was achieved using NaOH and water as chemical inputs, where NaOH is the disabler and the water is an enabler. In addition, the probe showed effective fluorescence “off-on” reversibility on glass support after exposure to acid and base vapors, which defines it as a promising platform for rapid detection of acid/base vapors in the solid-state, thus extending the molecular sensing concept from solution to the solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Correspondence: (N.I.G.); (V.B.B.); Tel.: +35-(92)-8163207 (N.I.G.); +35-(92)-8163206 (V.B.B.)
| | | | | | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Correspondence: (N.I.G.); (V.B.B.); Tel.: +35-(92)-8163207 (N.I.G.); +35-(92)-8163206 (V.B.B.)
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4
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Uesaka T, Ishitani T, Shimeno T, Suzuki N, Yagi S, Maeda T. Synthesis and photophysical properties of photostable 1,8-naphthalimide dyes incorporating benzotriazole-based UV absorbers. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17350-17361. [PMID: 35765430 PMCID: PMC9190948 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a series of blue-emitting 1,8-naphthalimide dyes covalently attached to 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazoles that retard photodegradation of the fluorophore. The dyes displayed weaker fluorescence emissions than the parent 1.8-naphthalimide. Quantum chemical calculations suggested that the decreased fluorescence was caused by the nonradiative deactivation promoted through the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in benzotriazole components. The dyes' phosphorescences in a degassed solution at 77 K were more efficient than that of the parent 1.8-naphthalimide, indicating a possible deactivation pathway through intersystem crossing. PMMA films doped with these dyes showed higher resistance against photoaging than the film doped with an equimolar mixture of constituent 1.8-naphthalimide and the benzotriazole derivatives. Thus, the covalently linked benzotriazole units slow fluorophore degradation not only by preferential absorption of harmful UV light, which is found in the film with a simple mixture of two components, but also by the nonradiative deactivation involved in benzotriazole units. Highly photostable blue fluorescence dyes were developed by hybridization of 1,8-naphthalimides with benzotriazole-based UV absorbers enabling a non-radiative energy dissipation process of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Uesaka
- Shipro Kasei Kaisha, LTD. Mikuni-cho, Sakai-shi Fukui 913-0036 Japan .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ishitani
- Shipro Kasei Kaisha, LTD. Mikuni-cho, Sakai-shi Fukui 913-0036 Japan
| | | | - Naoya Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Naka-ku Sakai 599-8531 Japan
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Sammut D, Bugeja N, Szaciłowski K, Magri DC. Molecular engineering of fluorescent bichromophore 1,3,5-triaryl-Δ 2-pyrazoline and 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide molecular logic gates. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02422e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emissive bichromophoric solvatochromatic molecules are introduced as a new platform for the development of fluorescent molecular logic gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Sammut
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Nathalie Bugeja
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
| | - Konrad Szaciłowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - David C. Magri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta
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Johnson AD, Buhagiar JA, Magri DC. 4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide-ferrocene conjugates as potential multi-targeted anticancer and fluorescent cellular imaging agents. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:2060-2064. [PMID: 35028564 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we present eight ferrocenyl 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimides. Designed as fluorescent logic gates for acidity and oxidisability, the molecules have been repurposed as anti-proliferation and cellular imaging agents. The compounds were studied in vitro against MCF-7 and K562 cancer cell lines by the MTT method. Compounds with protonable secondary amines tended to exhibit greater cytotoxicity than those with tertiary amines. Compounds with no measurable GI50 values within a 24 hour time window, as well as at shorter exposure times, may be suitable as fluorescent cellular imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta Msida MSD 2080 Malta
| | - Joseph A Buhagiar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Malta Msida MSD 2080 Malta
| | - David C Magri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta Msida MSD 2080 Malta
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West MES, Yao CY, Melaugh G, Kawamoto K, Uchiyama S, de Silva AP. Fluorescent Molecular Logic Gates Driven by Temperature and by Protons in Solution and on Solid. Chemistry 2021; 27:13268-13274. [PMID: 34233035 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-driven fluorescent NOT logic is demonstrated by exploiting predissociation in a 1,3,5-trisubstituted Δ2 -pyrazoline on its own and when grafted onto silica microparticles. Related Δ2 -pyrazolines become proton-driven YES and NOT logic gates on the basis of fluorescent photoinduced electron transfer (PET) switches. Additional PASS 1 and YES+PASS 1 logic gates on silica are also demonstrated within the same family. Beside these small-molecule systems, a polymeric molecular thermometer based on a benzofurazan-derivatized N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer is attached to silica to produce temperature-driven fluorescent YES logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E S West
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Chao-Yi Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Gavin Melaugh
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Kyoko Kawamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - A Prasanna de Silva
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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8
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Kelly LA, Roll M, Joseph J, Seenisamy J, Barrett J, Kauser K, Warner KS. Solvent-Dependent Photophysics and Reactivity of Monomeric and Dimeric 4-Amino-1,8-Naphthalimides. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2294-2307. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 United States
| | - Melissa Roll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250 United States
| | - Jayan Joseph
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, 560099 Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Justin Barrett
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Drive, Suite 102, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Katalin Kauser
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Drive, Suite 102, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Kevin S. Warner
- Alucent Biomedical Inc., 675 Arapeen Drive, Suite 102, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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9
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Magri DC. Logical sensing with fluorescent molecular logic gates based on photoinduced electron transfer. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Yao CY, Uchiyama S, de Silva AP. A Personal Journey across Fluorescent Sensing and Logic Associated with Polymers of Various Kinds. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1351. [PMID: 31416199 PMCID: PMC6723954 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Our experiences concerning fluorescent molecular sensing and logic devices and their intersections with polymer science are the foci of this brief review. Proton-, metal ion- and polarity-responsive cases of these devices are placed in polymeric micro- or nano-environments, some of which involve phase separation. This leads to mapping of chemical species on the nanoscale. These devices also take advantage of thermal properties of some polymers in water in order to reincarnate themselves as thermometers. When the phase separation leads to particles, the latter can be labelled with identification tags based on molecular logic. Such particles also give rise to reusable sensors, although molecular-scale resolution is sacrificed in the process. Polymeric nano-environments also help to organize rather complex molecular logic systems from their simple components. Overall, our little experiences suggest that researchers in sensing and logic would benefit if they assimilate polymer concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yi Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, BT9 5AG Belfast, Northern Ireland.
| | - Seiichi Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - A Prasanna de Silva
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, BT9 5AG Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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11
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Georgiev NI, Bakov VV, Bojinov VB. A Solid‐State‐Emissive 1,8‐Naphthalimide Probe Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Aggregation‐Induced Emission. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai I. Georgiev
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str. 1756 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Ventsislav V. Bakov
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str. 1756 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Vladimir B. Bojinov
- Department of Organic SynthesisUniversity of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 8 Kliment Ohridsky Str. 1756 Sofia Bulgaria
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Scerri GJ, Spiteri JC, Mallia CJ, Magri DC. A lab-on-a-molecule with an enhanced fluorescent readout on detection of three chemical species. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4961-4964. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The first naphthalimide-based three-input AND logic gate detects a congregation of three cations in aqueous methanol with a 25-fold enhanced fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J. Scerri
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
| | - Jake C. Spiteri
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
| | - Carl J. Mallia
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
| | - David C. Magri
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida
- Malta
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13
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Recent Progress on the Evolution of Pourbaix Sensors: Molecular Logic Gates for Protons and Oxidants. CHEMOSENSORS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors6040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the area of molecular logic, in particular molecules capable of sensing for acidity and oxidizability, are gathered together in this short review. Originally proposed as AND logic gates that provide a high fluorescence output when simultaneously protonated and oxidized, the concept has been extended from two-input to three-input variants and to include molecules that function as INHIBIT logic gates. Photochemical concepts such as photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and internal charge transfer (ICT) are exploited as favorite design concepts. This review highlights the evolution of Pourbaix sensors with anthracene, pyrazoline, and naphthalimide fluorophores. Future applications abound in various disciplines from corrosion science, material science, geochemistry to cell imaging.
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