1
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Witte JF, Wasternack J, Wei S, Schalley CA, Paulus B. The Interplay of Weakly Coordinating Anions and the Mechanical Bond: A Systematic Study of the Explicit Influence of Counterions on the Properties of (Pseudo)rotaxanes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073077. [PMID: 37049840 PMCID: PMC10096450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their ability to stabilise highly reactive cations. It may well be argued, however, that a profound understanding of what truly defines a WCA is still lacking, and systematic studies to unravel counterion effects are scarce. In this work, we investigate a supramolecular pseudorotaxane formation reaction, subject to a selection of anions, ranging from strongly to weakly coordinating, which not only aids in fostering our knowledge about anion coordination properties, but also provides valuable theoretical insight into the nature of the mechanical bond. We employ state-of-the-art DFT-based methods and tools, combined with isothermal calorimetry and 1H NMR experiments, to compute anion-dependent Gibbs free association energies ΔGa, as well as to evaluate intermolecular interactions. We find correlations between ΔGa and the anions’ solvation energies, which are exploited to calculate physico-chemical reaction parameters in the context of coordinating anions. Furthermore, we show that the binding situation within the (pseudo)rotaxanes can be mostly understood by straight-forward electrostatic considerations. However, quantum-chemical effects such as dispersion and charge-transfer interactions become more and more relevant when WCAs are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.W.); (B.P.)
| | - Janos Wasternack
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shenquan Wei
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.F.W.); (B.P.)
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2
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Pastor A, Martinez-Cuezva A, Cutillas-Font G, Alajarin M, Berna J. Mechanically interlocked molecules in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4949-4976. [PMID: 35612363 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have great potential in the development of molecular machinery due to their intercomponent dynamics. The incorporation of these molecules in a condensed phase makes it possible to take advantage of the control of the motion of the components at the macroscopic level. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are postulated as ideal supports for intertwined molecules. This review covers the chemistry of the mechanical bond incorporated into metal-organic frameworks from the seminal studies to the latest published advances. We first describe some fundamental concepts of MIMs and MOFs. Next, we summarize the advances in the incorporation of rotaxanes and catenanes inside MOF matrices. Finally, we conclude by showing the study of the rotaxane dynamics in MOFs and the operation of some stimuli-responsive MIMs within MOFs. In addition to emphasising some selected examples, we offer a critical opinion on the state of the art of this research field, remarking the key points on which the future of these systems should be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Cutillas-Font
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Gaedke M, Hupatz H, Witte F, Rupf SM, Douglas C, Schröder HV, Fischer L, Malischewski M, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Sequence-sorted redox-switchable hetero[3]rotaxanes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01553b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Programming the sequence of functional units in redox-switchable hetero[3]rotaxanes is achieved by integrative self-sorting for a library of five crown ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Rupf
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Douglas
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Borodin O, Shchukin Y, Robertson CC, Richter S, von Delius M. Self-Assembly of Stimuli-Responsive [2]Rotaxanes by Amidinium Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16448-16457. [PMID: 34559523 PMCID: PMC8517971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Advances in supramolecular
chemistry are often underpinned by the
development of fundamental building blocks and methods enabling their
interconversion. In this work, we report the use of an underexplored
dynamic covalent reaction for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive
[2]rotaxanes. The formamidinium moiety lies at the heart of these
mechanically interlocked architectures, because it enables both dynamic
covalent exchange and the binding of simple crown ethers. We demonstrated
that the rotaxane self-assembly follows a unique reaction pathway
and that the complex interplay between crown ether and thread can
be controlled in a transient fashion by addition of base and fuel
acid. Dynamic combinatorial libraries, when exposed to diverse nucleophiles,
revealed a profound stabilizing effect of the mechanical bond as well
as intriguing reactivity differences between seemingly similar [2]rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Borodin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yevhenii Shchukin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Craig C Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Stefan Richter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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5
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Hanozin E, Mignolet B, Martens J, Berden G, Sluysmans D, Duwez AS, Stoddart JF, Eppe G, Oomens J, De Pauw E, Morsa D. Radical-Pairing Interactions in a Molecular Switch Evidenced by Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Infrared Ion Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10049-10055. [PMID: 33561311 PMCID: PMC8251753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The digital revolution sets a milestone in the progressive miniaturization of working devices and in the underlying advent of molecular machines. Foldamers involving mechanically entangled components with modular secondary structures are among the most promising designs for molecular switch‐based applications. Characterizing the nature and dynamics of their intramolecular network following the application of a stimulus is the key to their performance. Here, we use non‐dissociative electron transfer as a reductive stimulus in the gas phase and probe the consecutive co‐conformational transitions of a donor‐acceptor oligorotaxane foldamer using electrospray mass spectrometry interfaced with ion mobility and infrared ion spectroscopy. A comparison of collision cross section distributions for analogous closed‐shell and radical molecular ions sheds light on their respective formation energetics, while variations in their respective infrared absorption bands evidence changes in intramolecular organization as the foldamer becomes more compact. These differences are compatible with the advent of radical‐pairing interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Mignolet
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Damien Sluysmans
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Duwez
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 908, 1098XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Hanozin E, Mignolet B, Martens J, Berden G, Sluysmans D, Duwez A, Stoddart JF, Eppe G, Oomens J, De Pauw E, Morsa D. Radical‐Pairing Interactions in a Molecular Switch Evidenced by Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Infrared Ion Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Benoit Mignolet
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Damien Sluysmans
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Anne‐Sophie Duwez
- NanoChemistry and Molecular Systems UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 908 1098XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory UR MolSys University of Liège 4000 Liège Belgium
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
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7
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Bazzoni M, Andreoni L, Silvi S, Credi A, Cera G, Secchi A, Arduini A. Selective access to constitutionally identical, orientationally isomeric calix[6]arene-based [3]rotaxanes by an active template approach. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6419-6428. [PMID: 34084442 PMCID: PMC8115267 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(phenylureido)calix[6]arene is endowed with unique properties that make it a valuable macrocyclic component for the synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules. Its three-dimensional and intrinsically nonsymmetric structure is kinetically selective toward two processes: (i) in apolar media, the threading of bipyridinium based axle-like components takes place exclusively from the upper rim; (ii) SN2 alkylation reactions of a pyridylpyridinium precursor engulfed in the cavity occur selectively at pyridylpyridinium nitrogen atom located at the macrocycle upper rim (active template synthesis). Here we exploit such properties to prepare two series of [3]rotaxanes, each consisting of three sequence isomers that arise from the threading of two identical but nonsymmetric wheels on a symmetric thread differing only for the reciprocal orientation of the macrocycles. The features of the calix[6]arene and the active template synthetic approach, together with a careful selection of the precursors, enabled us to selectively synthesise the [3]rotaxane sequence isomers of each series with fast kinetics and high yields. Expedient access to a series of spatially controlled oriented [3]rotaxane isomers via a metal-free active template approach.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bazzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Leonardo Andreoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Gobetti 101 I-40129 Bologna Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 I-40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A I-43124 Parma Italy
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8
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Krykun S, Croué V, Alévêque O, Levillain E, Allain M, Mézière C, Carré V, Aubriet F, Voïtenko Z, Goeb S, Sallé M. A self-assembled tetrathiafulvalene box. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01543a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A M8L2 metalla-cage constructed through coordination-driven self-assembly from a quinonato bis-ruthenium complex and an electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) tetrapyridyl ligand is depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Carré
- LCP-A2MC
- FR 3624
- Université de Lorraine
- ICPM
- 57078 Metz Cedex 03
| | | | - Zoia Voïtenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
- Kyiv 01033
- Ukraine
| | | | - Marc Sallé
- Univ Angers
- CNRS
- MOLTECH-ANJOU
- F-49000 Angers
- France
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9
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Hupatz H, Gaedke M, Schröder HV, Beerhues J, Valkonen A, Klautzsch F, Müller S, Witte F, Rissanen K, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Thermodynamic and electrochemical study of tailor-made crown ethers for redox-switchable (pseudo)rotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2576-2588. [PMID: 33133289 PMCID: PMC7590624 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown ethers are common building blocks in supramolecular chemistry and are frequently applied as cation sensors or as subunits in synthetic molecular machines. Developing switchable and specifically designed crown ethers enables the implementation of function into molecular assemblies. Seven tailor-made redox-active crown ethers incorporating tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or naphthalene diimide (NDI) as redox-switchable building blocks are described with regard to their potential to form redox-switchable rotaxanes. A combination of isothermal titration calorimetry and voltammetric techniques reveals correlations between the binding energies and redox-switching properties of the corresponding pseudorotaxanes with secondary ammonium ions. For two different weakly coordinating anions, a surprising relation between the enthalpic and entropic binding contributions of the pseudorotaxanes was discovered. These findings were applied to the synthesis of an NDI-[2]rotaxane, which retains similar spectroelectrochemical properties compared to the corresponding free macrocycle. The detailed understanding of the thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of the tailor-made crown ethers lays the foundation for the construction of new types of molecular redox switches with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544, USA
| | - Julia Beerhues
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Fabian Klautzsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Zhou HY, Zong QS, Han Y, Chen CF. Recent advances in higher order rotaxane architectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9916-9936. [PMID: 32638726 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite dramatic advances in the template-directed synthesis of archetypal [2]rotaxanes, higher order rotaxanes with multiple molecular components (rings or dumbbells) are relatively daunting subjects owing to their synthetic challenges. With unique interlocked architectures, higher order rotaxanes have found applications in artificial molecular machines. In this feature article, we will focus on the recent advances in higher order rotaxanes with well-defined structures. Different types of rotaxane architectures will be described, and their synthetic approaches will be highlighted. Moreover, the stimuli-responsive molecular motion with increasing complexity in these diverse architectures will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ye Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian-Shou Zong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Gaedke M, Witte F, Anhäuser J, Hupatz H, Schröder HV, Valkonen A, Rissanen K, Lützen A, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Chiroptical inversion of a planar chiral redox-switchable rotaxane. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10003-10009. [PMID: 32055357 PMCID: PMC7003955 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-containing crown ether macrocycle with C s symmetry was designed to implement planar chirality into a redox-active [2]rotaxane. The directionality of the macrocycle atom sequence together with the non-symmetric axle renders the corresponding [2]rotaxane mechanically planar chiral. Enantiomeric separation of the [2]rotaxane was achieved by chiral HPLC. The electrochemical properties - caused by the reversible oxidation of the TTF - are similar to a non-chiral control. Reversible inversion of the main band in the ECD spectra for the individual enantiomers was observed after oxidation. Experimental evidence, conformational analysis and DFT calculations of the neutral and doubly oxidised species indicate that mainly electronic effects of the oxidation are responsible for the chiroptical switching. This is the first electrochemically switchable rotaxane with a reversible inversion of the main ECD band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Arto Valkonen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla , Department of Chemistry , P.O. Box 35 , 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie , Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Beate Paulus
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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Schröder HV, Schalley CA. Electrochemically switchable rotaxanes: recent strides in new directions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9626-9639. [PMID: 32110308 PMCID: PMC7020790 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Are they still electrifying? Electrochemically switchable rotaxanes are well known for their ability to efficiently undergo changes of (co-)conformation and properties under redox-control. Thus, these mechanically interlocked assemblies represent an auspicious liaison between the fields of molecular switches and molecular electronics. Since the first reported example of a redox-switchable molecular shuttle in 1994, improved tools of organic and supramolecular synthesis have enabled sophisticated new architectures, which provide precise control over properties and function. This perspective covers recent advances in the area of electrochemically active rotaxanes including novel molecular switches and machines, metal-containing rotaxanes, non-equilibrium systems and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany .
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Hanozin E, Morsa D, De Pauw E. Two-Parameter Power Formalism for Structural Screening of Ion Mobility Trends: Applied Study on Artificial Molecular Switches. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8043-8052. [PMID: 31449411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent literature provides increasing samples of structural studies relying on ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry in view of characterizing gas-phase conformation and energetics properties of biomolecular ions. A typical framework consists in experimentally monitoring the collisional cross sections for various experimental conditions and using them as references to select appropriate candidate structures issued from theoretical modeling. Although it has proved successful for structural assignment, this process is resource costly and lengthy, namely due to intricacies in the selection of appropriate input geometries. In the present work, we propose simplified methodologies dedicated to the systematic screening of ion mobility data acquired on systems built from repetitive subunits and detail their application to challenging artificial molecular switch systems. Capitalizing on coarse-grained design, we first demonstrate how the assimilation of subunits into adequately assembled building-blocks can be used for fast assignments of a system topology. Further focusing on topology-specific differential ion mobility trends, we show that the building-block assemblies can be fused into single fully convex solid figure models, i.e., sphere and cylinder, whose projected areas follow a two-parameter power formalism A × nB. We show that the fitting parameters A and B were assigned as structural descriptors respectively associated with the dimensions of each constitutive subunit, i.e., size parameter, and with their assembled tridimensional arrangement, i.e., shape parameter. The present work provides a ready-to-use method for the screening of IM-MS data sets that is expected to facilitate the eventual design of input structures whenever advanced modeling calculations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit , University of Liège , 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit , University of Liège , 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research Unit , University of Liège , 4000 Liège , Belgium
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Sluysmans D, Stoddart JF. The Burgeoning of Mechanically Interlocked Molecules in Chemistry. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schröder HV, Stein F, Wollschläger JM, Sobottka S, Gaedke M, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Accordion‐Like Motion in Electrochemically Switchable Crown Ether/Ammonium Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jan M. Wollschläger
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
- School of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
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Schröder HV, Stein F, Wollschläger JM, Sobottka S, Gaedke M, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Accordion-Like Motion in Electrochemically Switchable Crown Ether/Ammonium Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3496-3500. [PMID: 30623543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reversible oxidation reactions in electrochemically switchable oligorotaxanes with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) decorated 24-crown-8 ether wheels generate intramolecular mixed-valence and radical-cation interactions between the wheels. This induces shuttling of the wheels and a contraction of inter-wheel distances. Further oxidation generates repulsive forces between the TTFs and maximizes the inter-wheel distances instead. These interactions and co-conformational changes were not observed for structurally similar controls in which acetyl groups along the axle prevent translational motion of the wheels. This operation mode of oligorotaxanes, which is reminiscent of an accordion-like motion, is promising for functional materials and nanodevices such as piston-type rotaxane motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Wollschläger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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