1
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Asokan K, Zahir Hussain A, Ilangovan A. Efficient amidation of weak amines: synthesis, chiral separation by SFC, and antimicrobial activity of N-(9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl) carboxamide. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:309-319. [PMID: 38059916 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01774e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
An effective and straightforward method for the synthesis of 1-aminoanthracene-9,10-dione carboxamides by coupling a weakly reactive amine, 1-aminoanthracene-9,10-dione, and sterically hindered carboxylic acids was achieved using COMU as the coupling agent. Furthermore, making use of the advantages associated with the super-critical fluid chromatography (SFC) technique, a simplified and straightforward method for the chiral separation of optically active amide derivatives from the impurities associated with the reaction mixture, in a single step, was demonstrated. The antimicrobial activity of selected 1-aminoanthracene-9,10-dione carboxamides was studied. Advanced NMR and other spectral techniques were used for the thorough characterization of all the compounds. This study provides a general and simplified method for coupling a weak amine with a sterically hindered acid using COMU as a coupling agent, and demonstrates the separation of optically pure compounds from reaction related impurities in a single step using SFC, and identification of amide derivatives of 1-aminoanthracene-9,10-dione as potential antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiravan Asokan
- Aragen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru-562106, India
- Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu-620020, India
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu-620024, India.
| | - A Zahir Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu-620020, India
| | - Andivelu Ilangovan
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu-620024, India.
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2
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Bouhlel Chatti I, Krichen Y, Horchani M, Maatouk M, Trabelsi A, Lassoued MA, Ben Jannet H, Ghédira LC. Anthraquinones from Rhamnus alaternus L.: A Phytocosmetic Ingredient with Photoprotective and Antimelanogenesis Properties. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202300876. [PMID: 38037520 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was to develop a phytocosmetic sunscreen emulsion with antioxidant activity and an anti-melanogenic effect, containing an anthraquinone-enriched extract of Rhamnus alaternus (A.E.). Our findings demonstrated that A.E. decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and malondialdehyde induced by UVA in human keratinocytes and melanocytes. Furthermore, the calculated SPF value in vitro of the cream containing A.E. was 14.26±0.152. Later, it was shown that A.E. extract had an inhibitory effect on the amount of melanin. This extract could also reduce B16F10 intracellular tyrosinase activity. Besides, docking studies were carried out to provide a logical justification for the anti-tyrosinase potential. The findings showed that, A.E. may provide protection against UVA-induced oxidative stress and could be thought of as a viable treatment for hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Bouhlel Chatti
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Biology and Geology, Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Gabe s, University of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Yosr Krichen
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mabrouk Horchani
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Maatouk
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amine Trabelsi
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ali Lassoued
- Laboratory of Chemical, Galenic and Pharmacological Development of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Ben Jannet
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Natural Products and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue of Environment, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir Ghédira
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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3
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Zhao L, Zheng L. A Review on Bioactive Anthraquinone and Derivatives as the Regulators for ROS. Molecules 2023; 28:8139. [PMID: 38138627 PMCID: PMC10745977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, which are often found in medicinal herbs. These compounds exert antioxidant-related pharmacological actions including neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammation, anticancer, hepatoprotective effects and anti-aging, etc. Considering the benefits from their pharmacological use, recently, there was an upsurge in the development and utilization of anthraquinones as reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulators. In this review, a deep discussion was carried out on their antioxidant activities and the structure-activity relationships. The antioxidant mechanisms and the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of both natural and synthesized compounds were furtherly explored and demonstrated. Due to the specific chemical activity of ROS, antioxidants are essential for human health. Therefore, the development of reagents that regulate the imbalance between ROS formation and elimination should be more extensive and rational, and the exploration of antioxidant mechanisms of anthraquinones may provide new therapeutic tools and ideas for various diseases mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- Tianjin Renai College, Tianjin 301636, China;
| | - Lin Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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4
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Borges RS, Aguiar CPO, Oliveira NLL, Amaral INA, Vale JKL, Chaves Neto AMJ, Queiroz AN, da Silva ABF. Antioxidant capacity of simplified oxygen heterocycles and proposed derivatives by theoretical calculations. J Mol Model 2023; 29:232. [PMID: 37407749 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Some structural properties can be involved in the antioxidant capacity of several polyphenol derivatives, among them their simplified structures. This study examines the contribution of simplified structure for the antioxidant capacity of some natural and synthetic antioxidants. The resonance structures were related to the π-type electron system of carbon-carbon double bonds between both phenyl rings. Trans-resveratrol, phenyl-benzofuran, phenyl-indenone, and benzylidene-benzofuranone are the best basic antioxidant templates among the simplified derivatives studied here. Additionally, the stilbene moiety was found on the molecules with the best antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, our investigation suggests that these compounds can be used as antioxidant scaffold for designing and developing of new promising derivatives. METHODS To investigate the structure-antioxidant capacity for sixteen simplified natural and proposed derivatives we have employed density functional theory and used Gaussian 09. Our DFT calculations were performed using the B3LYP functional and the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. All electron transfer mechanisms were investigated by using values of HOMO, ionization potential, energy affinity, stabilization energies, and spin density distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosivaldo S Borges
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Compostos Bioativos, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Christiane P O Aguiar
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Compostos Bioativos, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Nicole L L Oliveira
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Compostos Bioativos, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Israel N A Amaral
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Compostos Bioativos, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Joyce K L Vale
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Compostos Bioativos, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio M J Chaves Neto
- Faculdade de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Auriekson N Queiroz
- Núcleo de Estudos e Seleção de Compostos Bioativos, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Albérico B F da Silva
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
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Janković N, Tadić J, Milović E, Marković Z, Jeremić S, Petronijević J, Joksimović N, Borović TT, Abbas Bukhari SN. Investigation of the radical scavenging potential of vanillin-based pyrido-dipyrimidines: experimental and in silico approach. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15236-15242. [PMID: 37213339 PMCID: PMC10194046 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants have a significant contribution in the cell protection against free radicals which may induce oxidative stress, and permanently damage the cells causing different disorders such as tumors, degenerative diseases, and accelerated aging. Nowadays, a multi-functionalized heterocyclic framework plays an important role in drug development, and it is of great importance in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Encouraged by the bioactivity of the pyrido-dipyrimidine scaffold and vanillin core, herein, we made an effort to thoroughly investigate the antioxidant potential of the vanillin-based pyrido-dipyrimidines A-E to reveal novel promising free radical inhibitors. The structural analysis and the antioxidant action of the investigated molecules were performed in silico by DFT calculations. Studied compounds were screened for their antioxidant capacity using in vitro ABTS and DPPH assays. All the investigated compounds showed remarkable antioxidant activity, especially derivative A exhibiting inhibition of free radicals at the IC50 value (ABTS and DPPH assay 0.1 mg ml-1 and 0.081 mg ml-1, respectively). Compound A has higher TEAC values implying its stronger antioxidant activity compared to a trolox standard. The applied calculation method and in vitro tests confirmed that compound A has a strong potential against free radicals and may be a novel candidate for application in antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Janković
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Sciences Jovana Cvijića bb 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Julijana Tadić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14 11351 Vinča Belgrade Serbia
| | - Emilija Milović
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Sciences Jovana Cvijića bb 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Zoran Marković
- University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Sciences Jovana Cvijića bb 34000 Kragujevac Serbia
- The State University of Novi Pazar 36300 Novi Pazar Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Petronijević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Radoja Domanovića 12 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Nenad Joksimović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Radoja Domanovića 12 Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Teona Teodora Borović
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University Sakaka Al Jouf 72388 Saudi Arabia
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6
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Marković Z, Komolkin AV, Egorov AV, Milenković D, Jeremić S. Alizarin as a potential protector of proteins against damage caused by hydroperoxyl radical. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 373:110395. [PMID: 36758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Alizarin is a natural anthraquinone molecule with moderate antioxidative capacity. Some earlier investigations indicated that it can inhibit osteosarcoma and breast carcinoma cell proliferation by inhibiting of phosphorylation process of ERK protein (extracellular signal-regulated kinases). Several mechanisms of deactivation of one of the most reactive oxygen species, hydroperoxyl radical, by alizarin are estimated: hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA), radical adduct formation (RAF), and single electron transfer (SET). The plausibility of those mechanisms is estimated using density functional theory. The obtained results indicated HAA as the only thermodynamically plausible mechanism. For that purpose, two possible mechanistic pathways for hydrogen atom abstraction are studied in detail: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). Water and benzene are used as models of solvents with opposite polarity. To examine the difference between HAT and PCET is used kinetical approach based on the Transition state theory (TST) and determined rate constants (k). Important data used for a distinction between HAT and PCET mechanisms are obtained by applying the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), and by the analysis of single occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) in transition states for two examined mechanisms. The molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamic are used to predict the most probable positions of binding of alizarin to the sequence of ApoB-100 protein, a protein component of plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL). It is found that alizarin links the nitrated polypeptide forming the π-π interactions with the amino acids Phenylalanine and Nitrotyrosine. The ability of alizarin to scavenge hydroperoxyl radical when it is in a sandwich structure between the polypeptide and radical species, as the operative reaction mechanism, is not significantly changed concerning its antioxidant capacity in the absence of polypeptide. Therefore, alizarin can protect the polypeptide from harmful hydroperoxyl radical attack, positioning itself between the polypeptide chain and the reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Marković
- Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia; Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, State University of Novi Pazar, Serbia.
| | - Andrei V Komolkin
- Faculty of Physics, Department of Nuclear-Physics Research Methods, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei V Egorov
- Faculty of Physics, Department of Nuclear-Physics Research Methods, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dejan Milenković
- Institute for Information Technologies, Department of Science, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Jeremić
- Department of Natural Science and Mathematics, State University of Novi Pazar, Serbia.
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Khargharia S, Rohman R, Kar R. Hybrid Molecules of Hydroxycinnamic and Hydroxybenzoic Acids as Antioxidant and Potential Drug: A DFT Study. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rakiba Rohman
- Department of Chemistry Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh Assam India- 786004
| | - Rahul Kar
- Department of Chemistry Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh Assam India- 786004
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8
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Sadiq U, Gill H, Chandrapala J. Temperature and pH Stability of Anthraquinones from Native Aloe vera Gel, Spray-Dried and Freeze-Dried Aloe vera Powders during Storage. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111613. [PMID: 35681363 PMCID: PMC9180388 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the stability of extracted anthraquinones (aloin, aloe-emodin and rhein) from whole-leaf Aloe vera gel (WLAG), its freeze-dried powder (FDP) and spray-dried powder (SDP) under varying pH and temperature conditions during storage. Each anthraquinone behaved differently under different processing parameters. The amount of anthraquinones present in the gel was higher than in FDP and SDP. The aloin contents decreased by more than 50% at 50 °C and 70 °C, while at 25 °C and 4 °C, the decrease was moderate. A substantial reduction in aloin concentration was noticed at pH 6.7, whereas it remained unaffected at pH 3.5. The temperature and pH had no significant effect on the stability of aloe-emodin. Interestingly, a small quantity of rhein was detected during storage due to the oxidative degradation of aloin into aloe-emodin and rhein. These findings can provide significant insight into retaining anthraquinones during processing while developing functional foods and nutraceuticals to obtain maximum health benefits.
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Fringu I, Lascu A, Macsim AM, Fratilescu I, Epuran C, Birdeanu M, Fagadar-Cosma E. Pt(II)-A2B2 metalloporphyrin-AuNPS hybrid material suitable for optical detection of 1-anthraquinonsulfonic acid. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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In Vitro Anticancer Screening and Preliminary Mechanistic Study of A-Ring Substituted Anthraquinone Derivatives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010168. [PMID: 35011730 PMCID: PMC8750254 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinone derivatives exhibit various biological activities, e.g., antifungal, antibacterial and in vitro antiviral activities. They are naturally produced in many fungal and plant families such as Rhamnaceae or Fabaceae. Furthermore, they were found to have anticancer activity, exemplified by mitoxantrone and pixantrone, and many are well known redox-active compounds. In this study, various nature inspired synthetic anthraquinone derivatives were tested against colon, prostate, liver and cervical cancer cell lines. Most of the compounds exhibit anticancer effects against all cell lines, therefore the compounds were further studied to determine their IC50-values. Of these compounds, 1,4-bis(benzyloxy)-2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione (4) exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against PC3 cells and was chosen for a deeper look into its mechanism of action. Based on flow cytometry, the compound was proven to induce apoptosis through the activation of caspases and to demolish the ROS/RNS and NO equilibrium in the PC3 cell line. It trapped cells in the G2/M phase. Western blotting was performed for several proteins related to the effects observed. Compound 4 enhanced the production of PARP and caspase-3. Moreover, it activated the conversion of LC3A/B-I to LC3A/B-II showing that also autophagy plays a role in its mechanism of action, and it caused the phosphorylation of p70 s6 kinase.
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11
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Rohman R, Kar R. Tuning the antioxidant property of potential calixdrug calix[4]tyrosol: role of aza and thia linkages. Struct Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-021-01794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Trybus W, Król T, Trybus E, Stachurska A, Król G. The potential antitumor effect of chrysophanol in relation to cervical cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:639-652. [PMID: 33417255 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chrysophanol is an anthraquinone with proven antitumor activity against several tumor cell lines. However, its effect on cervical cancer cells is still unknown. Therefore, HeLa cells were exposed to various concentrations of chrysophanol and then subjected to biochemical, ultrastructural, and morphological analysis. It has been shown using flow cytometry and MTT reduction assay that chrysophanol has been shown to inhibit cell viability and arrest cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, a significant increase in apoptosis was found after chrysophanol treatment on HeLa cells, and this process was mediated by caspases 3/7 with a clear inactivation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein. However, the demonstrated increased number of cells with double-stranded DNA breaks suggests that chrysophanol also causes DNA damage. By means of electron and fluorescence microscopy, a clear effect of chrysophanol on the intensification of degradation processes, on changes in the structure of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria was demonstrated. The changes visible in the mitochondria may be related to the increase in the level of free radicals induced by chrysophanol, which induces apoptosis, inter alia, by increasing the permeability of mitochondrial membranes. The range of observed changes depended on the concentration of anthraquinone was tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Trybus
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Teodora Król
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Ewa Trybus
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Stachurska
- Department of Immunohematology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Król
- Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Antibiofilm effects of N,O-acetals derived from 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone are associated with downregulation of important global virulence regulators in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19631. [PMID: 33184312 PMCID: PMC7661526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the existing antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance is a major challenge. Consequently, the development of new drugs remains in great demand. Quinones is part of a broad group of molecules that present antibacterial activity besides other biological properties. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activities of synthetic N,O-acetals derived from 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone [7a: 2-(methoxymethyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone; 7b: 2-(ethoxymethyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone; and 7c: 2-(propynyloxymethyl)-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone] against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The derivatives 7b and 7c, specially 7b, caused strong impact on biofilm accumulation. This inhibition was linked to decreased expression of the genes fnbA, spa, hla and psmα3. More importantly, this downregulation was paralleled by the modulation of global virulence regulators. The substitution of 2-ethoxymethyl (7b) in comparison with 2-propynyloxymethyl (7c) enhanced sarA-agr inhibition, decreased fnbA transcripts (positively regulated by sarA) and strongly impaired biofilm accumulation. Indeed, 7b triggered intensive autolysis and was able to eliminate vancomycin-persistent cells. Consequently, 7b is a promising molecule displaying not only antimicrobial effects, but also antibiofilm and antipersistence activities. Therefore, 7b is a good candidate for further studies involving the development of novel and more rational antimicrobials able to act in chronic and recalcitrant infections, associated with biofilm formation.
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Thermochemical behavior of sorghum procyanidin trimers with C4–C8 and C4–C6 interflavan bonds in the reaction with superoxide anion radical and H2O2-forming NADH-oxidase flavoenzyme. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Cao Y, Shi Y, Cai Y, Hong Z, Chai Y. The Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine on P-Glycoprotein–Mediated Multidrug Resistance and Approaches for Studying the Herb–P-Glycoprotein Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:972-979. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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16
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Liu ZQ. Bridging free radical chemistry with drug discovery: A promising way for finding novel drugs efficiently. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 189:112020. [PMID: 32006794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases have been regarded to correlate with the in vivo oxidative damages, which are caused by overproduced free radicals from metabolic process or reactive oxygen species (ROS). This background motivates chemists to explore free radical reactions and to design a number of antioxidants, but whether free radical chemistry can be applied to accelerate the efficacy of the drug discovery is still underrepresented. Herein, in light of recent findings as well as kinetics on free radical reaction, the discipline of free radical chemistry is introduced to be a novel tool for finding potential drugs from antioxidant libraries accumulated during the study on free radical chemistry. These antioxidants provide with such abundant types of structural skeleton that might be employed to inhibit oxidations in different biological microenvironments. Although the in vitro characterization on the antioxidative property exerts a potential role of an antioxidant as a prodrug, the in vivo investigation on the property for quenching free radicals will make a final decision for the antioxidant whether it is worthy to be further explored pharmacologically. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that bridging free radical chemistry with the pharmacological research will provide with a succinct way for finding novel drugs efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Qun Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, No.2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Nam W, Nam SH, Kim SP, Levin C, Friedman M. Anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity activities of purpurin in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and in mice fed a high-fat diet. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:364. [PMID: 31829180 PMCID: PMC6907186 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2756-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The body responds to overnutrition by converting stem cells to adipocytes. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown polyphenols and other natural compounds to be anti-adipogenic, presumably due in part to their antioxidant properties. Purpurin is a highly antioxidative anthraquinone and previous studies on anthraquinones have reported numerous biological activities in cells and animals. Anthraquinones have also been used to stimulate osteoblast differentiation, an inversely-related process to that of adipocyte differentiation. We propose that due to its high antioxidative properties, purpurin administration might attenuate adipogenesis in cells and in mice. METHODS Our study will test the effect purpurin has on adipogenesis using both in vitro and in vivo models. The in vitro model consists of tracking with various biomarkers, the differentiation of pre-adipocyte to adipocytes in cell culture. The compound will then be tested in mice fed a high-fat diet. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells were stimulated to differentiate in the presence or absence of purpurin. The following cellular parameters were measured: intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane potential of the mitochondria, ATP production, activation of AMPK (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase), insulin-induced lipid accumulation, triglyceride accumulation, and expression of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ) and C/EBPα (CCAAT enhancer binding protein α). In vivo, mice were fed high fat diets supplemented with various levels of purpurin. Data collected from the animals included anthropometric data, glucose tolerance test results, and postmortem plasma glucose, lipid levels, and organ examinations. RESULTS The administration of purpurin at 50 and 100 μM in 3T3-L1 cells, and at 40 and 80 mg/kg in mice proved to be a sensitive range: the lower concentrations affected several measured parameters, whereas at the higher doses purpurin consistently mitigated biomarkers associated with adipogenesis, and weight gain in mice. Purpurin appears to be an effective antiadipogenic compound. CONCLUSION The anthraquinone purpurin has potent in vitro anti-adipogenic effects in cells and in vivo anti-obesity effects in mice consuming a high-fat diet. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells was dose-dependently inhibited by purpurin, apparently by AMPK activation. Mice on a high-fat diet experienced a dose-dependent reduction in induced weight gain of up to 55%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Nam
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Nam
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Phil Kim
- Research Institute of Basic Science, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
- STR Biotech Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, 24232, Republic of Korea.
| | - Carol Levin
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, 94710, USA.
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Tikhomirov AS, Ivanov IV, Korolev AM, Shchekotikhin AE. β-Hydroxylation of anthraquinone derivatives with benzaldehyde oxime as a source of hydroxyl group. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Xie L, Tang H, Song J, Long J, Zhang L, Li X. Chrysophanol: a review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1475-1487. [PMID: 31373015 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chrysophanol is a natural anthraquinone, also known as chrysophanic acid and 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone. It has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical fields. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetic researches of chrysophanol. KEY FINDING Information on chrysophanol was collected from the Internet database PubMed, Elsevier, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library and Europe PM using a combination of keywords including 'pharmacology', 'toxicology' and 'pharmacokinetics'. The literature we collected included from January 2010 to June 2019. Chrysophanol has a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, and regulating blood lipids. However, chrysophanol has obvious hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and pharmacokinetics indicate that the use of chrysophanol in combination with other drugs can reduce toxicity and enhance efficacy. SUMMARY Chrysophanol can be used in many diseases. Future research directions include how the concentration of chrysophanol affects pharmacological effects and toxicity; the mechanism of synergy between chrysophanol and other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawen Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaying Long
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Froldi G, Baronchelli F, Marin E, Grison M. Antiglycation Activity and HT-29 Cellular Uptake of Aloe-Emodin, Aloin, and Aloe arborescens Leaf Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112128. [PMID: 31195732 PMCID: PMC6600357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe arborescens is a relevant species largely used in traditional medicine of several countries. In particular, the decoction of leaves is prepared for various medicinal purposes including antidiabetic care. The aim of this research was the study of the antiglycation activity of two A. arborescens leaf extracts and isolated compounds: aloin and aloe-emodin. These phytoconstituents were quantitatively assessed in methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected. In order to study their potential use in diabetic conditions, the antiglycation and antiradical properties of the two extracts and aloin and aloe-emodin were investigated by means of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) assays; further, their cytotoxicity in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, the ability of aloin and aloe-emodin to permeate the cellular membranes of HT-29 cells was determined in order to estimate their potential in vivo absorption. This assessment indicated that aloe-emodin can substantially pass through cell membranes (~20%), whereas aloin did not permeate into HT-29 cells. Overall, the data show that both the methanolic and the hydroalcoholic A. arborescens extracts determine significant inhibition of glycation and free-radical persistence, without any cytotoxic activity. The data also show that the antiglycation and the antiradical activities of aloin and aloe-emodin are lower than those of the two extracts. In relation to the permeability study, only aloe-emodin is able to cross HT-29 cellular membranes, showing the attitude to pass through the intestinal layer. Overall, the present data surely support the traditional use of A. arborescens leaf extracts against hyperglycemic conditions, while aloin and aloe-emodin as potential drugs need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Froldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Federica Baronchelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Elisa Marin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Margherita Grison
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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