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Aftab S, Shehzad MA, Salman Ajmal HM, Kabir F, Iqbal MZ, Al-Kahtani AA. Bulk Photovoltaic Effect in Two-Dimensional Distorted MoTe 2. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17884-17896. [PMID: 37656985 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
In future solar cell technologies, the thermodynamic Shockley-Queisser limit for solar-to-current conversion in traditional p-n junctions could potentially be overcome with a bulk photovoltaic effect by creating an inversion broken symmetry in piezoelectric or ferroelectric materials. Here, we unveiled mechanical distortion-induced bulk photovoltaic behavior in a two-dimensional (2D) material, MoTe2, caused by the phase transition and broken inversion symmetry in MoTe2. The phase transition from single-crystalline semiconducting 2H-MoTe2 to semimetallic 1T'-MoTe2 was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We used a micrometer-scale system to measure the absorption of energy, which reduced from 800 to 63 meV during phase transformation from hexagonal to distorted octahedral and revealed a smaller bandgap semimetallic behavior. Experimentally, a large bulk photovoltaic response is anticipated with the maximum photovoltage VOC = 16 mV and a positive signal of the ISC = 60 μA (400 nm, 90.4 Wcm-2) in the absence of an external electric field. The maximum values of both R and EQE were found to be 98 mAW-1 and 30%, respectively. Our findings are distinctive features of the photocurrent responses caused by in-plane polarity and its potential from a wide pool of established TMD-based nanomaterials and a cutting-edge approach to optimize the efficiency in converting photons-to-electricity for power harvesting optoelectronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Arslan Shehzad
- Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Salman Ajmal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Narowal Campus-University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Fahmid Kabir
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23640, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah A Al-Kahtani
- Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Aftab S, Hegazy HH. Emerging Trends in 2D TMDs Photodetectors and Piezo-Phototronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205778. [PMID: 36732842 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The piezo-phototronic effect shows promise with regards to improving the performance of 2D semiconductor-based flexible optoelectronics, which will potentially open up new opportunities in the electronics field. Mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) influence the piezo-phototronic effect on a transparent, ultrasensitive, and flexible van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure, which allows the use of intrinsic semiconductors, such as 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD). The latest and most promising 2D TMD-based photodetectors and piezo-phototronic devices are discussed in this review article. As a result, it is possible to make flexible piezo-phototronic photodetectors, self-powered sensors, and higher strain tolerance wearable and implantable electronics for health monitoring and generation of piezoelectricity using just a single semiconductor or vdW heterostructures of various nanomaterials. A comparison is also made between the functionality and distinctive properties of 2D flexible electronic devices with a range of applications made from 2D TMDs materials. The current state of the research about 2D TMDs can be applied in a variety of ways in order to aid in the development of new types of nanoscale optoelectronic devices. Last, it summarizes the problems that are currently being faced, along with potential solutions and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Hosameldin Helmy Hegazy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
- 2Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
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Aftab S, Hegazy HH, Iqbal MZ. Recent advances in 2D TMD circular photo-galvanic effects. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3651-3665. [PMID: 36734944 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductors are appealing materials for high-specific-power photovoltaic systems due to their unique optoelectronic properties. The 2D materials can be naturally thin, and their properties can be altered in a variety of ways. Therefore, these materials may be used to develop high-performance opto-spintronic and photovoltaic devices. The most recent and promising strategies were used to induce circular photo-galvanic effects (CPGEs) in 2D TMD materials with broken inversion symmetry. The majority of quantum devices were manufactured by mechanical exfoliation to investigate the electrical behavior of ultrathin 2D materials. The investigation of CPGEs in 2D materials could enable the exploration of spin-polarized optoelectronics to produce more energy-efficient computing systems. The current research on nanomaterial-based materials paves the way for developing materials to store, manipulate, and transmit information with better performance. Finally, this study concludes by summarizing the current challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
| | - Hosameldin Helmy Hegazy
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Aftab S, Iqbal MZ, Rim YS. Recent Advances in Rolling 2D TMDs Nanosheets into 1D TMDs Nanotubes/Nanoscrolls. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205418. [PMID: 36373722 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) van der Waals (vdW) 1D heterostructures are recently synthesized from 2D nanosheets, which open up new opportunities for potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. The most recent and promising strategies in regards to forming 1D TMDs nanotubes (NTs) or nanoscrolls (NSs) in this review article as well as their heterostructures that are produced from 2D TMDs are summarized. In order to improve the functionality of ultrathin 1D TMDs that are coaxially combined with boron nitride nanotubes and single-walled carbon nanotubes. 1D heterostructured devices perform better than 2D TMD nanosheets when the two devices are compared. The photovoltaic effect in WS2 or MoS2 NTs without a junction may exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit for the above-band-gap photovoltage generation. Photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution is accelerated when monolayer WS2 or MoS2 NSs are incorporated into a heterojunction. In addition, the photovoltaic performance of the WSe2 /MoS2 NSs junction is superior to that of the performance of MoS2 NSs. The summary of the current research about 1D TMDs can be used in a variety of ways, which assists in the development of new types of nanoscale optoelectronic devices. Finally, it also summarizes the current challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23640, Pakistan
| | - You Seung Rim
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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Sul O, Seo H, Choi E, Kim S, Gong J, Bang J, Ju H, Oh S, Lee Y, Sun H, Kwon M, Kang K, Hong J, Yang EH, Chung Y, Lee SB. An Ultralow Power Mixed Dimensional Heterojunction Transistor Based on the Charge Plasma pn Junction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202153. [PMID: 35754305 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Development of a reliable doping method for 2D materials is a key issue to adopt the materials in the future microelectronic circuits and to replace the silicon, keeping the Moore's law toward the sub-10 nm channel length. Especially hole doping is highly required, because most of the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) among the 2D materials are electron-doped by sulfur vacancies in their atomic structures. Here, hole doping of a TMDC, tungsten disulfide (WS2 ) using the silicon substrate as the dopant medium is demonstrated. An ultralow-power current sourcing transistor or a gated WS2 pn diode is fabricated based on a charge plasma pn heterojunction formed between the WS2 thin-film and heavily doped bulk silicon. An ultralow switchable output current down to 0.01 nA µm-1 , an off-state current of ≈1 × 10-14 A µm-1 , a static power consumption range of 1 fW µm-1 -1 pW µm-1 , and an output current ratio of 103 at 0.1 V supply voltage are achieved. The charge plasma heterojunction allows a stable (less than 3% variation) output current regardless of the gate voltage once it is turned on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onejae Sul
- Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Seo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsuk Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjin Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsil Gong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Bang
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungbeen Ju
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Oh
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Lee
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjin Kwon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungnam Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jinki Hong
- Department of Display and Semiconductor Physics, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Yunchul Chung
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Beck Lee
- Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoscale Semiconductor Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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Ramu P, Vimal SP, Suresh P, Sanmugam A, Saravanakumar U, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Vikraman D. Investigation of the one-step electrochemical deposition of graphene oxide-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polyphenol oxidase as a dopamine sensor. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15575-15583. [PMID: 35685176 PMCID: PMC9125988 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we fabricated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-graphene oxide-polyphenol oxidase (PEDOT-GO-PPO) as a dopamine sensor. The morphology of PEDOT-GO-PPO was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted to study the oxidation-reduction characteristics of dopamine. To optimize the pH, potential and limit of detection of dopamine, the amperometric technique was employed. The found limit of detection was 8 × 10-9 M, and the linear range was from 5 × 10-8 to 8.5 × 10-5 M. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K m) was calculated to be 70.34 μM, and the activation energy of the prepared electrode was 32.75 kJ mol-1. The electrode shows no significant change in the interference study. The modified electrode retains up to 80% of its original activity after 2 months. In the future, the biosensor can be used for the quantification of dopamine in human urine samples. The present modified electrode constitutes a tool for the electrochemical analysis of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaya Institute of Technology Tamilnadu India
| | - S P Vimal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaya Institute of Technology Tamilnadu India
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore India
| | - P Suresh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamilnadu 600062 India
| | - Anandhavelu Sanmugam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Vanketeswara College of Engineering Pennalur, Sriperambudur 602117 Chennai India
| | - U Saravanakumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College Rasipuram Tamilnadu India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhanasekaran Vikraman
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Korea
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Nguyet Nga DT, Le Nhat Trang N, Hoang VT, Ngo XD, Nhung PT, Tri DQ, Cuong ND, Tuan PA, Huy TQ, Le AT. Elucidating the roles of oxygen functional groups and defect density of electrochemically exfoliated GO on the kinetic parameters towards furazolidone detection. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27855-27867. [PMID: 36320272 PMCID: PMC9520379 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04147b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxide (GO)-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes for the detection of furazolidone (FZD), a nitrofuran antibiotic, was explored. In this study, we designed some GO samples possessing different oxygen functional group content/defect density by using ultrasonic irradiation or microwave techniques as supporting tools. The difference in physical characteristics of GO led to the remarkable change in kinetic parameters (electron transfer rate constant (ks) and transfer coefficient (α)) of electron transfer reactions at K3/K4 probes as well as the FZD analyte. Obtained results reveal that the GO-ultrasonic sample showed the highest electrochemical response toward FZD detection owing to the increase in defect density and number of edges in the GO nanosheets under ultrasonic irradiation. The proposed electrochemical nanosensor enabled the monitoring of FZD in the linear range from 1 μM to 100 μM with an electrochemical sensitivity of 1.03 μA μM−1 cm−2. Tuning suitable electronic structures of GO suggests the potentiality of advanced GO-based electrochemical nanosensor development in food-producing animal safety monitoring applications. In this study, we have investigated the role of changes in the microstructure of graphene oxide (GO) on the analytical kinetic parameters of GO-based electrochemical sensors for detection of furazolidone (FZD) antibiotic drug.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Thi Nguyet Nga
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Le Nhat Trang
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Van-Tuan Hoang
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Dinh Ngo
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Pham Tuyet Nhung
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Doan Quang Tri
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1st Dai Co Viet Road, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Duy Cuong
- International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1st Dai Co Viet Road, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Anh Tuan
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (BCCE), PHENIKAA University, Vietnam & Vicostone Joint Stock Company, Phenikaa Group, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Tran Quang Huy
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Anh-Tuan Le
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
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Aftab S, Samiya M, Hussain MS, Elahi E, Yousuf S, Ajmal HMS, Iqbal MW, Iqbal MZ. ReSe 2/metal interface for hydrogen gas sensing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:511-517. [PMID: 34214725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Fermi level alignment between electrodes and two-dimensional (2D) materials is significant in characterizing sensors based on their reversibility, response time, sensitivity, and long-term stability. Here, we have demonstrated that the modulation of the Schottky barrier height between the interface of metal (Pd/Au) and multilayered ReSe2 nanoflakes caused the change in the transfer curve (Ids-Vbg) of FETs based devices and rectifying characteristics (Ids-Vds) of the Schottky diodes at various hydrogen concentrations at T = 22 °C, fluctuating from 50 to 350 ppm with a response (R%) from 669 to 1198%, respectively. Sensors based on a mono- or bilayer system did not exhibit sensitivity to hydrogen gas owing to metal electrodes diffused into materials. The value of the ideality factor of the Schottky diode-based sensor changed from 4 to 1.6 as the hydrogen concentration was changed from 50 to 900 ppm, while the relative response increased from 0 to 3.5 as the hydrogen concentration was increased from 0 to 900 ppm. This research can offer a real solution for developing cost-effective, faster, and room temperature sensors based on 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
| | - Ms Samiya
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, South Korea.
| | | | - Ehsan Elahi
- Department of Physics, Sejong University, South Korea.
| | - Saqlain Yousuf
- Deparment of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
| | | | - Muhammad Waqas Iqbal
- Department of Physics, Riphah International University, 14 Ali Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Lv L, Yu J, Hu M, Yin S, Zhuge F, Ma Y, Zhai T. Design and tailoring of two-dimensional Schottky, PN and tunnelling junctions for electronics and optoelectronics. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6713-6751. [PMID: 33885475 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00318f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their superior carrier mobility, strong light-matter interactions, and flexibility at the atomically thin thickness, two-dimensional (2D) materials are attracting wide interest for application in electronic and optoelectronic devices, including rectifying diodes, transistors, memory, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. At the heart of these devices, Schottky, PN, and tunneling junctions are playing an essential role in defining device function. Intriguingly, the ultrathin thickness and unique van der Waals (vdW) interlayer coupling in 2D materials has rendered enormous opportunities for the design and tailoring of various 2D junctions, e.g. using Lego-like hetero-stacking, surface decoration, and field-effect modulation methods. Such flexibility has led to marvelous breakthroughs during the exploration of 2D electronics and optoelectronic devices. To advance further, it is imperative to provide an overview of existing strategies for the engineering of various 2D junctions for their integration in the future. Thus, in this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of previous efforts toward 2D Schottky, PN, and tunneling junctions, and the functional devices built from them. Though these junctions exhibit similar configurations, distinct strategies have been developed for their optimal figures of merit based on their working principles and functional purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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10
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Das S, Debnath K, Chakraborty B, Singh A, Grover S, Muthu DVS, Waghmare UV, Sood AK. Symmetry induced phonon renormalization in few layers of 2H-MoTe 2 transistors: Raman and first-principles studies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:045202. [PMID: 33036010 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abbfd6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of electron-phonon coupling (EPC) in two-dimensional (2D) materials manifesting as phonon renormalization is essential to their possible applications in nanoelectronics. Here we report in situ Raman measurements of electrochemically top-gated 2, 3 and 7 layered 2H-MoTe2 channel based field-effect transistors. While the [Formula: see text] and B2g phonon modes exhibit frequency softening and linewidth broadening with hole doping concentration (p) up to ∼2.3 × 1013/cm2, A1g shows relatively small frequency hardening and linewidth sharpening. The dependence of frequency renormalization of the [Formula: see text] mode on the number of layers in these 2D crystals confirms that hole doping occurs primarily in the top two layers, in agreement with recent predictions. We present first-principles density functional theory analysis of bilayer MoTe2 that qualitatively captures our observations, and explain that a relatively stronger coupling of holes with [Formula: see text] or B2g modes as compared with the A1g mode originates from the in-plane orbital character and symmetry of the states at valence band maximum. The contrast between the manifestation of EPC in monolayer MoS2 and those observed here in a few-layered MoTe2 demonstrates the role of the symmetry of phonons and electronic states in determining the EPC in these isostructural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Koyendrila Debnath
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India
| | | | - Anjali Singh
- Center for Study of Science, Technology & Policy (CSTEP), Bangalore 560094, India
| | - Shivani Grover
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - D V S Muthu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - U V Waghmare
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore-560064, India
| | - A K Sood
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Dirksen M, Brändel T, Großkopf S, Knust S, Bookhold J, Anselmetti D, Hellweg T. UV cross-linked smart microgel membranes as free-standing diffusion barriers and nanoparticle bearing catalytic films. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22014-22024. [PMID: 35480797 PMCID: PMC9036384 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we use poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) based copolymer microgels to create free-standing, transferable, thermoresponsive membranes. The microgels are synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with 2-hydroxy-4-(methacryloyloxy)–benzophenone (HMABP) and spin-coated on Si wafers. After subsequent cross-linking by UV-irradiation, the formed layers easily detach from the supporting material. We obtain free standing microgel membranes with lateral extensions of several millimetres and an average layer thickness of a few hundred nanometres. They can be transferred to other substrates. As one example for potential applications we investigate the temperature dependent ion transport through the membranes via resistance measurements revealing a sharp reversible increase in resistance when the lower critical solution temperature of the copolymer microgels is reached. In addition, prior to cross-linking, the microgels can be decorated with silver nanoparticles and cross-linked afterwards. Such free-standing nanoparticle hybrid membranes are then used as catalytic systems for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, which is monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Cross-linkable microgels are synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with 2-hydroxy-4-(methacryloyloxy)–benzophenone (HMABP) and are subsequently UV-cross-linked to obtain smart membranes exhibiting switchable resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Dirksen
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Timo Brändel
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Sören Großkopf
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Knust
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Johannes Bookhold
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
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Rehman S, Khan MF, Rahmani MK, Kim H, Patil H, Khan SA, Kang MH, Kim DK. Neuro-Transistor Based on UV-Treated Charge Trapping in MoTe 2 for Artificial Synaptic Features. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122326. [PMID: 33255403 PMCID: PMC7761516 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of brain functions depend on the release of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses. The back gated three terminal field effect transistors (FETs) are auspicious candidates for the emulation of biological functions to recognize the proficient neuromorphic computing systems. In order to encourage the hysteresis loops, we treated the bottom side of MoTe2 flake with deep ultraviolet light in ambient conditions. Here, we modulate the short-term and long-term memory effects due to the trapping and de-trapping of electron events in few layers of a MoTe2 transistor. However, MoTe2 FETs are investigated to reveal the time constants of electron trapping/de-trapping while applying the gate-voltage pulses. Our devices exploit the hysteresis effect in the transfer curves of MoTe2 FETs to explore the excitatory/inhibitory post-synaptic currents (EPSC/IPSC), long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), spike timing/amplitude-dependent plasticity (STDP/SADP), and paired pulse facilitation (PPF). Further, the time constants for potentiation and depression is found to be 0.6 and 0.9 s, respectively which seems plausible for biological synapses. In addition, the change of synaptic weight in MoTe2 conductance is found to be 41% at negative gate pulse and 38% for positive gate pulse, respectively. Our findings can provide an essential role in the advancement of smart neuromorphic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shania Rehman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.); (H.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Muhammad Farooq Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.); (H.K.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.K.); (D.-k.K.)
| | - Mehr Khalid Rahmani
- School of electronics Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (M.K.R.); (S.A.K.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Honggyun Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.); (H.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Harshada Patil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.); (H.K.); (H.P.)
- Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Sobia Ali Khan
- School of electronics Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (M.K.R.); (S.A.K.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Moon Hee Kang
- School of electronics Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (M.K.R.); (S.A.K.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Deok-kee Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.); (H.K.); (H.P.)
- Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.F.K.); (D.-k.K.)
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Aftab S, Iqbal MW, Shinde PA, Rehman AU, Yousuf S, Park S, Jun SC. Two-dimensional electronic devices modulated by the activation of donor-like states in boron nitride. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18171-18179. [PMID: 32856027 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional (2D) layered material-based p-n diode is an essential element in the modern semiconductor industry for facilitating the miniaturization and structural flexibility of devices with high efficiency for future optoelectronic and electronic applications. Planar devices constructed previously required a complicated device structure using a photoresist, as they needed to consider non-abrupt interfaces. Here, we demonstrated a WSe2 based lateral homojunction diode obtained by applying a photo-induced effect in BN/WSe2 heterostructures upon illumination via visible and deep UV light, which represents a stable and flexible charge doping technique. We have discovered that with this technique, a field-effect transistor (FET) based on p-type WSe2 is inverted to n-WSe2 so that a high electron mobility is maintained in the h-BN/n-WSe2 heterostructures. To confirm this hypothesis, we deduced the work function values of p-WSe2 and n-WSe2 FETs by conducting Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements, which revealed the decline of the Fermi level from 5.07 (p-WSe2) to 4.21 eV (n-WSe2). The contact potential difference (CPD) between doped and undoped junctions was found to be 165 meV. We employed ohmic metal contacts for the planar homojunction diode by utilizing an ionic liquid gate to achieve a diode rectification ratio up to ∼105 with n = 1. An exceptional photovoltaic performance is also observed. The presence of a built-in potential in our devices leads to an open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) without an external electric field. This effective doping technique is promising to advance the concept of preparing future functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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14
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Aftab S, Akhtar I, Seo Y, Eom J. WSe 2 Homojunction p-n Diode Formed by Photoinduced Activation of Mid-Gap Defect States in Boron Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42007-42015. [PMID: 32814429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A single nanoflake lateral p-n diode (in-plane) based on a two-dimensional material can facilitate electronic architecture miniaturization. Here, a novel lateral homojunction p-n diode of a single WSe2 nanoflake is fabricated by photoinduced doping via optical excitation of defect states in an h-BN nanoflake upon illumination. This lateral diode is fabricated using a mechanical exfoliation technique by stacking the WSe2 nanoflake partially on the h-BN and Si substrates. The carrier type in the part of the WSe2 film on the h-BN substrate is inverted and a built-in potential difference is formed, ranging from 5.0 to 4.50 eV, which is measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy. The contact potential difference across the junction of p-WSe2 and n-WSe2 is found to be ∼492 mV. The lateral diode shows an excellent rectification ratio, up to ∼3.9 × 104, with an ideality factor of ∼1.1. A typical self-biased photovoltaic behavior is observed at the p-n junction upon the illumination of incident light, that is, a positive open-circuit voltage (Voc) is generated, that is, voltage obtained (at Ids = 0 V), and also a negative short-circuit current (Isc) is generated, that is, current obtained (at Vds = 0 V). The presence of built-in potential in the proposed homojunction diode establishes Isc and Voc upon illumination, which can be implemented for a self-powered photovoltaic system in future electronics. The proposed doping technique can be effectively applied to form planar homojunction devices without a photoresist for future electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and Graphene Research Institute-Texas Photonics Center International Research Center (GRI-TPC IRC), Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Imtisal Akhtar
- Department of Nanotechnology & Advance Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Yongho Seo
- Department of Nanotechnology & Advance Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Jonghwa Eom
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and Graphene Research Institute-Texas Photonics Center International Research Center (GRI-TPC IRC), Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
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15
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Aftab S, Yousuf S, Khan MU, Khawar R, Younus A, Manzoor M, Iqbal MW, Iqbal MZ. Carrier polarity modulation of molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe 2) for phototransistor and switching photodiode applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15687-15696. [PMID: 32672307 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are layered semiconductor materials that have recently emerged as promising candidates for advanced nano- and photoelectronic applications. Previously, various doping methods, such as surface functionalization, chemical doping, substitutional doping, surface charge transfer, and electrostatic doping, have been introduced, but they are not stable or efficient. In this study, we have developed carrier polarity modulation of molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) for the development of phototransistors and switching photodiodes. Initially, we treated p-MoTe2 in a N2 environment under DUV irradiation and found that the p-type MoTe2 changed to n-type MoTe2. However, the treated devices exhibited environmental stability over a long period of 60 days. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements demonstrated that the values of the work function for p-MoTe2 and n-MoTe2 were ∼4.90 and ∼4.49 eV, respectively, which confirmed the carrier tunability. Also, first-principles studies were performed to confirm the n-type carrier polarity variation. Interestingly, the n-type MoTe2 reversed its polarity to p-type after the irradiation of the devices under DUV in an O2 environment. Additionally, a lateral homojunction-based p-n diode of MoTe2 with a rectification ratio of ∼2.5 × 104 was formed with the value of contact potential difference of ∼400 mV and an estimated fast rise time of 29 ms and decay time of 38 ms. Furthermore, a well self-biased photovoltaic behavior upon illumination of light was achieved and various photovoltaic parameters were examined. Also, VOC switching behavior was established at the p-n diode state by switching on and off the incident light. We believe that this efficient and facile carrier polarity modulation technique may pave the way for the development of phototransistors and switching photodiodes in advanced nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and Graphene Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
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Siva Prakash R, Mahendran C, Chandrasekaran J, Marnadu R, Maruthamuthu S. Impact of Substrate Temperature on the Properties of Rare-Earth Cerium Oxide Thin Films and Electrical Performance of p-Si/n-CeO2 Junction Diode. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Wang Q, Zhou C, Chai Y. Breaking symmetry in device design for self-driven 2D material based photodetectors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8109-8118. [PMID: 32236235 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials offers great potential for optoelectronic applications. Various device structures and novel mechanisms have been proposed to realize photodetectors with unique detecting properties. In this minireview, we focus on a self-driven photodetector that has great potential for low-power or even powerless operation required in the internet of things and wearable electronics. To address the general principle of self-driven properties, we propose and elaborate the concept of symmetry breaking in 2D material based self-driven photodetectors. We discuss various mechanisms of breaking symmetry for self-driven photodetectors, including asymmetrical contact engineering, field-induced asymmetry, PN homojunctions, and PN heterostructures. Typical device examples based on these mechanisms are reviewed and compared. The performance of current self-driven photodetectors is critically assessed and future directions are discussed towards the target application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Choi W, Akhtar I, Kang D, Lee YJ, Jung J, Kim YH, Lee CH, Hwang DJ, Seo Y. Optoelectronics of Multijunction Heterostructures of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1934-1943. [PMID: 32083883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among p-n junction devices with multilayered heterostructures with WSe2 and MoSe2, a device with the MoSe2-WSe2-MoSe2 (NPN) structure showed a remarkably high photoresponse, which was 1000 times higher than the MoSe2-WSe2 (NP) structure. The ideality factor of the NPN structure was estimated to be ∼1, lower than that of the NP structure. It is claimed that the NPN structure formed a thinner depletion region than that of the NP structure because of the difference of carrier concentrations of MoSe2 and WSe2. Hence, the built-in electric field was weaker, and the motion of the photocarriers was facilitated. These behaviors were confirmed experimentally from a photocurrent mapping analysis and Kelvin probe force microscopy. The work function depended on the wavelength of the illuminator, and quasi-Fermi level was estimated. The surface photovoltage on the MoSe2 region was higher than that on WSe2 because the lower bandgap of MoSe2 induces more electron-hole pair generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Choi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Engineering, HMC, and GRI, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Imtisal Akhtar
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Engineering, HMC, and GRI, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Dongwoon Kang
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Engineering, HMC, and GRI, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Lee
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Engineering, HMC, and GRI, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Jongwan Jung
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Engineering, HMC, and GRI, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - David J Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Yongho Seo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Engineering, HMC, and GRI, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea
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