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Lyu PT, Liu XR, Yin LX, Wu P, Sun C, Chen HY, Xu JJ, Kang B. Periodic Distributions and Ultrafast Dynamics of Hot Electrons in Plasmonic Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2269-2276. [PMID: 36897094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and managing hot electrons in metals are of fundamental and practical interest in plasmonic studies and applications. A major challenge for the development of hot electron devices requires the efficient and controllable generation of long-lived hot electrons so that they can be harnessed effectively before relaxation. Here, we report the ultrafast spatiotemporal evolution of hot electrons in plasmonic resonators. Using femtosecond-resolution interferometric imaging, we show the unique periodic distributions of hot electrons due to standing plasmonic waves. In particular, this distribution can be flexibly tuned by the size, shape, and dimension of the resonator. We also demonstrate that the hot electron lifetimes are substantially prolonged at hot spots. This appealing effect is interpreted as a result of the locally concentrated energy density at the antinodes in standing hot electron waves. These results could be useful to control the distributions and lifetimes of hot electrons in plasmonic devices for targeted optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Tian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Li-Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Pei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Bin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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Lyu PT, Li QY, Wu P, Sun C, Kang B, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Decrypting Material Performance by Wide-field Femtosecond Interferometric Imaging of Energy Carrier Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13928-13937. [PMID: 35866699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Energy carrier evolution is crucial for material performance. Ultrafast microscopy has been widely applied to visualize the spatiotemporal evolution of energy carriers. However, direct imaging of a small amount of energy carriers on the nanoscale remains difficult due to extremely weak transient signals. Here, we present a method for ultrasensitive and high-throughput imaging of energy carrier evolution in space and time. This method combines femtosecond pump-probe techniques with interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT), named Femto-iSCAT. The interferometric principle and unique spatially modulated contrast enhancement enable the exploration of new science. We address three important and challenging problems: transport of different energy carriers at various interfaces, heterogeneous hot-electron distribution and relaxation in single plasmonic resonators, and distinct structure-dependent edge-state dynamics of carriers and excitons in optoelectronic semiconductors. Femto-iSCAT holds great potential as a universal tool for ultrasensitive imaging of energy carrier evolution in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Tian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing-Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Zhao X, Du C, Leng R, Li L, Luo W, Wu W, Xiang Y, Ren M, Zhang X, Cai W, Xu J. Linewidth narrowing of aluminum breathing plasmon resonances in Bragg grating decorated nanodisks. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4286-4291. [PMID: 36132839 PMCID: PMC9417353 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon resonances with high-quality are of great importance in light emission control and light-matter interactions. Nevertheless, inherent ohmic and radiative losses usually hinder the plasmon performance of metallic nanostructures, especially for aluminum (Al). Here we demonstrate a Bragg grating decorated nanodisk to narrow the linewidth of breathing plasmon resonances compared with a commensurate nanodisk. Two kinds of plasmon resonant modes and the corresponding mode patterns are investigated in cathodoluminescence (CL) depending on the different electron bombardment positions, and the experimental results agree well with full wave electromagnetic simulations. Linewidth narrowing can be clearly understood using an approximated magnetic dipole model. Our results suggest a feasible mechanism for linewidth narrowing of plasmon resonances as well as pave the way for in-depth analysis and potential applications of Al plasmon systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Chenglin Du
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Rong Leng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Weiwei Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Wei Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Yinxiao Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Mengxin Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University Tianjin 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University Taiyuan Shanxi 030006 People's Republic of China
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Kowalski BJ, Pieniążek A, Reszka A, Witkowski BS, Godlewski M. Finite-difference time-domain simulation of cathodoluminescence patterns of ZnO hexagonal microrods. NANO EXPRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abdc3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) numerical simulation method has been applied to interpret cathodoluminecence patterns observed for ZnO nanorods grown by a hydrothermal method. The 3D FDTD simulation reproduced the radial electromagnetic field pattern in the hexagonal resonator, corresponding to the CL emission maps of real ZnO microrods. The simulation result for the H
z
(TE) polarization—the intense field distribution along edges of the structure, in particular in the corners, but weak in the centre—matched the CL pattern particularly well. Since the experiment was not polarization sensitive, we suppose that polarisation sensitive transmission of electromagnetic field through the ZnO/air interface leads to such an observation. The results of the simulation show also that the lack of axial Fabry-Pérot-like resonances in the CL experiments is caused by leaking of the electromagnetic field from the ZnO resonator into the GaN substrate.
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Li L, Wang L, Du C, Guan Z, Xiang Y, Wu W, Ren M, Zhang X, Tang A, Cai W, Xu J. Ultrastrong coupling of CdZnS/ZnS quantum dots to bonding breathing plasmons of aluminum metal-insulator-metal nanocavities in near-ultraviolet spectrum. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3112-3120. [PMID: 31965128 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling originating from excitons of quantum dots and plasmons in nanocavities can be realized at room temperature due to the large electromagnetic field enhancement of plasmons, offering building blocks for quantum information systems, ultralow-power switches and lasers. However, most of the current strong coupling effects were realized by the interaction between excitons and far-field light excited bright plasmon modes in the visible range. Beyond that, there is still a lack of direct imaging of polariton modes at the nanoscale. In this work, by using cathodoluminescence, ultrastrong coupling with Rabi splitting exceeding 1 eV between bonding breathing plasmons of aluminum (Al) metal-insulator-metal (MIM) cavities and excited states of CdZnS/ZnS quantum dots was observed in the near-ultraviolet (UV) spectrum. Further, the hybridization of the QDs excitons and bonding breathing plasmonic modes is verified by deep-subwavelength images of polaritonic modes in real-space. Analytic analysis based on the coupled oscillator model and full-wave electromagnetic simulations is consistent with our experimental results. Our work not only indicates the great potential of electron excited plasmon modes for strong coupling applications, but also extends the polaritonic frequency to the UV range with Al nanocavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China.
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