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Yuan X, Hu X, Lin Q, Zhang S. Progress of charge carrier dynamics and regulation strategies in 2D C xN y-based heterojunctions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2283-2300. [PMID: 38321964 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05976f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional carbon nitrides (CxNy) have gained significant attention in various fields including hydrogen energy development, environmental remediation, optoelectronic devices, and energy storage owing to their extensive surface area, abundant raw materials, high chemical stability, and distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. One effective approach to address the challenges of limited visible light utilization and elevated carrier recombination rates is to establish heterojunctions for CxNy-based single materials (e.g. C2N3, g-C3N4, C3N4, C4N3, C2N, and C3N). The carrier generation, migration, and recombination of heterojunctions with different band alignments have been analyzed starting from the application of CxNy with metal oxides, transition metal sulfides (selenides), conductive carbon, and Cx'Ny' heterojunctions. Additionally, we have explored diverse strategies to enhance heterojunction performance from the perspective of carrier dynamics. In conclusion, we present some overarching observations and insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of advanced CxNy-based heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Yuan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Xuemin Hu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
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2
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Li Y, Du H. Engineering graphitic carbon nitride for next-generation photodetectors: a mini review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25968-25977. [PMID: 37664204 PMCID: PMC10472343 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor photodetectors, as photoelectric devices using optical-electrical signal conversion for detection, are widely used in various fields such as optical communication, medical imaging, environmental monitoring, military tracking, remote sensing, etc. Compared to the conventional photodetector materials including silicon, III-V semiconductors and metal sulfides, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a metal-free polymeric semiconductor, has many advantages such as low-price, easy preparation, efficient visible light response, and relatively good thermal stability. In the meantime, the polymer characteristics also endow the g-C3N4 with good mechanical properties. Apart from being used for photo(electro)catalysts during the past decades, the potential use of g-C3N4 in photodetectors has attracted great research interests very recently. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structure and properties of g-C3N4 and the key performance parameters of photodetectors. Then, combining the very recent progress, the review focuses on the active materials, fabrication methods and performance enhancement strategies for g-C3N4 based photodetectors. The existing challenges are discussed and the future development of g-C3N4 based photodetectors is also forecasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- School of Telecommunications Engineering, Hubei Science and Technology College Wuhan 430074 China
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Haiwei Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
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Lin S, Li S, Huang H, Yu H, Zhang Y. Synergetic Piezo-Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution on Cd x Zn 1-x S Solid-Solution 1D Nanorods. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106420. [PMID: 34936197 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of solar and mechanical vibration energies for catalytic water splitting into H2 has gained substantial attention recently. However, the sluggish charge separation and inefficient energy utilization in photocatalytic and piezocatalytic processes severely restrict the catalytic activity. In this paper, efficient piezo-photocatalytic H2 evolution from water splitting is realized via simultaneously converting solar and vibration energy over one-dimensional (1D) nanorod-structured Cdx Zn1-x S (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) solid solutions. Under combined visible light and ultrasound irradiation, Cd0.4 Zn0.6 S 1D nanorods deliver a prominently synergetic piezo-photocatalytic H2 yield rate of 4.45 mmol g-1 h-1 , far exceeding that under sole ultrasound or illumination. The consumedly promoted catalytic activity of Cd0.4 Zn0.6 S is attributed to strengthened charge separation by piezo-potential as disclosed by light-assisted scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), increased strain sensitivity, and desirable optimization between piezoelectricity and visible-light response due to the formation of 1D configuration and solid solution. Metal and metal oxide depositions disclose that reduction and oxidation reactions separately occur at the tips and lateral edges of the Cd0.4 Zn0.6 S nanorods, in which the spatially separated reactive sites also contribute to super catalytic activity. This work is expected to inspire a new design strategy of coupled catalysis reactions for efficient renewable fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Han Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, P. R. China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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Guan Y, Liu Y, Lv Q, Wu J. Bismuth-based photocatalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of flue gas mercury removal: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126280. [PMID: 34102357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation method is a promising technology for solving flue gas mercury (Hg) pollution from industrial plants. Semiconductor photocatalysts have been widely applied in energy conversion and environmental remediation. However, key issues such as low light absorption capacity, wide energy band gap, and poor physicochemical stability severely limit the application of photocatalysts in practical industrial plants. In recent years, bismuth-based (Bi-based) photocatalysts, including bismuth oxide halide BiOX (X = Cl, Br or I), bismuth salt oxymetal BiVO4, and BiOIO3 etc., have increasingly aroused scientists' attention due to their peculiar crystalline geometric structures, tunable electronic structure and high photocatalytic performance. In present review, we firstly review the photocatalytic reaction mechanism and main photocatalytic oxidation mechanism of mercury. Secondly, the synthetic methods of Bi-based photocatalysts are summarized. Then, according to the mechanism of mercury removal, the experimental modifying approaches including heterojunction making, external atoms doping, defect creating, and crystal face regulating to promote the photocatalytic oxidation of mercury removal are summarized, as well as the determination of the band gap and electronic density of states (DOS) of Bi-based photocatalysts to elucidate the photocatalytic oxidation mechanism via density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Furthermore, constructing electronic transmission channels is an efficient way to improve the photocatalytic activity. Finally, challenges and perspectives of Bi-based photocatalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of mercury removal are presented. In addition, the excellent performance photocatalysts and efficient pollution removal equipment for mercury removal in industrial plants are still required in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yinhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qiang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China.
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Shi L, Wang H, Ma X, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhao D, Shen D. The Deformation Behavior and Bending Emissions of ZnO Microwire Affected by Deformation-Induced Defects and Thermal Tunneling Effect. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5887. [PMID: 34502777 PMCID: PMC8434524 DOI: 10.3390/s21175887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The realization of electrically pumped emitters at micro and nanoscale, especially with flexibility or special shapes is still a goal for prospective fundamental research and application. Herein, zinc oxide (ZnO) microwires were produced to investigate the luminescent properties affected by stress. To exploit the initial stress, room temperature in situ elastic bending stress was applied on the microwires by squeezing between the two approaching electrodes. A novel unrecoverable deformation phenomenon was observed by applying a large enough voltage, resulting in the formation of additional defects at bent regions. The electrical characteristics of the microwire changed with the applied bending deformation due to the introduction of defects by stress. When the injection current exceeded certain values, bright emission was observed at bent regions, ZnO microwires showed illumination at the bent region priority to straight region. The bent emission can be attributed to the effect of thermal tunneling electroluminescence appeared primarily at bent regions. The physical mechanism of the observed thermoluminescence phenomena was analyzed using theoretical simulations. The realization of electrically induced deformation and the related bending emissions in single microwires shows the possibility to fabricate special-shaped light sources and offer a method to develop photoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Laser, Changchun University of Science and Technology, No. 7186 Wei-Xing Road, Changchun 130022, China; (H.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Laser, Changchun University of Science and Technology, No. 7186 Wei-Xing Road, Changchun 130022, China; (H.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Laser, Changchun University of Science and Technology, No. 7186 Wei-Xing Road, Changchun 130022, China; (H.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Dongnanhu Road, Changchun 130033, China; (Y.W.); (F.W.); (D.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Dongnanhu Road, Changchun 130033, China; (Y.W.); (F.W.); (D.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Dongnanhu Road, Changchun 130033, China; (Y.W.); (F.W.); (D.Z.); (D.S.)
| | - Dezhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3888 Dongnanhu Road, Changchun 130033, China; (Y.W.); (F.W.); (D.Z.); (D.S.)
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Bi J, Zhao S, Wu J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Han Y, Zhang X. Dual cocatalysts decorated three dimensionally ordered mesoporous g‐C
3
N
4
with homogeneous wall thickness for enhanced photocatalytic performance. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingce Bi
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Junbiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Zhuopeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Yide Han
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of ScienceNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
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Yang Y, Zhang D, Xiang Q. Plasma-modified Ti 3C 2T x/CdS hybrids with oxygen-containing groups for high-efficiency photocatalytic hydrogen production. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18797-18805. [PMID: 31595917 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07242j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Noble-metal-free Ti3C2Tx/CdS hybrids with oxygen-containing groups were successfully prepared through a mild solvothermal method of in situ heterogeneous nucleation. The abundant oxygen-containing groups and the increased surface roughness of plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx sheets provided active sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of CdS nanoparticles and strengthened the physical bond between CdS NPs and layered Ti3C2Tx. The optimized Ti3C2Tx/CdS hybrid without noble-metal co-catalyst achieved a high hydrogen-production rate of 825 μmol h-1 g-1 with an apparent quantum efficiency of 10.2% at 450 nm. The prepared Ti3C2Tx/CdS hybrid with 1.0 wt% Ti3C2Tx had a photocatalytic hydrogen-production rate higher than those of pure CdS nanoparticles and the Ti3C2/CdS hybrid obtained using non-plasma-treated Ti3C2 as the support matrix under visible-light irradiation. The photocatalytic-activity improvement of CdS nanoparticles was due to the increased hydrophilicity after plasma treatment with the abundant oxygen-containing groups on the Ti3C2Tx surface and the intimate contact between CdS nanoparticles and layered Ti3C2Tx. The former enabled the effective capture of water molecules and hydrogen ions by oxygen-containing groups on the surface of plasma-treated Ti3C2Tx. The latter provided a stable transfer channel for electrons to suppress the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The proposed schematic for the improved photocatalytic activity of CdS nanoparticles decorated with plasma treated Ti3C2Tx was further confirmed by transient photocurrent response and time-resolved photoluminescence analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Dainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China.
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Li YY, Si Y, Zhou BX, Huang WQ, Hu W, Pan A, Fan X, Huang GF. Strategy to boost catalytic activity of polymeric carbon nitride: synergistic effect of controllable in situ surface engineering and morphology. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16393-16405. [PMID: 31436768 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (CN) is a promising metal-free catalyst plagued by a low intrinsic activity. Herein, a novel strategy based on controllable in situ surface engineering and morphology was developed to synergistically boost the catalytic activity of CN by tuning the hydroxyl groups on its surface and constructing a unique nanostructure. The controllable introduction of hydroxyl groups on CN nanoshells, prepared by the thermal condensation of oxygen-containing supramolecular precursors formed in water, led to spatial separation of the HOMO and LUMO, and effective exciton dissociation, as verified by experiments and ab initio calculations. Furthermore, the hollow hemispherical nanoshell endowed more exposed active sites, optimal mass transport, and dynamic modulations. The optimized hollow hemispherical CN nanoshells exhibited remarkable catalytic activity, with a photoelectrocatalytic OER overpotential of about 330 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, outperforming state-of-the-art precious-metal catalyst IrO2. High activity for the visible-light photocatalytic HER and pollutant degradation were also observed. This study proposes that, through rational surface group modification, a polymer material with high catalytic activity can be practically realized, which is promising for the design of efficient metal-free catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Yuan Si
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Bing-Xin Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Wei-Qing Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Wangyu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxing Fan
- School of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Fang Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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Li YY, Zhou BX, Zhang HW, Ma SF, Huang WQ, Peng W, Hu W, Huang GF. Doping-induced enhancement of crystallinity in polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets to improve their visible-light photocatalytic activity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6876-6885. [PMID: 30912790 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00229d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Structural defects can greatly inhibit electron transfer in two-dimensional (2D) layered polymeric carbon nitride (CN) unit, seriously lowering its utilization ratio of photogenerated charges during photocatalysis. Herein, we propose a new strategy based on intra-melon hydrogen bonding interactions in 2D CN frameworks to improve the crystallinity of CN. This concept was validated by removing some amino groups and connecting melon using codoped B and F atoms via a simple one-step sodium fluoroborate-assisted thermal treatment. The enhancement in crystallinity effectively promoted exciton dissociation and charge transfer in the CN nanosheets. Furthermore, the B/F dopants also improved the separation of photogenerated carriers by promoting charge capture. The highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity of the crystalline B/F-codoped CN nanosheets was demonstrated by degrading methyl orange, Rhodamine B, colorless phenol and tetracycline hydrochloride as models, where their degradation rate constant was more than 10, 5, 32 and 3 times higher than that of pure CN, respectively. Moreover, the B/F-codoped CN exhibited an excellent photoelectrocatalytic performance for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), outperforming the precious-metal IrO2 catalyst. The simple and effective strategy proposed herein provides a direct route to engineer high crystallinity in 2D materials for tunable charge carrier separation and migration for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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