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Xue W, Wang L, Yi K, Sun L, Ren H, Bian F. Hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers screening based on hydrogel photonic barcodes with tyramine deposition amplified ELISA. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 255:116270. [PMID: 38588628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as one of the most lethal cancers, significantly impacts human health. Attempts in this area tends to develop novel technologies with sensitive and multiplexed detection properties for early diagnosis. Here, we present novel hydrogel photonic crystal (PhC) barcodes with tyramine deposition amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for highly sensitive and multiplexed HCC biomarker screening. Because of the abundant amino groups of acrylic acid (AA) component, the constructed hydrogel PhC barcodes with inverse opal structure could facilitate the loading of antibody probes for subsequent detection of tumor markers. By integrating tyramine deposition amplified ELISA on the barcode, the detection signal of tumor markers has been enhanced. Based on these features, it is demonstrated that the hydrogel PhC barcodes with tyramine deposition amplified ELISA could realize highly sensitive and multiplexed detection of HCC-related biomarkers. It was found that this method is flexible, sensitive and accurate, suitable for multivariate analysis of low abundance tumor markers and future cancer diagnosis. These features make the newly developed PhC barcodes an innovation platform, which possesses tremendous potential for practical application of low abundance targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xue
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative In-novation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Kexin Yi
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Feika Bian
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Cancer Biomarker Discovery and Translation, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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2
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Steinbeck L, Wolff HJM, Middeldorf M, Linkhorst J, Wessling M. Porous Anisometric PNIPAM Microgels: Tailored Porous Structure and Thermal Response. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2300680. [PMID: 38461409 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The porous structure of microgels significantly influences their properties and, thus, their suitability for various applications, in particular as building blocks for tissue scaffolds. Porosity is one of the crucial features for microgel-cell interactions and significantly increases the cells' accumulation and proliferation. Consequently, tailoring the porosity of microgels in an effortless way is important but still challenging, especially for nonspherical microgels. This work presents a straightforward procedure to fabricate complex-shaped poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels with tuned porous structures using the so-called cononsolvency effect during microgel polymerization. Therefore, the classical solvent in the reaction solution is exchanged from water to water-methanol mixtures in a stop-flow lithography process. For cylindrical microgels with a higher methanol content during fabrication, a greater degree of collapsing is observed, and their aspect ratio increases. Furthermore, the collapsing and swelling velocities change with the methanol content, indicating a modified porous structure, which is confirmed by electron microscopy micrographs. Furthermore, swelling patterns of the microgel variants occur during cooling, revealing their thermal response as a highly heterogeneous process. These results show a novel procedure to fabricate PNIPAM microgels of any elongated 2D shape with tailored porous structure and thermoresponsiveness by introducing the cononsolvency effect during stop-flow lithography polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Steinbeck
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna J M Wolff
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Middeldorf
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering (AVT.CVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Dai L, Yu W, Yu Y. New strategy of using double-network hydrogel extravascular stent for preventing venous graft restenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting. Perfusion 2023; 38:1240-1249. [PMID: 35511059 DOI: 10.1177/02676591221099813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effective therapies for the prevention of vein graft failure, which frequently occurs in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to intimal hyperplasia (IH), are still lacking. Here, we investigated the effects of the perivenous application of double-network hydrogel on vein grafts in carotid artery bypass grafting in a rabbit model. METHODS Healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomized into the following groups: no graft, graft, or graft + Double-network hydrogel external stent (DNHES). The rabbits' carotid artery was bypassed via the jugular vein. Double-network hydrogel external stent was wrapped around the jugular graft after the anastomoses were completed. Blood flow parameters and tissue histology of the vein grafts were evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the untreated vein grafts at 12 weeks after the surgery, the DNHES significantly improved graft flow, attenuated intimal and medial thickening, reduced the anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferation index of the vein grafts, decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), and increased the mRNA and protein expression of endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS). CONCLUSION The perivenous application of DNHES exerts beneficial effects on vein grafts, reduces the inflammatory response in carotid artery bypass grafting in a rabbit model, and appears to be a safe and promising strategy to prevent vein graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longsheng Dai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Wu Y, Zong Y, Song Y, Pu S, Wu W, Zhou Y, Xie J, Yin H. Multifunctional Nano-Realgar Hydrogel for Enhanced Glioblastoma Synergistic Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy: A New Paradigm of an Old Drug. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:743-763. [PMID: 36820060 PMCID: PMC9938708 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Realgar, as a kind of traditional mineral Chinese medicine, can inhibit multiple solid tumor growth and serve as an adjuvant drug in cancer therapy. However, the extremely low solubility and poor body absorptive capacity limit its application in clinical medicine. To overcome this therapeutic hurdle, realgar can here be fabricated into a nano-realgar hydrogel with enhanced chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) ability. Our objective is to evaluate the superior biocompatibility and anti-tumor activity of nano-realgar hydrogel. Methods We have successfully synthesized nano-realgar quantum dots (QDs) coupling with 6-AN molecules (NRA QDs) and further encapsulated with a pH-sensitive dextran hydrogel carrier with hyaluronic acid coating (DEX-HA gel) to promote bioavailability, eventually forming a multifunctional nano-realgar hydrogel (NRA@DH Gel). To better investigate the tumor therapy efficiency of the NRA@DH Gel, we have established the mice in situ bearing GL261 brain glioblastoma as animal models assigned to receive intratumor injection of NRA@DH Gel. Results The designed NRA@DH Gel as an antitumor drug can not only exert the prominent chemotherapy effect but also as a "sustainable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator" can inhibit in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolism and reduce the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), thereby inhibiting the conversion of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to glutathione (GSH), reducing GSH concentrations in tumor cells, triggering the accumulation of ROS, and finally enhancing the effectiveness of RT. Conclusion Through the synergistic effect of chemotherapy and RT, NRA@DH Gel effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, suppressed tumor growth, improved motor coordination, and prolonged survival in tumor-bearing mice. Our work aims to improve the NRA@DH Gel-mediated synergistic chemotherapy and RT will endow a "promising future" for the old drug in clinically comprehensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yichun Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zong
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengyan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yin
- Department of Radiotherapy Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221009, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Haitao Yin; Jun Xie, Email ;
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5
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Mansard V. A macroporous smart gel based on a pH-sensitive polyacrylic polymer for the development of large size artificial muscles with linear contraction. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9644-9652. [PMID: 34622903 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The physics of soft matter can contribute to the revolution in robotics and medical prostheses. These two fields require the development of artificial muscles with behavior close to biological muscles. Today, artificial muscles rely mostly on active materials, which can deform reversibly. Nevertheless transport kinetics is the major limit for all of these materials. These actuators are only made of a thin layer of active material and using a large thickness dramatically reduces the actuation time. In this article, we demonstrate that a porous material reduces the limit of transport and enables the use of a large volume of active material. We synthesize a new active material: a macroporous gel, which is based on polyacrylic acid. This gel shows very large swelling when we increase the pH and the macroporosity dramatically reduces the swelling time of centimetric samples from one day to 100 s. We characterize the mechanical properties and swelling kinetics of this new material. This material is well adapted for soft robotics because of its large swelling ratio (300%) and its capacity to apply a pressure of 150 mbar during swelling. We demonstrate finally that this material can be used in a McKibben muscle producing linear contraction, which is particularly adapted for robotics. The muscle contracts by 9% of its initial length within 100 s, which corresponds to the gel swelling time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mansard
- CNRS, LAAS-CNRS, 7, avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200 31031, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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6
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Dong X, Chi J, Shao C, Lei L, Yang L, Zhao C, Liu H. Multifunctional hydrogel microsphere with reflection in near-infrared region for in vivo pH monitoring and drug release in tumor microenvironment. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2021; 421:127873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
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7
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Liu Y, Sun L, Zhang H, Shang L, Zhao Y. Microfluidics for Drug Development: From Synthesis to Evaluation. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7468-7529. [PMID: 34024093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug development is a long process whose main content includes drug synthesis, drug delivery, and drug evaluation. Compared with conventional drug development procedures, microfluidics has emerged as a revolutionary technology in that it offers a miniaturized and highly controllable environment for bio(chemical) reactions to take place. It is also compatible with analytical strategies to implement integrated and high-throughput screening and evaluations. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the entire microfluidics-based drug development system, from drug synthesis to drug evaluation. The challenges in the current status and the prospects for future development are also discussed. We believe that this review will promote communications throughout diversified scientific and engineering communities that will continue contributing to this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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8
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Yang Z, He Y, Liao S, Ma Y, Tao X, Wang Y. Renatured hydrogel painting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf9117. [PMID: 34078605 PMCID: PMC10791013 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf9117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel coatings pave an avenue for improving the lubricity, biocompatibility, and flexibility of solid surfaces. From the viewpoint of practical applications, this work establishes a scalable method to firmly adhere hydrogel layers to diverse solid surfaces. The strategy, termed as renatured hydrogel painting (RHP), refers to adhering dehydrated xerogel to a surface with appropriate glues, followed by the formation of a hydrogel layer after rehydration of the xerogel. With the benefits of simplicity and generality, this strategy can be readily applied to different hydrogel systems, no matter what the substrate is. Hydrogel adhesion is demonstrated by its tolerance against mechanical impact with hydrodynamic shearing at 14 m/s. This method affords powerful supplements to renew the surface chemistry and physical properties of solid substrates. In addition, we show that the RHP technique can be applied to living tissue, with potential for clinical applications such as the protection of bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yonglin He
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Shenglong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yingchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xinglei Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
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9
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Sharma H, Kumar Sahu G, Kaur CD. Development of ionic liquid microemulsion for transdermal delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNowadays skin cancers have become a major area of concern because of the continuous exposure to sun rays (UV rays). Hence, the present work focused on the synthesis of an innovative 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) microemulsion as a topical delivery system mainly used to treat various forms of skin cancer. The topical administration of most of the active compounds is impaired by limited skin permeability due to the presence of skin barriers. In this sequence, the microemulsion represents a cost-effective and convenient drug carrier system that successfully delivers the drug to and across the skin. Unfortunately, 5-FU reveals high toxicity and low tumor affinity became inefficient for patients with the risk of serious side effects. For decreasing of eluding some of its disadvantages we made it more effective by preparing its microemulsion with tween 80 (surfactant), isopropyl alcohol (co-surfactant), oleic acid (oil) in a four-component system. This study emphasized increasing the drug release by multiple times and a topical gel has been formulated and designs to elongate the drug release. All preparation of 5-FU microemulsion was characterized by physicochemical and drug release studies. The size of the 5-FU microemulsion was 550–600 nm confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Zetasizer. The clear microemulsion was prepared at pH 5–6. It shows viscosity in the limit of 13.52–18.23 Pa s. The outcome of the present work is satisfactory for skin cancer treatment.
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10
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Liu LZ, Sun XY, Yan ZY, Ye BF. NIR responsive AuNR/pNIPAM/PEGDA inverse opal hydrogel microcarriers for controllable drug delivery. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel inverse opal microcarrier with both NIR-controlled release and visual color changes for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Z. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - X. Y. Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Y. Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - B. F. Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials
- School of Science
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
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11
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Vikulina AS, Feoktistova NA, Balabushevich NG, von Klitzing R, Volodkin D. Cooling-Triggered Release from Mesoporous Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels at Physiological Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:57401-57409. [PMID: 33290041 PMCID: PMC7760096 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) hydrogels have broad potential applications as drug delivery vehicles because of their thermoresponsive behavior. pNIPAM loading/release performances are directly affected by the gel network structure. Therefore, there is a need with the approaches for accurate design of 3D pNIPAM assemblies with the structure ordered at the nanoscale. This study demonstrates size-selective spontaneous loading of macromolecules (dextrans 10-500 kDa) into pNIPAM microgels by microgel heating from 22 to 35 °C (microgels collapse and trap dextrans) followed by the dextran release upon further cooling down to 22 °C (microgels swell back) . This temperature-mediated behavior is fully reversible. The structure of pNIPAM microgels was tailored via hard templating and cross-linking of the hydrogel using sacrificial mesoporous cores of vaterite CaCO3 microcrystals. In addition, the fabrication of hollow thermoresponsive pNIPAM microshells has been demonstrated, utilizing vaterite microcrystals that had narrower pores. The proposed approach for heating-triggered encapsulation and cooling-triggered release into/from pNIPAM microgels may pave the ways for applications of pNIPAM hydrogels for skin and transdermal cooling-responsive drug delivery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Vikulina
- Fraunhofer Institute
for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia A. Feoktistova
- Fraunhofer Institute
for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses, Am Mühlenberg 13, Golm, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nadezhda G. Balabushevich
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Department of Physics, Technische
Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - Dmitry Volodkin
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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12
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Yang Y, Zeng W, Huang P, Zeng X, Mei L. Smart materials for drug delivery and cancer therapy. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Institute of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- Institute of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
| | - Lin Mei
- Institute of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) Sun Yat‐sen University Shenzhen China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology for Cancer Immunotherapy Institute of Biomedical Engineering Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Tianjin China
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Shen S, Du M, Liu Q, Gao P, Wang J, Liu S, Gu L. Development of GLUT1-targeting alkyl glucoside-modified dihydroartemisinin liposomes for cancer therapy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21901-21912. [PMID: 33108431 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of artemisinin derivatives has attracted much attention. However, lack of tumor targeting limits the anti-tumor activity of artemisinin derivatives. It is reported that tumor cells acquire energy through the glycolysis pathway. To meet their elevated glucose requirements, high expressions of glucose transporters (GLUTs) are observed in many malignant cells. On this basis, novel alkyl glycoside-modified dihydroartemisinin liposomes were successfully prepared with GLUT1 as the target and the glucose segment of an alkyl glycoside as the targeting head on the surface of liposomes. The particle size of the liposomes was 100.67 ± 1.25 nm, zeta potential was -22.93 ± 0.92 mV and encapsulation efficiency was 75.28 ± 0.73%, meanwhile the liposomes had good stability. In vitro targeting of liposomes was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Compared with human L02 hepatocyte cells, the liposomes showed better targeting ability to human liver carcinoma cells HepG2 with the help of the glucose segment modified on the liposomes. In vivo targeting evaluation also showed that the tumor targeting of alkyl glycoside-modified liposomes was significantly improved, as well as the anti-tumor activity. These findings provide a research and theoretical basis for the development of artemisinin derivatives and other drug targeted antitumor nano-agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Shen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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14
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Chen W, Wang T, Dou Z, Xie X. Self-Driven "Microfiltration" Enabled by Porous Superabsorbent Polymer (PSAP) Beads for Biofluid Specimen Processing and Storage. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 2:1545-1554. [PMID: 33163968 PMCID: PMC7640703 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A remote collection of biofluid specimens such as blood and urine remains a great challenge due to the requirement of continuous refrigeration. Without proper temperature regulation, the rapid degradation of analytical targets in the specimen may compromise the accuracy and reliability of the testing results. In this study, we develop porous superabsorbent polymer (PSAP) beads for fast and self-driven "microfiltration" of biofluid samples. This treatment effectively separates small analytical targets (e.g., glucose, catalase, and bacteriophage) and large undesired components (e.g., bacteria and blood cells) in the biofluids by capturing the former inside and excluding the latter outside the PSAP beads. We have successfully demonstrated that this treatment can reduce sample volume, self-aliquot the liquid sample, avoid microbial contamination, separate plasma from blood cells, stabilize target species inside the beads, and enable long-term storage at room temperature. Potential practical applications of this technology can provide an alternative sample collection and storage approach for medically underserved areas.
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Zhang S, Wang X, Man J, Li J, Cui X, Zhang C, Shi W, Li D, Zhang S, Li J. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-loaded Calcium Alginate Microspheres for Acute Kidney Injury Treatment. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6457-6465. [PMID: 35021777 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors were highlighted in the treatment of kidney diseases, especially acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the currently available HDAC inhibitor cannot be delivered to the kidney properly because of its poor solubility in aqueous solutions. Therefore, calcium alginate (Ca-ALG) microspheres were proposed as microcarriers for the delivery of HDAC inhibitors in this study. First, Ca-ALG microspheres with high sphericity were obtained by a single-emulsion microfluidic strategy. Then, we selected suitable Ca-ALG microspheres for HDAC inhibitor loading by analyzing the swelling ratio and the release property using different parameters. Besides, thermal stimulation will change the drug release property of Ca-ALG microspheres in in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the HDAC inhibitor-loaded microspheres were delivered to the kidney by renal subcapsular injection for evaluating the treatment effects in mice with ischemia-reperfusion-induced AKI. The in vivo results showed that the HDAC inhibitor-loaded Ca-ALG microspheres could effectively reduce the renal regional inflammatory response and macrophage infiltration. Taken together, we proposed a promising therapy with an effective kidney-targeted drug delivery for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanguo Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jia Man
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Weichen Shi
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Donghai Li
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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16
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Wang J, Yu Y, Guo J, Lu W, Wei Q, Zhao Y. The Construction and Application of Three-Dimensional Biomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900238. [PMID: 32293130 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials have been widely explored and applied in many areas, especially in the field of tissue engineering. The interface of biomaterials and cells has been deeply investigated. However, it has been demonstrated that conventional 2D biomaterials fail to maintain the 3D structures and phenotypes of cells, which is the result of their limited ability to mimic the latter's complex extracellular matrix. To overcome this challenge, cell cultivation dependent on 3D biomaterials has emerged as an alternative strategy to make the recovery of 3D structures and functions of cells possible. Thus, with the thriving development of 3D cell culture in tissue engineering, a holistic review of the construction and application of 3D biomaterials is desired. Here, recent developments in 3D biomaterials for tissue engineering are reviewed. An overview of various approaches to construct 3D biomaterials, such as electro-jetting/-spinning, micro-molding, microfluidics, and 3D bio-printing, is first presented. Their typical applications in constructing cell sheets, vascular structures, cell spheroids, and macroscopic cellular constructs are described as well. Following these two sections, the current status and challenges are analyzed, as well as the future outlook of 3D biomaterials for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wei Lu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Qiong Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Stewart S, Jiang B, Ou W, Zhao G, He X. Cold-Responsive Nanoparticle Enables Intracellular Delivery and Rapid Release of Trehalose for Organic-Solvent-Free Cryopreservation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:9051-9061. [PMID: 31680526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cryopreservation of mammalian cells requires the use of toxic organic solvents (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide) as cryoprotectants. Consequently, the cryopreserved cells must undergo a tedious washing procedure to remove the organic solvents for their further applications in cell-based medicine, and many of the precious cells may be lost or killed during the procedure. Trehalose has been explored as a nontoxic alternative to traditional cryoprotectants. However, mammalian cells do not synthesize trehalose or express trehalose transporters in their membranes, and the lack of an approach for the efficient intracellular delivery of trehalose has been a major hurdle for its use in cell cryopreservation. In this study, a cold-responsive polymer (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl acrylate)) is utilized to synthesize nanoparticles for the encapsulation and intracellular delivery of trehalose. The trehalose-laden nanoparticles can be efficiently taken up by mammalian cells. The nanoparticles quickly and irreversibly disassemble upon cold treatment, enabling the controlled and rapid release of trehalose from the nanoparticles inside cells. The latter is confirmed by an evident increase in cell volume upon cold treatment. This rapid cold-triggered intracellular release of trehalose is crucial to developing a fast protocol to cryopreserve cells using trehalose. Cells with intracellular trehalose delivered using the nanoparticles show comparable postcryopreservation viability compared to that of cells treated with DMSO, eliminating the need for the tedious and cell-damaging washing procedure required for using the DMSO-cryopreserved cells in vivo. This cold-responsive nanoparticle may greatly facilitate the use of trehalose as a nontoxic cryoprotectant for banking cells and tissues to meet their high demand by modern cell-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230027 , China
| | - Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | | | | | | | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230027 , China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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18
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Ashour AE, Badran M, Kumar A, Hussain T, Alsarra IA, Yassin AEB. Physical PEGylation Enhances The Cytotoxicity Of 5-Fluorouracil-Loaded PLGA And PCL Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9259-9273. [PMID: 31819428 PMCID: PMC6886887 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s223368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The main goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of physical incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). Methods The 5-FU-loaded NPs were prepared utilizing a simple double emulsion method using polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) with or without PEG 6000. The surface charge, particle size, and shape of NPs were evaluated by standard procedures. Both Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectra of the 5-FU loaded NPs were compared against the pure 5-FU. The in vitro release profile of 5-FU from the NPs was monitored by the dialysis tubing method. Cell death and apoptosis induction in response to 5-FU NP exposure were measured by MTT and Annexin-V/7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) assays, respectively, in Daoy, HepG2, and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Results The 5-FU loaded NPs were found to be spherical in shape with size ranging between 176±6.7 and 253.9±8.6 nm. The zeta potential varied between -7.13± 0.13 and -27.06±3.18 mV, and the entrapment efficiency was between 31.96% and 74.09%. The in vitro release of the drug followed a two-phase mode characterized by rapid release in the first 8 hrs followed by a period of slow release up to 72 hrs with composition-based variable extents. Cells exposed to NPs demonstrated a significant cell death which correlated with the ratio of PEG in the formulations in Daoy and HepG2 cells but not in HT-29 cells. Formulations (F1-F3) significantly induced early apoptosis in HT-29 cell lines. Conclusion The physical PEGylation significantly enhanced the entrapment and loading efficiencies of 5-FU into NPs formulated with PLGA and PCL. It also fostered the in vitro cytotoxicity of 5-FU-loaded NPs in both Daoy and HepG2 cells. Induction of early apoptosis was confirmed for some of the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader E Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Badran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Vitiligo Research Chair, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tajamul Hussain
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Ibrahim A Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Eldeen B Yassin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy-3163, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard, Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Le NTT, Nguyen TNQ, Cao VD, Hoang DT, Ngo VC, Hoang Thi TT. Recent Progress and Advances of Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Dendrimers in Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E591. [PMID: 31717376 PMCID: PMC6920789 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that nanocarriers as drug delivery systems overcome the limitation of chemotherapy, the leakage of encapsulated drugs during the delivery process to the target site can still cause toxic effects to healthy cells in other tissues and organs in the body. Controlling drug release at the target site, responding to stimuli that originated from internal changes within the body, as well as stimuli manipulated by external sources has recently received significant attention. Owning to the spherical shape and porous structure, dendrimer is utilized as a material for drug delivery. Moreover, the surface region of dendrimer has various moieties facilitating the surface functionalization to develop the desired material. Therefore, multi-stimuli-responsive dendrimers or 'smart' dendrimers that respond to more than two stimuli will be an inspired attempt to achieve the site-specific release and reduce as much as possible the side effects of the drug. The aim of this review was to delve much deeper into the recent progress of multi-stimuli-responsive dendrimers in the delivery of anticancer drugs in addition to the major potential challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thuy Trang Le
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi Nhu Quynh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, Buu Long Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province 810000, Vietnam; (T.N.Q.N.); (V.D.C.); (D.T.H.); (V.C.N.)
| | - Van Du Cao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, Buu Long Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province 810000, Vietnam; (T.N.Q.N.); (V.D.C.); (D.T.H.); (V.C.N.)
| | - Duc Thuan Hoang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, Buu Long Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province 810000, Vietnam; (T.N.Q.N.); (V.D.C.); (D.T.H.); (V.C.N.)
| | - Van Cuong Ngo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, Buu Long Ward, Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province 810000, Vietnam; (T.N.Q.N.); (V.D.C.); (D.T.H.); (V.C.N.)
| | - Thai Thanh Hoang Thi
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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20
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Zhou Y, Gui Q, Yu W, Liao S, He Y, Tao X, Yu Y, Wang Y. Interfacial Diffusion Printing: An Efficient Manufacturing Technique for Artificial Tubular Grafts. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6311-6318. [PMID: 33405538 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Qinyuan Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wenyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shenglong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yonglin He
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xinglei Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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