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Kapic A, Sabnis N, Dossou AS, Chavez J, Ceresa L, Gryczynski Z, Fudala R, Dickerman R, Bunnell BA, Lacko AG. Photophysical Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of α-Mangostin-Loaded HDL Mimetic Nano-Complex in LN-229 Glioblastoma Spheroid Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7378. [PMID: 39000485 PMCID: PMC11242846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic activity has been reported for the xanthone α-mangostin (AMN) against Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive malignant brain cancer with a poor prognosis. Recognizing that AMN's high degree of hydrophobicity is likely to limit its systemic administration, we formulated AMN using reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticles. The photophysical characteristics of the formulation, including fluorescence lifetime and steady-state anisotropy, indicated that AMN was successfully incorporated into the rHDL nanoparticles. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the fluorescent characteristics of AMN with an HDL-based drug carrier. Cytotoxicity studies in a 2D culture and 3D spheroid model of LN-229 GBM cells and normal human astrocytes showed an enhanced therapeutic index with the rHDL-AMN formulation compared to the unincorporated AMN and Temozolomide, a standard GBM chemotherapy agent. Furthermore, treatment with the rHDL-AMN facilitated a dose-dependent upregulation of autophagy and reactive oxygen species generation to a greater extent in LN-229 cells compared to astrocytes, indicating the reduced off-target toxicity of this novel formulation. These studies indicate the potential therapeutic benefits to GBM patients via selective targeting using the rHDL-AMN formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Kapic
- Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Nirupama Sabnis
- Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Akpedje S Dossou
- Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Jose Chavez
- College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Luca Ceresa
- College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Zygmunt Gryczynski
- College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Rafal Fudala
- Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Rob Dickerman
- Department of Spine Surgery, Neurological and Spine Surgeon, 5575 Frisco Square Blvd, Frisco, TX 75093, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Andras G Lacko
- Lipoprotein Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Pérez-Velasco DL, Morales-Avila E, Ocampo-García B, Torres-García E, Izquierdo G, Jiménez-Mancilla N, Oros-Pantoja R, Díaz-Sánchez LE, Aranda-Lara L, Isaac-Olivé K. Biokinetics, radiopharmacokinetics and estimation of the absorbed dose in healthy organs due to Technetium-99m transported in the core and on the surface of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 122-123:108363. [PMID: 37419070 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of rHDL-radionuclide theragnostic systems requires evaluation of the absorbed doses that would be produced in healthy tissues and organs at risk. Technetium-99m is the most widely used radionuclide for diagnostic imaging, therefore, the design of theragnostic reconstituted high density-lipoprotein (rHDL) nanosystems labeled with Technetium-99m offers multiple possibilities. OBJECTIVE To determine the biokinetics, radiopharmacokinetics and estimate the absorbed doses induced in healthy organs by Technetium-99m transported in the core and on the surface of rHDL. METHODS Biokinetic and radiopharmacokinetic models of rHDL/[99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-DA (Technetium-99m in the core) and [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-rHDL (Technetium-99m on the surface) were calculated from their ex vivo biodistribution in healthy mice. Absorbed doses were estimated by the MIRD formalism using OLINDA/EXM and LMFIT softwares. RESULTS rHDL/[99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-DA and [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-rHDL show instantaneous absorption in kidney, lung, heart and pancreas, with slower absorption in spleen. rHDL/[99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-DA is absorbed more slowly in the intestine, while [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-rHDL is absorbed more slowly in the liver. The main target organ for rHDL/[99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-DA, which is hydrophobic in nature, is the liver, whereas the kidney is for the more hydrophilic [99mTc]Tc-HYNIC-rHDL. Assuming that 925 MBq (25 mCi) of Technetium-99m, carried in the core or on the surface of rHDL, are administered, the maximum tolerated doses for the organs of greatest accumulation are not exceeded. CONCLUSION Theragnostic systems based on 99mTc-labeled rHDL are safe from the dosimetric point of view. The dose estimates obtained can be used to adjust the 99mTc-activity to be administered in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Pérez-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Morales-Avila
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Blanca Ocampo-García
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Laboratorio de Dosimetría y Simulación Monte Carlo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Germán Izquierdo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nallely Jiménez-Mancilla
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Oros-Pantoja
- Laboratorio de investigación en fisiología y endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis E Díaz-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50200, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico.
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Aranda-Lara L, Isaac-Olivé K, Ocampo-García B, Ferro-Flores G, González-Romero C, Mercado-López A, García-Marín R, Santos-Cuevas C, Estrada JA, Morales-Avila E. Engineered rHDL Nanoparticles as a Suitable Platform for Theranostic Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:7046. [PMID: 36296638 PMCID: PMC9610567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDLs) can transport and specifically release drugs and imaging agents, mediated by the Scavenger Receptor Type B1 (SR-B1) present in a wide variety of tumor cells, providing convenient platforms for developing theranostic systems. Usually, phospholipids or Apo-A1 lipoproteins on the particle surfaces are the motifs used to conjugate molecules for the multifunctional purposes of the rHDL nanoparticles. Cholesterol has been less addressed as a region to bind molecules or functional groups to the rHDL surface. To maximize the efficacy and improve the radiolabeling of rHDL theranostic systems, we synthesized compounds with bifunctional agents covalently linked to cholesterol. This strategy means that the radionuclide was bound to the surface, while the therapeutic agent was encapsulated in the lipophilic core. In this research, HYNIC-S-(CH2)3-S-Cholesterol and DOTA-benzene-p-SC-NH-(CH2)2-NH-Cholesterol derivatives were synthesized to prepare nanoparticles (NPs) of HYNIC-rHDL and DOTA-rHDL, which can subsequently be linked to radionuclides for SPECT/PET imaging or targeted radiotherapy. HYNIC is used to complexing 99mTc and DOTA for labeling molecules with 111, 113mIn, 67, 68Ga, 177Lu, 161Tb, 225Ac, and 64Cu, among others. In vitro studies showed that the NPs of HYNIC-rHDL and DOTA-rHDL maintain specific recognition by SR-B1 and the ability to internalize and release, in the cytosol of cancer cells, the molecules carried in their core. The biodistribution in mice showed a similar behavior between rHDL (without surface modification) and HYNIC-rHDL, while DOTA-rHDL exhibited a different biodistribution pattern due to the significant reduction in the lipophilicity of the modified cholesterol molecule. Both systems demonstrated characteristics for the development of suitable theranostic platforms for personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Blanca Ocampo-García
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos González-Romero
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50120, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Mercado-López
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50120, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo García-Marín
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50120, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Clara Santos-Cuevas
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José A. Estrada
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Morales-Avila
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50120, Estado de México, Mexico
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IAEA Contribution to Nanosized Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051060. [PMID: 35631646 PMCID: PMC9146346 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing interest in the application of nanoscience in the future design of radiopharmaceuticals and the development of nanosized radiopharmaceuticals in the late 2000′s, resulted in the creation of a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2014. This CRP entitled ‘Nanosized delivery systems for radiopharmaceuticals’ involved a team of expert scientist from various member states. This team of scientists worked on a number of cutting-edge areas of nanoscience with a focus on developing well-defined, highly effective and site-specific delivery systems of radiopharmaceuticals. Specifically, focus areas of various teams of scientists comprised of the development of nanoparticles (NPs) based on metals, polymers, and gels, and their conjugation/encapsulation or decoration with various tumor avid ligands such as peptides, folates, and small molecule phytochemicals. The research and development efforts also comprised of developing optimum radiolabeling methods of various nano vectors using diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides including Tc-99m, Ga-68, Lu-177 and Au-198. Concerted efforts of teams of scientists within this CRP has resulted in the development of various protocols and guidelines on delivery systems of nanoradiopharmaceuticals, training of numerous graduate students/post-doctoral fellows and publications in peer reviewed journals while establishing numerous productive scientific networks in various participating member states. Some of the innovative nanoconstructs were chosen for further preclinical applications—all aimed at ultimate clinical translation for treating human cancer patients. This review article summarizes outcomes of this major international scientific endeavor.
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Dhas N, García MC, Kudarha R, Pandey A, Nikam AN, Gopalan D, Fernandes G, Soman S, Kulkarni S, Seetharam RN, Tiwari R, Wairkar S, Pardeshi C, Mutalik S. Advancements in cell membrane camouflaged nanoparticles: A bioinspired platform for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2022; 346:71-97. [PMID: 35439581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The idea of employing natural cell membranes as a coating medium for nanoparticles (NPs) endows man-made vectors with natural capabilities and benefits. In addition to retaining the physicochemical characteristics of the NPs, the biomimetic NPs also have the functionality of source cell membranes. It has emerged as a promising approach to enhancing the properties of NPs for drug delivery, immune evasion, imaging, cancer-targeting, and phototherapy sensitivity. Several studies have been reported with a multitude of approaches to reengineering the surface of NPs using biological membranes. Owing to their low immunogenicity and intriguing biomimetic properties, cell-membrane-based biohybrid delivery systems have recently gained a lot of interest as therapeutic delivery systems. This review summarises different kinds of biomimetic NPs reported so far, their fabrication aspects, and their application in the biomedical field. Finally, it briefs on the latest advances available in this biohybrid concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdev Dhas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Mónica C García
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica, UNITEFA, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ritu Kudarha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ajinkya Nitin Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Divya Gopalan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Gasper Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Soji Soman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Sanjay Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Raviraja N Seetharam
- Manipal Centre for Biotherapeutics Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 209305, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Chandrakantsing Pardeshi
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India.
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225Ac-rHDL Nanoparticles: A Potential Agent for Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy of Tumors Overexpressing SR-BI Proteins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072156. [PMID: 35408554 PMCID: PMC9000893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Actinium-225 and other alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides have shown high potential for cancer treatment. Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) specifically recognize the scavenger receptor B type I (SR-BI) overexpressed in several types of cancer cells. Furthermore, after rHDL-SR-BI recognition, the rHDL content is injected into the cell cytoplasm. This research aimed to prepare a targeted 225Ac-delivering nanosystem by encapsulating the radionuclide into rHDL nanoparticles. The synthesis of rHDL was performed in two steps using the microfluidic synthesis method for the subsequent encapsulation of 225Ac, previously complexed to a lipophilic molecule (225Ac-DOTA-benzene-p-SCN, CLog P = 3.42). The nanosystem (13 nm particle size) showed a radiochemical purity higher than 99% and stability in human serum. In vitro studies in HEP-G2 and PC-3 cancer cells (SR-BI positive) demonstrated that 225Ac was successfully internalized into the cytoplasm of cells, delivering high radiation doses to cell nuclei (107 Gy to PC-3 and 161 Gy to HEP-G2 nuclei at 24 h), resulting in a significant decrease in cell viability down to 3.22 ± 0.72% for the PC-3 and to 1.79 ± 0.23% for HEP-G2 at 192 h after 225Ac-rHDL treatment. After intratumoral 225Ac-rHDL administration in mice bearing HEP-G2 tumors, the biokinetic profile showed significant retention of radioactivity in the tumor masses (90.16 ± 2.52% of the injected activity), which generated ablative radiation doses (649 Gy/MBq). The results demonstrated adequate properties of rHDL as a stable carrier for selective deposition of 225Ac within cancer cells overexpressing SR-BI. The results obtained in this research justify further preclinical studies, designed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the 225Ac-rHDL system for targeted alpha-particle therapy of tumors that overexpress the SR-BI receptor.
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7
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Ávila-Sánchez MA, Isaac-Olivé K, Aranda-Lara L, Morales-Ávila E, Plata-Becerril A, Jiménez-Mancilla NP, Ocampo-García B, Estrada JA, Santos-Cuevas CL, Torres-García E, Camacho-López MA. Targeted photodynamic therapy using reconstituted high-density lipoproteins as rhodamine transporters. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102630. [PMID: 34798347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticles are excellent transporters of molecules and very useful for targeted therapy as they specifically recognize the scavenger receptor, class B1 (SR-B1) that is present on the surface of a wide range of tumor cells. However, they have rarely been employed to transport photosensitizers (PS) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Rhodamine (R) compounds have been dismissed as useful PSs for PDT due to their low 1O2 production, excitation wavelengths with little tissue penetration, and poor selectivity for tumor cells. It was recently demonstrated that when irradiating at 532 nm or with Cerenkov radiation (CR) from a β-emitting radionuclide, R123, R6G, and RB undergo electron transfer reactions (type I reaction) with folic acid. R6G also produces type I reactions with O2. In this work, the photodynamic effects of the rHDL-R system were evaluated in vitro. rHDL nanoparticles loaded with R123, R6G, and RB were synthesized, and the PS was internalized into T47D tumor cells. When cells were irradiated with a 532-nm laser in the presence of an rHDL-R systems, a cytotoxic photodynamic effect was obtained in the order R6G > R123 > RB. In the presence of CR from a 177Lu source, cytotoxicity showed the order R6G > RB > R123. The higher cytotoxicity induced by R6G in both cases corresponds to higher cellular internalization and larger production of type I and II reactions. Thus, in this work, it is proposed that rHDL-R/177Lu system can be applied in theragnostics as a multimodal radiotherapy-PDT-imaging system (imaging by SPECT or Cerenkov) and in hypoxic solid tumors in which external radiation is not effective and 177Lu-CR acts as light source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Ávila-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50180, Mexico
| | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50180, Mexico.
| | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50180, Mexico.
| | - Enrique Morales-Ávila
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50120, Mexico
| | - Adriana Plata-Becerril
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50120, Mexico
| | - Nallely P Jiménez-Mancilla
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México 52750, Mexico.
| | - Blanca Ocampo-García
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México 52750, Mexico
| | - José A Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50180, Mexico
| | - Clara L Santos-Cuevas
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, Estado de México 52750, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Laboratorio de Dosimetría y Simulación Monte Carlo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50180, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Camacho-López
- Laboratorio de Fotomedicina, Biofotónica y Espectroscopía Láser de Pulsos Ultracortos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México 50180, Mexico
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8
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Quintos-Meneses HA, Aranda-Lara L, Morales-Ávila E, Ocampo-García B, Contreras I, Ramírez-Nava GJ, Santos-Cuevas CL, Estrada JA, Luna-Gutiérrez MA, Ferro-Flores G, Camacho-López MA, Torres-García E, Ramírez-Durán N, Isaac-Olivé K. A Multimodal Theranostic System Prepared from High-Density Lipoprotein Carrier of Doxorubicin and 177Lu. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:2125-2141. [PMID: 34906274 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was demonstrated that doxorubicin (Dox.HCl), a chemotherapeutic agent, could be photoactivated by Cerenkov radiation (CR). The objective of the present work was to develop a multimodal chemotherapy-radiotherapy-photodynamic therapeutic system based on reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) loaded with Dox.HCl and 177Lu-DOTA. 177Lu acts as a therapeutic radionuclide and CR source. The system can be visualized by nuclear imaging. Fluorescence microscopy showed that rHDL-Dox specifically recognized cancer cells (T47D) that are positive for SR-B1 receptors. Encapsulated Dox.HCl was released into the cells and produced reactive oxygen species when irradiated with a 450-nm laser (photodynamic effect). The same effect occurred when Dox.HCl was irradiated by 177Lu CR. Through in vitro experiments, it was confirmed that the addition of 177Lu-DOTA to the rHDL-Dox nanosystem did not affect the specific recognition of SR-B1 receptors expressed in cells, or the cellular internalization of 177Lu-DOTA. The toxicity induced by the rHDL-Dox/177Lu nanosystem in cell lines with high (T47D and PC3), poor (H9C2) and almost-zero (human fibroblasts (FB)) expression of SR-B1 was evaluated in vitro and confirmed the synergy of the combined chemotherapy-radiotherapy-photodynamic therapeutic effect; this induced toxicity was proportional to the expression of the SR-B1 receptor on the surface of the cells used. The HDL-Dox/177Lu nanosystem experienced uptake by tumor cells and the liver-both tissues with high expression of SR-B1 receptors-but not by the heart. 177Lu CR offered the possibility of imparting photodynamic therapy where laser light could not reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Angeline Quintos-Meneses
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Liliana Aranda-Lara
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Enrique Morales-Ávila
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Blanca Ocampo-García
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | - Gerardo J Ramírez-Nava
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Clara L Santos-Cuevas
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José A Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | - Myrna A Luna-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Radiofármacos-CONACyT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac, 52750, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Camacho-López
- Laboratorio de Fotomedicina, Biofotónica y Espectroscopía Láser de Pulsos Ultracortos. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Laboratorio de Dosimetría y Simulación Monte Carlo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | - Ninfa Ramírez-Durán
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Médica y Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 50180, Mexico
| | - Keila Isaac-Olivé
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Teranóstica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, 50180, Estado de México, Mexico
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9
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Jin Y, Chifodya K, Han G, Jiang W, Chen Y, Shi Y, Xu Q, Xi Y, Wang J, Zhou J, Zhang H, Ding Y. High-density lipoprotein in Alzheimer's disease: From potential biomarkers to therapeutics. J Control Release 2021; 338:56-70. [PMID: 34391838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in vivo and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become an inspiration for HDL-inspired AD therapy, including plain HDL and various intelligent HDL-based drug delivery systems. In this review, we will focus on the two endogenous HDL subtypes in the central nervous system (CNS), apolipoprotein E-based HDL (apoE-HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I-based HDL (apoA-I-HDL), especially their influence on AD pathophysiology to reveal HDL's potential as biomarkers for risk prediction, and summarize the relevant therapeutic mechanisms to propose possible treatment strategies. We will emphasize the latest advances of HDL as therapeutics (plain HDL and HDL-based drug delivery systems) to discuss the potential for AD therapy and review innovative techniques in the preparation of HDL-based nanoplatforms to provide a basis for the rational design and future development of anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kudzai Chifodya
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guochen Han
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yilong Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Huaqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Nanjing 210009, China.
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10
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Gupta A, Sharma R, Kuche K, Jain S. Exploring the therapeutic potential of the bioinspired reconstituted high density lipoprotein nanostructures. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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An D, Yu X, Jiang L, Wang R, He P, Chen N, Guo X, Li X, Feng M. Reversal of Multidrug Resistance by Apolipoprotein A1-Modified Doxorubicin Liposome for Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051280. [PMID: 33652957 PMCID: PMC7956628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major problem in cancer therapy and is characterized by the overexpression of p-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump, upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins or downregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins. In this study, an Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1)-modified cationic liposome containing a synthetic cationic lipid and cholesterol was developed for the delivery of a small-molecule chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (Dox) to treat MDR tumor. The liposome-modified by ApoA1 was found to promote drug uptake and elicit better therapeutic effects than free Dox and liposome in MCF-7/ADR cells. Further, loading Dox into the present ApoA1-liposome systems enabled a burst release at the tumor location, resulting in enhanced anti-tumor effects and reduced off-target effects. More importantly, ApoA1-lip/Dox caused fewer adverse effects on cardiac function and other organs in 4T1 subcutaneous xenograft models. These features indicate that the designed liposomes represent a promising strategy for the reversal of MDR in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duopeng An
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lijing Jiang
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
| | - Rui Wang
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peng He
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Nanye Chen
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaohan Guo
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Minhang Hospital & School of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Medicines Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai 201023, China; (D.A.); (X.Y.); (L.J.); (R.W.); (P.H.); (N.C.); (X.G.)
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (M.F.)
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12
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Pedersbæk D, Simonsen JB. A systematic review of the biodistribution of biomimetic high-density lipoproteins in mice. J Control Release 2020; 328:792-804. [PMID: 32971201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the past two decades, biomimetic high-density lipoproteins (b-HDL) have been used for various drug delivery applications. The b-HDL mimic the endogenous HDL, and therefore possess many attractive features for drug delivery, including high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to transport and deliver their cargo (e.g. drugs and/or imaging agents) to specific cells and tissues that are recognized by HDL. The b-HDL designs reported in the literature often differ in size, shape, composition, and type of incorporated cargo. However, there exists only limited insight into how the b-HDL design dictates their biodistribution. To fill this gap, we conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search of biodistribution studies using various designs of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-based b-HDL (i.e. b-HDL with apoA-I, apoA-I mutants, or apoA-I mimicking peptides). We carefully screened 679 papers (search hits) for b-HDL biodistribution studies in mice, and ended up with 24 relevant biodistribution profiles that we compared according to b-HDL design. We show similarities between b-HDL biodistribution studies irrespectively of the b-HDL design, whereas the biodistribution of the b-HDL components (lipids and scaffold) differ significantly. The b-HDL lipids primarily accumulate in liver, while the b-HDL scaffold primarily accumulates in the kidney. Furthermore, both b-HDL lipids and scaffold accumulate well in the tumor tissue in tumor-bearing mice. Finally, we present essential considerations and strategies for b-HDL labeling, and discuss how the b-HDL biodistribution can be tuned through particle design and administration route. Our meta-analysis and discussions provide a detailed overview of the fate of b-HDL in mice that is highly relevant when applying b-HDL for drug delivery or in vivo imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pedersbæk
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Health Technology, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens B Simonsen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Health Technology, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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13
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Busatto S, Walker SA, Grayson W, Pham A, Tian M, Nesto N, Barklund J, Wolfram J. Lipoprotein-based drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:377-390. [PMID: 32791075 PMCID: PMC7747060 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins (LPs) are circulating heterogeneous nanoparticles produced by the liver and intestines. LPs play a major role in the transport of dietary and endogenous lipids to target cells through cell membrane receptors or cell surface-bound lipoprotein lipase. The stability, biocompatibility, and selective transport of LPs make them promising delivery vehicles for various therapeutic and imaging agents. This review discusses isolation, manufacturing, and drug loading techniques used for LP-based drug delivery, as well as recent applications for diagnosis and treatment of cancer, atherosclerosis, and other life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Busatto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Sierra A Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Whisper Grayson
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Anthony Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nicole Nesto
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jacqueline Barklund
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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Radiolabeled liposomes and lipoproteins as lipidic nanoparticles for imaging and therapy. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 230:104934. [PMID: 32562666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabeled lipidic nanoparticles, particularly liposomes and lipoproteins, are of great interest as agents for imaging and therapy, due not only to their peculiar physicochemical and biological properties, but also to their great versatility and the ability to manipulate them to obtain the desired properties. This review provides an overview of radionuclide labeling strategies for preparing diagnostic and therapeutic nanoparticles based on liposomes and lipoproteins that have been developed to date, as well as the main quality control methods and in vivo applications.
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15
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Busatto S, Zendrini A, Radeghieri A, Paolini L, Romano M, Presta M, Bergese P. The nanostructured secretome. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:39-63. [PMID: 31799977 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01007f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term secretome, which traditionally strictly refers to single proteins, should be expanded to also include the great variety of nanoparticles secreted by cells (secNPs) into the extracellular space, which ranges from high-density lipoproteins of a few nanometers to extracellular vesicles and fat globules of hundreds of nanometers. Widening the definition is urged by the ever-increasing understanding of the role of secNPs as regulators/mediators of key physiological and pathological processes, which also puts them in the running as breakthrough cell-free therapeutics and diagnostics. "Made by cells for cells", secNPs are envisioned as a sweeping paradigm shift in nanomedicine, promising to overcome the limitations of synthetic nanoparticles by unsurpassed circulation and targeting abilities, precision and sustainability. From a longer/wider perspective, advanced manipulation would possibly make secNPs available as building blocks for future "biogenic" nanotechnology. However, the current knowledge is fragmented and sectorial (the majority of the studies being focused on a specific biological and/or medical aspect of a given secNP class or subclass), the understanding of the nanoscale and interfacial properties is limited and the development of bioprocesses and regulatory initiatives is in the early days. We believe that new multidisciplinary competencies and synergistic efforts need to be attracted and augmented to move forward. This review will contribute to the effort by attempting for the first time to rationally gather and elaborate secNPs and their traits into a unique concise framework - from biogenesis to colloidal properties, engineering and clinical translation - disclosing the overall view and easing comparative analysis and future exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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