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Das A, Justin Thomas KR. Generation and Application of Aryl Radicals Under Photoinduced Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400193. [PMID: 38546345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced aryl radical generation is a powerful strategy in organic synthesis that facilitates the formation of diverse carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The synthetic applications of photoinduced aryl radical formation in the synthesis of complex organic compounds, including natural products, physiologically significant molecules, and functional materials, have received immense attention. An overview of current developments in photoinduced aryl radical production methods and their uses in organic synthesis is given in this article. A generalized idea of how to choose the reagents and approach for the generation of aryl radicals is described, along with photoinduced techniques and associated mechanistic insights. Overall, this article offers a critical assessment of the mechanistic results as well as the selection of reaction parameters for specific reagents in the context of radical cascades, cross-coupling reactions, aryl radical functionalization, and selective C-H functionalization of aryl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - K R Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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2
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Piedra HF, Plaza M. Advancements in visible-light-induced reactions via alkenyl radical intermediates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1217-1228. [PMID: 38700648 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, visible-light-induced organic transformations have taken a central role driving forward the progress of modern organic synthesis. These processes typically involve the transient generation of highly reactive radical intermediates, facilitating a diverse array of chemical reactions. Despite the abundance of synthetic strategies enabling the access of aryl and alkyl-centered radicals, the exploitation of photochemistry to generate highly reactive alkenyl radicals has remained notably underdeveloped. In this review, we present recent advancements in visible-light-induced transformations that proceed through the generation of alkenyl radicals from alkenyl-containing precursors, predominantly alkenyl halides, showcasing their application in various organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena F Piedra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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3
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Synthesis and Application Dichalcogenides as Radical Reagents with Photochemical Technology. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041998. [PMID: 36838986 PMCID: PMC9963440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dichalcogenides (disulfides and diselenides), as reactants for organic transformations, are important and widely used because of their potential to react with nucleophiles, electrophilic reagents, and radical precursors. In recent years, in combination with photochemical technology, the application of dichalcogenides as stable radical reagents has opened up a new route to the synthesis of various sulfur- and selenium-containing compounds. In this paper, synthetic strategies for disulfides and diselenides and their applications with photochemical technology are reviewed: (i) Cyclization of dichalcogenides with alkenes and alkynes; (ii) direct selenylation/sulfuration of C-H/C-C/C-N bonds; (iii) visible-light-enabled seleno- and sulfur-bifunctionalization of alkenes/alkynes; and (iv) Direct construction of the C(sp)-S bond. In addition, the scopes, limitations, and mechanisms of some reactions are also described.
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4
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Herrera-Luna JC, Pérez-Aguilar MC, Gerken L, García Mancheño O, Consuelo Jiménez M, Pérez-Ruiz R. Effective Formation of New C(sp 2 )-S Bonds via Photoactivation of Alkylamine-based Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203353. [PMID: 36314234 PMCID: PMC10107790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel visible light promoted formation of CAryl- S bonds through electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes of alkylamines with 5- and 6-membered (hetero)arene halides is presented. This represents the first EDA-based thiolation method not relying on π-π or a thiolate-anion-π interactions and provides a facile access to heteroarene radicals, which can be suitably trapped by disulfide derivatives to form the corresponding versatile arylsulfides. Mechanistic investigations on the aspects of the whole process were conducted by spectroscopic measurements, demonstrating the hypothesized EDA complex formation. Moreover, the strength of this method has been proven by a gram-scale synthesis of thiolated products and the late-stage derivatization of an anticoagulant drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C Herrera-Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Leon Gerken
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - M Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera S/N, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Piedra HF, Plaza M. Photochemical halogen-bonding assisted generation of vinyl and sulfur-centered radicals: stereoselective catalyst-free C(sp 2)-S bond forming reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:650-657. [PMID: 36741527 PMCID: PMC9848158 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05556b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of photochemistry and halogen bonding interactions has risen in the last few years as a powerful synthetic tool for the creation of radical intermediates under mild conditions. In the formation of carbon-centered radicals, this reactivity has been to date restricted to the employment of aryl and alkyl halides as precursors. We now envisioned that the halogen-bonding initiated formation of highly reactive vinyl radicals would be a feasible process for the photochemical cross-coupling between thiols and alkenyl halides under basic conditions. The reaction shows indeed a very broad functional group tolerance, is stereoselective, simple and scalable. In-depth mechanistic studies point at the formation of vinyl and sulfur-centered radicals as the intermediates of the reaction and DFT calculations support the pre-formation of a halogen-bonding complex as the initiator of the photochemical transformation. Synthetic applications were developed to extend the utility of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena F. Piedra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”, Universidad de OviedoJulián Clavería 833006 OviedoSpain
| | - Manuel Plaza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica “Enrique Moles”, Universidad de OviedoJulián Clavería 833006 OviedoSpain
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6
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Sagadevan A, Ghosh A, Maity P, Mohammed OF, Bakr OM, Rueping M. Visible-Light Copper Nanocluster Catalysis for the C-N Coupling of Aryl Chlorides at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12052-12061. [PMID: 35766900 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of aryl chlorides in cross-coupling reactions is a long-standing challenge in organic synthesis that is of great interest to industry. Ultrasmall (<3 nm), atomically precise nanoclusters (NCs) are considered one of the most promising catalysts due to their high surface area and unsaturated active sites. Herein, we introduce a copper nanocluster-based catalyst, [Cu61(StBu)26S6Cl6H14] (Cu61NC) that enables C-N bond-forming reactions of aryl chlorides under visible-light irradiation at room temperature. A range of N-heterocyclic nucleophiles and electronically and sterically diverse aryl/hetero chlorides react in this new Cu61NC-catalyzed process to afford the C-N coupling products in good yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that a single-electron-transfer (SET) process between the photoexcited Cu61NC complex and aryl halide enables the C-N-arylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Sagadevan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atanu Ghosh
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Partha Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Yang D, Yan Q, Zhu E, Lv J, He WM. Carbon–sulfur bond formation via photochemical strategies: An efficient method for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Song G, Xue D. Research Progress on Light-Promoted Transition Metal-Catalyzed C-Heteroatom Bond Coupling Reactions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202202018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Renzi P, Azzi E, Lanfranco A, Moro R, Deagostino A. Visible Light as the Key for the Formation of Carbon–Sulfur Bonds in Sulfones, Thioethers, and Sulfonamides: An Update. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1509-5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review summarizes the most relevant advancements made in the photocatalyzed synthesis of sulfones, thioethers, and sulfonamides from 2017 to the beginning of 2021. Synthetic strategies towards the construction of sulfur–carbon bonds are discussed together with the proposed reaction mechanisms. Interestingly, sulfur-based functional groups, which are of fundamental importance for the pharmaceutical field, can be assembled by photocatalysis in an easy and straightforward way under milder reaction conditions employing less toxic and expensive sulfur sources in comparison with common strategies.1 Introduction2 Sulfones2.1 Sodium Sulfinates and Sulfinic Acids2.2 Sulfonyl Halides2.3 Sulfonyl Hydrazones2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Surrogates2.5 Miscellaneous3 Thioethers4 Sulfonamides5 Conclusions
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Huang D, Wu X. t-BuOK-promoted methylthiolation of aryl fluorides with dimethyldisulfide under transition-metal-free and mild conditions. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bugaenko DI, Volkov AA, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Generation of aryl radicals by redox processes. Recent progress in the arylation methodology. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arylation methods based on the generation and use of aryl radicals have been a rapidly growing field of research in recent years and currently represent a powerful strategy for carbon – carbon and carbon – heteroatom bond formation. The progress in this field is related to advances in the methods for generation of aryl radicals. The currently used aryl radical precursors include aryl halides, aryldiazonium and diaryliodonium salts, arylcarboxylic acids and their derivatives, arylboronic acids, arylhydrazines, organosulfur(II, VI) compounds and some other compounds. Aryl radicals are generated under mild conditions by single electron reduction or oxidation of precursors induced by conventional reagents, visible light or electric current. A crucial role in the development of the radical arylation methodology belongs to photoredox processes either catalyzed by transition metal complexes or organic dyes or proceeding without catalysts. Unlike the conventional transition metal-catalyzed arylation methods, radical arylation reactions proceed very often at room temperature and have high functional group tolerance. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this review covers the most important advances of the current decade in the generation and synthetic applications of (het)aryl radicals. Examples of reactions are given and mechanistic insights are highlighted.
The bibliography includes 341 references.
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12
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Li J, Sun W, Saalim M, Wei G, Zaleta-Pinet DA, Clark BR. Isolation of 2-Alkyl-4-quinolones with Unusual Side Chains from a Chinese Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolate. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2294-2298. [PMID: 32603106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain isolated from Hebei, China, led to the isolation of a suite of quinolones, quinolone-N-oxides, and phenazines, the structures of which were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Most notable among the secondary metabolites isolated was an unprecedented 4-quinolone containing an S-methyl group in the side chain and a new derivative including a phenyl ring in the side chain, which expand significantly the variety of structural motifs found in the quinolones and raise interesting questions about their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Saalim
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Diana A Zaleta-Pinet
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300092, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin R Clark
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300092, People's Republic of China
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Malik JA, Madani A, Pieber B, Seeberger PH. Evidence for Photocatalyst Involvement in Oxidative Additions of Nickel-Catalyzed Carboxylate O-Arylations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11042-11049. [PMID: 32469219 PMCID: PMC7467672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dual photocatalysis and nickel catalysis can effect cross-coupling under mild conditions, but little is known about the in situ kinetics of this class of reactions. We report a comprehensive kinetic examination of a model carboxylate O-arylation, comparing a state-of-the-art homogeneous photocatalyst (Ir(ppy)3) with a competitive heterogeneous photocatalyst (graphitic carbon nitride). Experimental conditions were adjusted such that the nickel catalytic cycle is saturated with excited photocatalyst. This approach was designed to remove the role of the photocatalyst, by which only the intrinsic behaviors of the nickel catalytic cycles are observed. The two reactions did not display identical kinetics. Ir(ppy)3 deactivates the nickel catalytic cycle and creates more dehalogenated side product. Kinetic data for the reaction using Ir(ppy)3 supports a turnover-limiting reductive elimination. Graphitic carbon nitride gave higher selectivity, even at high photocatalyst-to-nickel ratios. The heterogeneous reaction also showed a rate dependence on aryl halide, indicating that oxidative addition plays a role in rate determination. The results argue against the current mechanistic hypothesis, which states that the photocatalyst is only involved to trigger reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal A Malik
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Amiera Madani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Kim J, Kang B, Hong SH. Direct Allylic C(sp3)–H Thiolation with Disulfides via Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Pagire SK, Föll T, Reiser O. Shining Visible Light on Vinyl Halides: Expanding the Horizons of Photocatalysis. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:782-791. [PMID: 32150385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusOver the past decade, photoredox catalysis has blossomed as a powerful methodology because of its wide applicability in sustainable free-radical-mediated processes, in which light is used as a cleaner energy source to alter the redox properties of organic molecules and to drive unique chemical transformations. Numerous examples of highly selective C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation processes have been achieved this way in an efficient and waste-reducing way. Therein, the activation of widely available organic halides via single-electron reduction has been broadly applied for organic synthesis. However, in comparison with alkyl and aryl halides, the analogous utilization of vinyl halides is less developed, most likely as a consequence of the highly unstable vinyl radicals generated as intermediates along with their strong tendency to abstract hydrogen atoms from a suitable source (e.g., the solvent), resulting in a synthetically less useful reduction.Nevertheless, during the last years, a number of photocatalytic processes involving vinyl halides have been developed, featuring the generation of vinyl radicals, diradicals, or radical cations as the key transient species. Moreover, photoredox processes in which a radical reacts with a vinyl halide or with an in situ-generated vinylmetal halide have been developed. Thus, identifying suitable conditions to generate and manipulate these reactive species has resulted in novel synthetic processes in a controllable manner. Moreover, in view of the great versatility of vinyl halides in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, their activation by visible light might provide an attractive alternative to such processes, especially when non-noble metals could be used as photoinitiators in the future.In this Account, we discuss the various strategies of photoredox processes involving vinyl halides, classifying the material into four categories: (a) formation of a vinyl radical upon receipt of an electron from the photocatalyst, (b) formation of a radical cation after donation of an electron to the photocatalyst, (c) energy transfer corresponding to diradical formation upon triplet-triplet sensitization, and (d) dual transition metal and photocatalysis employing vinyl halides as precursors. While in the first three approaches the activation of vinyl halides is part of the photochemical step, the fourth one involves the interaction of a photochemically generated radical with a vinylnickel(II) halide obtained in turn by the oxidative addition of nickel(0) to the vinyl halide. Therefore, we highlight these important developments for conceptual comparison to the direct activation of vinyl halides by light, but they are not covered in depth in this Account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K. Pagire
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Föll
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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16
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Liu Y, Lam LY, Ye J, Blanchard N, Ma C. DABCO‐promoted Diaryl Thioether Formation by Metal‐catalyzed Coupling of Sodium Sulfinates and Aryl Iodides. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
| | - Long Yin Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jiqing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Université de Haute-AlsaceUniversité de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7042 Mulhouse 68200 France
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
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17
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Sandfort F, Knecht T, Pinkert T, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Site-Selective Thiolation of (Multi)halogenated Heteroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6913-6919. [PMID: 32237706 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A general and simple strategy for the site-selective thiolation of various pharmaceutically relevant electron-rich heteroarenes with thiols is reported. This mild and reliable photocatalytic protocol enables C-S coupling at the most electron-rich position of the (multi)halogenated substrates, complementing established methodologies. Experimental and computational studies suggest a radical chain mechanism with the key step being a homolytic aromatic substitution of the heteroaryl halide by an electrophilic thiyl radical, highlighting an underdeveloped reactivity mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Sandfort
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Knecht
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Pinkert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Liu J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Wen X, Dou X, Wei J, Qiu X, Song S, Jiao N. Nitromethane as a nitrogen donor in Schmidt-type formation of amides and nitriles. Science 2019; 367:281-285. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Schmidt reaction has been an efficient and widely used synthetic approach to amides and nitriles since its discovery in 1923. However, its application often entails the use of volatile, potentially explosive, and highly toxic azide reagents. Here, we report a sequence whereby triflic anhydride and formic and acetic acids activate the bulk chemical nitromethane to serve as a nitrogen donor in place of azides in Schmidt-like reactions. This protocol further expands the substrate scope to alkynes and simple alkyl benzenes for the preparation of amides and nitriles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ziyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaojin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Song Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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19
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Connell TU, Fraser CL, Czyz ML, Smith ZM, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Agugiaro J, Wilson DJD, Adcock JL, Scully AD, Gómez DE, Barnett NW, Polyzos A, Francis PS. The Tandem Photoredox Catalysis Mechanism of [Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)]+ Enabling Access to Energy Demanding Organic Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17646-17658. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine L. Fraser
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Milena L. Czyz
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Zoe M. Smith
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Agugiaro
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David J. D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | | | - Daniel E. Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Neil W. Barnett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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20
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Cavedon C, Seeberger PH, Pieber B. Photochemical Strategies for Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cavedon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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Garrido-Castro AF, Salaverri N, Maestro MC, Alemán J. Intramolecular Homolytic Substitution Enabled by Photoredox Catalysis: Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Silicon Heterocycle Synthesis from Aryl Halides. Org Lett 2019; 21:5295-5300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Salaverri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Maestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
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22
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Janssens P, Debrouwer W, Van Aken K, Huvaere K. Thiol−Ene Coupling in a Continuous Photo‐Flow Regime. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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