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Zhao S, Miao P, Zhang J, Gan J, Du Y, Chen C, Sun X, Feng Z, Ma X, Ma M, Xi Y, Ding W. Polydopamine Coating Doped with Graphene Oxide Enhances Enantioseparation of Capillary Column. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:699-704. [PMID: 35397163 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
How to improve the enantiomer separation efficiency of drugs is a hot topic. In this paper, polydopamine (PDA) coating doped with graphene oxide (GO) by physical adsorption was used to modify the capillary column to enhance the enantioseparation efficiency of the drugs. In the capillary electrochromatography (CEC) system, the novel capillary column with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as a chiral selector has completed the enantioseparation of four basic drugs (propranolol, metoprolol, amlodipine and chlorpheniramine). The optimum separation conditions were obtained by optimizing the pH of the buffer, the concentration of organic modifier, the concentration of the chiral selector and the voltage, and the resolution and peak shape were significantly improved compared with uncoated bare-fused column. The stability and reproducibility of the new capillary column were satisfactory and the relative standard deviation of intra-day and inter-day was <3.2%, and of column-to-column was <4.8%. The rich functional groups of GO are key factors to improve the enantioseparation efficiency, which also indicates that nanomaterials with easy modification of functional groups and large specific surface area are excellent resources for capillary modification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Panden Miao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Mingxuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Recent Trends in Graphene-Based Sorbents for LC Analysis of Food and Environmental Water Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:5134. [PMID: 37446796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent advancements in applying graphene-based materials as sorbents for liquid chromatography (LC) analysis. Graphene-based materials are promising for analytical chemistry, including applications as sorbents in liquid chromatography. These sorbents can be functionalized to produce unique extraction or stationary phases. Additionally, graphene-based sorbents can be supported in various materials and have consequently been applied to produce various devices for sample preparation. Graphene-based sorbents are employed in diverse applications, including food and environmental LC analysis. This review summarizes the application of graphene-based materials in food and environmental water analysis in the last five years (2019 to 2023). Offline and online sample preparation methods, such as dispersive solid phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, pipette tip solid phase extraction, in-tube solid-phase microextraction, and others, are reviewed. The review also summarizes the application of the columns produced with graphene-based materials in separating food and water components and contaminants. Graphene-based materials have been reported as stationary phases for LC columns. Graphene-based stationary phases have been reported in packed, monolithic, and open tubular columns and have been used in LC and capillary electrochromatography modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V B Borsatto
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA,70113th Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA,Corresponding author. RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA.
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Miao P, Gan J, Zhang J, Ma M, Li X, Du Y, Feng Z, Zhang L. Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and histidine-zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 used for enantioseparation of three basic drugs in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Chirality 2022; 34:1209-1218. [PMID: 35678370 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn broad attention as a novel stationary phase due to their highly porous structure, modifiable pores, large specific surface areas, and satisfactory stability. In this paper, histidine-zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (His-ZIF-8) synthesized at room temperature was physically coated to the internal surface of the capillary column and the carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) as the chiral selector was chemically bonded to the His-ZIF-8@capillary column. The prepared CM-β-CD@His-ZIF-8@capillary column was used for the enantioseparation of amlodipine, propranolol, and atenolol in capillary electrochromatography. In contrast to the CM-β-CD@capillary column without His-ZIF-8, the CM-β-CD@His-ZIF-8@capillary column reveals significantly improved enantiodiscrimination performance for amlodipine (Rs : 0 → 2.29), propranolol (Rs : 0 → 1.69), and atenolol (Rs : 0 → 0.79). His-ZIF-8 concentration, buffer pH, buffer concentration, and the proportion of organic modifier were evaluated in detail with enantiomerically separating chiral molecules. The repeatability of intraday, day-to-day, and column-to-column have been discussed; the result was preferable, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of separation parameters was <6.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandeng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Gan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Ma M, Chen C, Zhu X, Li X, Du Y, Zhang L, Gan J. A porous layer open-tubular capillary column supported with pepsin and zeolitic imidazolate framework for enantioseparation of four basic drugs in capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461866. [PMID: 33422798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New material zeolitic imidazolate framework-4, 5-imidazoledicarboxylic acid (ZIF-IMD) located on the pore surface of porous layer open-tubular (PLOT) column previously functionalized with N-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole have been prepared via a layer-by-layer self-assembly strategy. This new ZIF-IMD coating hybrids are used as solid-phase carriers for chiral selector pepsin immobilization. The ZIF-IMD material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The synthesized pepsin@ZIF-IMD@POLT column achieved the baseline separation of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), chloroquine (CHQ) and hydroxyzine (HXY) (the resolution of HCQ: 2.19; CHQ: 1.84; HXY: 1.53). Compared with the pepsin@PLOT column (without ZIF-IMD material), the chiral separation capability of the pepsin@ZIF-IMD@POLT column can be remarkably improved. Several key parameters including concentration of chiral selector, buffer pH, applied voltage and buffer concentration were systematically evaluated to provide the optimal enantioseparation condition. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra-day, inter-day, column-to-column and inter-batch of migration time and Rs of the HCQ were evaluated in detail, respectively (RSD < 7.21%). Additionally, the potential mechanism of increased resolution was discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xinqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China.
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Liu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Gan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Ma M, Du Y, Zhang L, Gan J, Yang J. β-Cyclodextrin covalent organic framework-modified organic polymer monolith as a stationary phase for combined hydrophilic and hydrophobic aqueous capillary electrochromatographic separation of small molecules. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:385. [PMID: 32533434 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A β-Cyclodextrin covalent organic framework (β-CD COF) was successfully prepared under ambient temperature with a mild chemistry strategy from heptakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin and terephthalaldehyde. It was embedded into the poly[(glycidyl methacrylate)-co-(ethylene dimethacrylate)] [poly(GMA-co-EDMA)] monolith and served as the β-CD COF material-incorporated monolith. The synthetic materials were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray mapping analysis, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm. The β-CD COF material-incorporated monolith achieved baseline separation in capillary electrochromatographic separation of three amides, three amino acids, three nucleosides, four aromatic acids, and three positional isomers (with resolution values of three amides, 1.75 and 1.54; three amino acids, 5.24 and 1.75; three nucleosides, 2.56 and 1.77; four aromatic acids, 6.96, 2.74, and 1.64; three positional isomers, 1.61 and 1.50). In comparison with the original monolith, the β-CD COF material-incorporated monolith shows significantly enhanced resolution for mixed molecules. The effect of pH and concentration of buffer and applied voltage were discussed in detail. The fabricated monolith showed good stability and reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 6.9%). Molecular modeling illuminated the interactions between the small molecules and stationary phase, and provided a sufficient theoretical basis for experimental data. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the preparation of β-cyclodextrin covalent organic framework (β-CD COF) material-incorporated organic polymer monolith for separating the amides, amino acids, nucleosides, aromatic acids, and positional isomers. β-CD COF materials were synthesized and incorporated into the monolith as the stationary phase. Then, the incorporated monolith was applied in the capillary electrochromatography system for separating small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
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Hu LF, Yin SJ, Zhang H, Yang FQ. Recent developments of monolithic and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (2017-2019). J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1942-1966. [PMID: 31909566 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography, which combined the high selectivity of high-performance liquid chromatography and the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis, is an attractive separation tool. In this review, the developments on monolithic and open tubular capillary electrochromatography during 2017 to August 2019 are summarized. Considering the development of novel stationary phases is the most active research field in capillary electrochromatography, monolithic capillary electrochromatography is classified according to the polymer-based and hybrid monolithic columns, while open-tubular capillary electrochromatography is categorized by cyclodextrin, silica, polymer, nanomaterials, microporous materials, and biomaterials-based open tubular columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Ding W, Yu T, Du Y, Sun X, Feng Z, Zhao S, Ma X, Ma M, Chen C. A metal organic framework-functionalized monolithic column for enantioseparation of six basic chiral drugs by capillary electrochromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Zhao S, Yu T, Du Y, Sun X, Feng Z, Ma X, Ding W, Chen C. An organic polymer monolith modified with an amino acid ionic liquid and graphene oxide for use in capillary electrochromatography: application to the separation of amino acids, β-blockers, and nucleotides. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:636. [PMID: 31432257 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of an organic polymer monolithic column modified with an amino acid ionic liquid and graphene oxide (AAIL-GO) and its application to capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was described. The AAIL tetramethylammonium-L-arginine was bonded to a monolithic column that was previously modified with graphene oxide by using an hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide coupling reaction. The morphology of a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The incorporation of AAIL and graphene oxide was detected by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The resulting monolithic column produced a strong and stable electroosmotic flow from the anode to the cathode in the pH range from 3 to 9. Compared with a column modified with AAIL or graphene oxide only, the AAIL-GO-modified column has a better separation ability for amino acids, β-blockers, and nucleotides (the resolution of three amino acids: 2.231 and 2.036, β-blockers: 2.779 and 2.470 and nucleotides: 8.345 and 3.321). Molecular modeling was applied to demonstrate the separation mechanism of small molecules which showed a good support for experimental results. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) systems with an amino acid ionic liquid-graphene oxide modified organic polymer monolithic column as stationary phases for separation of amino acids, β-blockers, and nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
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