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Ye GD, Ding R, Li SH, Ni L, Dai ST, Chen NK, Liu YF, Guo R, Wang L, Li XB, Xu B, Feng J. Single-crystalline hole-transporting layers for efficient and stable organic light-emitting devices. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:136. [PMID: 38849359 PMCID: PMC11161501 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Efficient charge-carrier injection and transport in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are essential to simultaneously achieving their high efficiency and long-term stability. However, the charge-transporting layers (CTLs) deposited by various vapor or solution processes are usually in amorphous forms, and their low charge-carrier mobilities, defect-induced high trap densities and inhomogeneous thickness with rough surface morphologies have been obstacles towards high-performance devices. Here, organic single-crystalline (SC) films were employed as the hole-transporting layers (HTLs) instead of the conventional amorphous films to fabricate highly efficient and stable OLEDs. The high-mobility and ultrasmooth morphology of the SC-HTLs facilitate superior interfacial characteristics of both HTL/electrode and HTL/emissive layer interfaces, resulting in a high Haacke's figure of merit (FoM) of the ultrathin top electrode and low series-resistance joule-heat loss ratio of the SC-OLEDs. Moreover, the thick and compact SC-HTL can function as a barrier layer against moisture and oxygen permeation. As a result, the SC-OLEDs show much improved efficiency and stability compared to the OLEDs based on amorphous or polycrystalline HTLs, suggesting a new strategy to developing advanced OLEDs with high efficiency and high stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Da Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Ran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China.
| | - Su-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Ting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Supermolecular Structures and Materials, The Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Nian-Ke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yue-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Runda Guo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supermolecular Structures and Materials, The Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, Changchun, China.
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Li S, Chen H, Liu X, Li P, Wu W. Nanocellulose as a promising substrate for advanced sensors and their applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:473-487. [PMID: 35870627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has broad and promising applications owing to its low density, large specific surface area, high mechanical strength, modifiability, renewability. Recently, nanocellulose has been widely used to fabricate flexible, durable and environmental-friendly sensor substrates. In this contribution, the construction and characteristics of nanocellulose-based sensors are comprehensively reviewed. Various nanocellulose-based sensors are summarized and divided into colorimetric, fluorescent, electronic, electrochemical and SERS types according to the sensing mechanism. This review also introduces the applications of nanocellulose-based sensors in the fields of biomedicine, environmental monitoring, food safety, and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weibing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Wang Z, Jiao B, Huang L, Zuo X, Zhang W, Li Y, Wang J, Dong H, Hou X, Wu Z. Cohesively Enhancing the Conductance, Mechanical Robustness, and Environmental Stability of Random Metallic Mesh Electrodes via Hot-Pressing-Induced In-Plane Configuration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41836-41845. [PMID: 34459190 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive electrode (FTCE) is highly desirable due to the fast-growing flexible optoelectronic devices. Several promising FTCEs based on metal material have been developed to replace conventional indium tin oxide (ITO). The random metal mesh is considered to be one of the competitive candidates. However, obtaining feasible random metal mesh with low sheet resistance, high transparency, good mechanical durability, and strong environmental stability is still a great challenge. Here, a random metal mesh-based FTCE with an in-plane structure, achieved by a facile hot-pressing process, is demonstrated. The hot-pressing process enables the fabrication of highly conductive FTCE with improved mechanical robustness and environmental stability. The in-plane FTCE shows a low sheet resistance of 1.63 Ω·sq-1 with an 80.6% transmittance, low relative resistance increase (RRI) of 7.9% after 240 h 85 °C/85% RH test, and low RRI of 8.0% after 105 cycles of bending test. Besides, various applications of the in-plane FTCE were demonstrated, including the flexible heater, flexible touch screen, and flexible electroluminescence. We anticipate that these results will spark interest in in-plane random metal mesh electrodes and enable the application of random metal mesh in flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linquan Huang
- Shaanxi Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Xiang Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts & Telecommunication, Xi'an 710121, China
| | - Yunchong Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hua Dong
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
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Aslanidis E, Skotadis E, Tsoukalas D. Simulation tool for predicting and optimizing the performance of nanoparticle based strain sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:275501. [PMID: 33761486 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work a Monte-Carlo tool simulating platinum nanoparticle (NP) based strain-sensors, on flexible substrates, is presented. The tool begins by randomly placing the NPs on the simulation area, with the ability to tune the NP surface coverage. After the calculation of the conductive paths that were generated in the previous step, the whole system is represented with an equivalent circuit; the NPs and the NP clusters act as nodes and the inter-particle gaps as resistances. The effective resistance is then calculated with the use of a Laplacian Matrix, which has proven extremely effective in significantly reducing the overall computational time. The simulation results are then benchmarked with experimental measurements from actual strain-sensing devices. The software is capable of predicting the strain-sensitivity for different NP sizes as well as surface coverages, emerging as a powerful computational tool for design-optimization of NP based devices in polymeric substrates, while it could well be extended to other nanocomposite materials used in flexible or stretchable electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
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Aslanidis E, Skotadis E, Tsoukalas D. Resistive crack-based nanoparticle strain sensors with extreme sensitivity and adjustable gauge factor, made on flexible substrates. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3263-3274. [PMID: 33533788 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07002e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the demonstration of highly sensitive flexible strain sensors formed by a network of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) grown under vacuum on top of a cracked thin alumina film which has been deposited by atomic layer deposition. It is shown that the sensor sensitivity depends on the surface density of NPs as well as on the thickness of alumina thin films that can both be well controlled via the deposition techniques. This method allows reaching a record strain sensitivity value of 2.6 × 108 at 7.2% strain, while exhibiting high sensitivity in a large strain range from 0.1% to 7.2%. The demonstration is followed by a discussion enlightening the physical understanding of sensor operation, which enables the tuning of its performance according to the above process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece.
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Song Y, Cho J. Interfacial control and design of conductive nanomaterials for transparent nanocomposite electrodes. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20141-20157. [PMID: 33020788 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05961g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A few critical issues in preparing transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) based on solution-processable conductive nanomaterials are their low electrical conductivity and the unfavorable trade-off between electrical conductivity and optical transparency, which are closely related to the organic ligands bound to the nanomaterial surface. In particular, bulky/insulating organic ligands bound to the surface of conductive nanomaterials unavoidably act as high contact resistance sites at the interfaces between neighboring nanomaterials, which adversely affects the charge transfer kinetics of the resultant TCEs. This article reviews the latest research status of various interfacial control approaches for solution-processable TCEs. We describe how these approaches can be effectively applied to conductive nanomaterials and how interface-controlled conductive nanomaterials can be employed to improve the electrical and/or electrochemical performance of various transparent nanocomposite electrodes, including TCEs, energy storage electrodes, and electrochromic electrodes. Last, we provide perspectives on the development direction for next-generation transparent nanocomposite electrodes and breakthroughs for significantly mitigating the complex trade-off between their electrical/electrochemical performance and optical transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkwon Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Aslanidis E, Skotadis E, Moutoulas E, Tsoukalas D. Thin Film Protected Flexible Nanoparticle Strain Sensors: Experiments and Modeling. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20092584. [PMID: 32370042 PMCID: PMC7248731 DOI: 10.3390/s20092584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the working performance of Platinum (Pt), solvent-free nanoparticle (NP)-based strain sensors made on a flexible substrate has been studied. First, a new model has been developed in order to explain sensor behaviour under strain in a more effective manner than what has been previously reported. The proposed model also highlights the difference between sensors based on solvent-free and solvent-based NPs. As a second step, the ability of atomic layer deposition (ALD) developed Al2O3 (alumina) thin films to act as protective coatings against humidity while in adverse conditions (i.e., variations in relative humidity and repeated mechanical stress) has been evaluated. Two different alumina thicknesses (5 and 11 nm) have been tested and their effect on protection against humidity is studied by monitoring sensor resistance. Even in the case of adverse working conditions and for increased mechanical strain (up to 1.2%), it is found that an alumina layer of 11 nm provides sufficient sensor protection, while the proposed model remains valid. This certifies the appropriateness of the proposed strain-sensing technology for demanding applications, such as e-skin and pressure or flow sensing, as well as the possibility of developing a comprehensive computational tool for NP-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Moutoulas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers Zepler, Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton Highfield Campus, University Road, Building 53 (Mountbatten), Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
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Lee WS, Jeon S, Oh SJ. Wearable sensors based on colloidal nanocrystals. NANO CONVERGENCE 2019; 6:10. [PMID: 30937630 PMCID: PMC6443739 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-019-0180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, wearable sensors have attracted significant attention in various research fields and industries. The rapid growth of the wearable sensor related research and industry has led to the development of new devices and advanced applications such as bio-integrated devices, wearable health care systems, soft robotics, and electronic skins, among others. Nanocrystals (NCs) are promising building blocks for the design of novel wearable sensors, due to their solution processability and tunable properties. In this paper, an overview of NC synthesis, NC thin film fabrication, and the functionalization of NCs for wearable applications (strain sensors, pressure sensors, and temperature sensors) are provided. The recent development of NC-based strain, pressure, and temperature sensors is reviewed, and a discussion on their strategies and operating principles is presented. Finally, the current limitations of NC-based wearable sensors are discussed, in addition to methods to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Soong Ju Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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Zhao ZJ, Gao M, Hwang S, Jeon S, Park I, Park SH, Jeong JH. Heterogeneous Nanostructures Fabricated via Binding Energy-Controlled Nanowelding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7261-7271. [PMID: 30672280 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel concept for fabricating heterogeneous nanostructures based on different melting temperatures is developed. Au-Ag composite cross-structures are fabricated by nanowelding technologies. During the fabrication of Au-Ag composite cross-structures, Ag nanowires transform into ordered particles decorating the Au nanowire surfaces with an increase in the welding temperature because of the different melting temperatures of Au and Ag. To compare and explain the melting temperatures, the thicknesses of Au and Ag nanowires as parameters are analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam imaging are used to observe the morphologies and cross sections of the fabricated samples. The evolution of 3D nanostructures is observed by atomic force microscopy, whereas the compositions and binding energies of the nanostructures are determined by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. In addition, the atomic structures are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, and the optical properties of the fabricated nanostructures are evaluated by spectrometry. Furthermore, color filter electrodes are fabricated, and their polarization properties are evaluated by sheet resistance measurements and observing the color and brightness of light-emitting diodes. The proposed method is suitable for application in various fields such as biosensors, optics, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 156, Gajeongbuk-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113 , South Korea
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Technology , Deajeon 34141 , Korea
| | - SoonHyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 156, Gajeongbuk-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113 , South Korea
| | - Sohee Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 156, Gajeongbuk-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113 , South Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Technology , Deajeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Sang-Hu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Pusan National University , Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil , Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology , Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 156, Gajeongbuk-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113 , South Korea
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