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Chen Y, Chen J, Li Z. Cold Cathodes with Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2437. [PMID: 37686945 PMCID: PMC10490007 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional van der Waals materials could be used as electron emitters alone or stacked in a heterostructure. Many significant phenomena of two-dimensional van der Waals field emitters have been observed and predicted since the landmark discovery of graphene. Due to the wide variety of heterostructures that integrate an atomic monolayer or multilayers with insulator nanofilms or metallic cathodes by van der Waals force, the diversity of van der Waals materials is large to be chosen from, which are appealing for further investigation. Until now, increasing the efficiency, stability, and uniformity in electron emission of cold cathodes with two-dimensional materials is still of interest in research. Some novel behaviors in electron emission, such as coherence and directionality, have been revealed by the theoretical study down to the atomic scale and could lead to innovative applications. Although intensive emission in the direction normal to two-dimensional emitters has been observed in experiments, the theoretical mechanism is still incomplete. In this paper, we will review some late progresses related to the cold cathodes with two-dimensional van der Waals materials, both in experiments and in the theoretical study, emphasizing the phenomena which are absent in the conventional cold cathodes. The review will cover the fabrication of several kinds of emitter structures for field emission applications, the state of the art of their field emission properties and the existing field emission model. In the end, some perspectives on their future research trend will also be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technologies, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technologies, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhibing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Xu J, Lin C, Li Y, Zhao X, Shi Y, Zhang X. Structure Optimization of Planar Nanoscale Vacuum Channel Transistor. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:488. [PMID: 36838188 PMCID: PMC9962290 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to its unique structure, discoveries in nanoscale vacuum channel transistors (NVCTs) have demonstrated novel vacuum nanoelectronics. In this paper, the structural parameters of planar-type NVCTs were simulated, which illustrated the influence of emitter tip morphology on emission performance. Based on simulations, we successfully fabricated back-gate and side-gate NVCTs, respectively. Furthermore, the electric properties of NVCTs were investigated, showing the potential to realize the high integration of vacuum transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Congyuan Lin
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xueliang Zhao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yongjiao Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Li M, Dai L, Hu Y. Machine Learning for Harnessing Thermal Energy: From Materials Discovery to System Optimization. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:3204-3226. [PMID: 37325775 PMCID: PMC10264155 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in machine learning (ML) have impacted research communities based on statistical perspectives and uncovered invisibles from conventional standpoints. Though the field is still in the early stage, this progress has driven the thermal science and engineering communities to apply such cutting-edge toolsets for analyzing complex data, unraveling abstruse patterns, and discovering non-intuitive principles. In this work, we present a holistic overview of the applications and future opportunities of ML methods on crucial topics in thermal energy research, from bottom-up materials discovery to top-down system design across atomistic levels to multi-scales. In particular, we focus on a spectrum of impressive ML endeavors investigating the state-of-the-art thermal transport modeling (density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and Boltzmann transport equation), different families of materials (semiconductors, polymers, alloys, and composites), assorted aspects of thermal properties (conductivity, emissivity, stability, and thermoelectricity), and engineering prediction and optimization (devices and systems). We discuss the promises and challenges of current ML approaches and provide perspectives for future directions and new algorithms that could make further impacts on thermal energy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lingyun Dai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Qin Z, Li M, Flohn J, Hu Y. Thermal management materials for energy-efficient and sustainable future buildings. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12236-12253. [PMID: 34723305 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05486d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thermal management plays a key role in improving the energy efficiency and sustainability of future building envelopes. Here, we focus on the materials perspective and discuss the fundamental needs, current status, and future opportunities for thermal management of buildings. First, we identify the primary considerations and evaluation criteria for high-performance thermal materials. Second, state-of-the-art thermal materials are reviewed, ranging from conventional thermal insulating fiberglass, mineral wool, cellulose, and foams, to aerogels and mesoporous structures, as well as multifunctional thermal management materials. Further, recent progress on passive regulation and thermal energy storage systems are discussed, including sensible heat storage, phase change materials, and radiative cooling. Moreover, we discuss the emerging materials systems with tunable thermal and other physical properties that could potentially enable dynamic and interactive thermal management solutions for future buildings. Finally, we discuss the recent progress in theory and computational design from first-principles atomistic theory, molecular dynamics, to multiscale simulations and machine learning. We expect the rational design that combines data-driven computation and multiscale experiments could bridge the materials properties from microscopic to macroscopic scales and provide new opportunities in improving energy efficiency and enabling adaptive implementation per customized demand for future buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Man Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jessica Flohn
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Han JW, Seol ML, Meyyappan M. A nanoscale vacuum field emission gated diode with an umbrella cathode. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1725-1729. [PMID: 36132552 PMCID: PMC9417533 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A nanoscale field emission vacuum channel gated diode structure is proposed and a tungsten cathode with an umbrella-like geometry and sharp vertical edge is fabricated. The edge of the suspended cathode becomes the field emission surface. Unlike in the traditional transistor with the gate typically located between the source and the drain, the bottom silicon plate becomes the gate here and the anode terminal is located between the umbrella cathode and the gate. The fabricated devices show excellent diode characteristics and the gated diode structure is attractive for extremely low gate leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Han
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field CA 94035 USA
| | | | - M Meyyappan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field CA 94035 USA
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Xu J, Qin Y, Shi Y, Shi Y, Yang Y, Zhang X. Design and circuit simulation of nanoscale vacuum channel transistors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3582-3587. [PMID: 36134258 PMCID: PMC9418558 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale vacuum channel transistors (NVCTs) are promising candidates in electronics due to their high frequency, fast response and high reliability, and have attracted considerable attention for structural design and optimization. However, conventional modeling for vacuum devices tends to focus on the work function or electric field distribution for an individual structure. Therefore, it is desirable for a new simulation method to explore the function circuits of NVCTs, e.g. high-speed logic circuits. In this study, a complete simulation of the fabrication, structure design and circuit simulation of NVCTs is demonstrated. First, the fabrication process was designed to be compatible with current semiconductor technology. Then, the "fabricated" structure was directly employed to investigate the influence of the structure parameters on the electrical performance. Furthermore, we explore the possibility of implementing an invert circuit with a single optimal NVCT. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a vacuum-state invertor with a circuit-simulation module in which NVCT functions as a conventional triode or FET. These simulation results illustrate the feasibility of integrating NVCTs into functional circuits and provide a theoretical method for future on-chip vacuum transistors applied in logic or radio-frequency (RF) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Yaling Qin
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yongjiao Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Yutong Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
| | - Yang Yang
- Science and Technology on Monolithic Integrated Circuits and Modules Laboratory, Nanjing Electronic Device Institute Nanjing 210016 China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China
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Enhanced Field Emission Properties of Au/SnSe Nano-heterostructure: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2358. [PMID: 32047186 PMCID: PMC7012864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the field emission properties of two-dimensional SnSe nanosheets (NSs) and Au/SnSe nano-heterostructure (NHS) prepared by a simple and economical route of one-pot colloidal and sputtering technique. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) analysis reveal surface protrusions and morphology modification of the SnSe NSs by Au deposition. By decorating the SnSe NSs with Au nanoparticles, significant improvement in field emission characteristics were observed. A significant reduction in the turn-on field from 2.25 V/µm for the SnSe NSs to 1.25 V/µm for the Au/SnSe NHS was observed. Emission current density of 300 µA/cm2 has been achieved at an applied field of 4.00 and 1.91 V/µm for SnSe NSs and Au/SnSe NHS, respectively. Analysis of the emission current as a function of time also demonstrated the robustness of the present Au/SnSe NHS. Consistent with the experimental data, our complementary first-principles DFT calculations predict lower work function for the Au/SnSe NHS compared to the SnSe NSs as the primary origin for improved field emission. The present study has evidently provided a rational heterostructure strategy for improving various field emission related applications via surface and electronic modifications of the nanostructures.
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Xu J, Hu H, Yang W, Li C, Shi Y, Shi Y, Wang Q, Zhang X. Nanoscale vacuum channel transistor with in-plane collection structure. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:065202. [PMID: 31658453 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab51cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High quality nanoscale vacuum channel transistors (NVCTs) enable carriers to transport ballistically through the vacuum nanogap, achieving high speed and frequency characteristic which are essential for on-chip vacuum electronic devices. However, the studies to date have been largely confined to explore the common electrical performance, while the fast response characteristic of NVCTs remains a challenge. We report the fabrication of metal-based NVCT, with sub-100 nm vacuum channel and specific designed in-plane collection structure which can enhance the emission or collection efficiency of the electrons simultaneously. Importantly, the demonstration of a rise/fall time of less than 100 ns is achieved, which is compatible with those high-quality solid-state transistors based on low-dimensional materials. Moreover, the device can also retain excellent electrical performance, exhibiting a high drive current (>10 μA), low work voltage (<10 V) and high on/off current ratio (>104). The verification of fast temporal response of NVCT makes a significant step towards on-chip vacuum electronics with high speed and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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Feng Y, Du E, Gong S, Yu K, Chen X, Zhu Z. Synthesis of a finger-like MoS 2@VS 2 micro–nanocomposite with enhanced field emission performance. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A MoS2@VS2 micro–nanocomposite showed enhanced field emission properties benefiting from the synergy of the two materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Electronics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Erwei Du
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Electronics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Shijing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Electronics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Ke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Electronics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Electronics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Ziqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education of China)
- Department of Electronics
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
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Kang JS, Wu H, Li M, Hu Y. Intrinsic Low Thermal Conductivity and Phonon Renormalization Due to Strong Anharmonicity of Single-Crystal Tin Selenide. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4941-4948. [PMID: 31265307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals material tin selenide (SnSe) has recently attracted intensive interest due to its exceptional thermoelectric performance. However, the thermal properties and phonon transport mechanisms in its single-crystal form remain elusive. Here, we measured high-quality SnSe single crystals using nanoscale thermometry based on ultrafast optical spectroscopy and found that its intrinsic thermal conductivity is highly anisotropic in different crystallographic directions. To quantify phonon anharmonicity, we developed a new experimental approach combining picosecond ultrasonics and X-ray diffraction to enable direct measurement of temperature-dependent sound velocity, thermal expansion coefficient, and Grüneisen parameter. The measured Grüneisen parameter suggests an abnormally large temperature effect on phonon dispersion that contributes to over 90% of phonon frequency shifts. Furthermore, we performed ab initio calculations using different methods: in comparison with self-consistent phonon theory, the harmonic and quasi-harmonic models that have been widely used in current phonon calculations fail to accurately predict these important thermophysical properties at room temperature and below. Our study reveals an extremely strong intrinsic anharmonicity in SnSe that introduces phonon renormalization near room temperature. This study represents an important research benchmark in characterizing high-performance thermal energy materials and provides fundamental insight into advancing modern calculation methods for phonon transport theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Sang Kang
- School of Engineering and Applied Science , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Huan Wu
- School of Engineering and Applied Science , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Man Li
- School of Engineering and Applied Science , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yongjie Hu
- School of Engineering and Applied Science , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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