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Zhou P, Nazari Haghighi Pashaki M, Frey HM, Hauser A, Decurtins S, Cannizzo A, Feurer T, Häner R, Aschauer U, Liu SX. Photoinduced asymmetric charge trapping in a symmetric tetraazapyrene-fused bis(tetrathiafulvalene) conjugate. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12715-12722. [PMID: 38020370 PMCID: PMC10646961 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03184e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In fused donor-acceptor (D-A) ensembles, rapid charge recombination often occurs because the D and A units are spatially close and strongly coupled. To the best of our knowledge, a long-lived charge separated (CS) state is still elusive in such systems. The results presented here show that symmetric annulation of two tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) donors to a central tetraazapyrene (TAP) acceptor via two quinoxaline units leads to a CS state lifetime of a few ns. A detailed study of the electronic interactions between TTF and TAP units in the ground and excited states was performed and compared with the asymmetric counterpart by cyclic voltammetry, optical absorption and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that the photoinduced asymmetric charge trapping between two TTFs significantly stabilizes the CS state, which is also verified theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | | | - Hans-Martin Frey
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hauser
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cannizzo
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Robert Häner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2A 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
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2
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Han Y, Nickle C, Maglione MS, Karuppannan SK, Casado‐Montenegro J, Qi D, Chen X, Tadich A, Cowie B, Mas‐Torrent M, Rovira C, Cornil J, Veciana J, del Barco E, Nijhuis CA. Bias-Polarity-Dependent Direct and Inverted Marcus Charge Transport Affecting Rectification in a Redox-Active Molecular Junction. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100055. [PMID: 34145786 PMCID: PMC8292891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the transition from the normal to inverted Marcus region in solid-state tunnel junctions consisting of self-assembled monolayers of benzotetrathiafulvalene (BTTF), and how this transition determines the performance of a molecular diode. Temperature-dependent normalized differential conductance analyses indicate the participation of the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) at large negative bias, which follows typical thermally activated hopping behavior associated with the normal Marcus regime. In contrast, hopping involving the HOMO dominates the mechanism of charge transport at positive bias, yet it is nearly activationless indicating the junction operates in the inverted Marcus region. Thus, within the same junction it is possible to switch between Marcus and inverted Marcus regimes by changing the bias polarity. Consequently, the current only decreases with decreasing temperature at negative bias when hopping is "frozen out," but not at positive bias resulting in a 30-fold increase in the molecular rectification efficiency. These results indicate that the charge transport in the inverted Marcus region is readily accessible in junctions with redox molecules in the weak coupling regime and control over different hopping regimes can be used to improve junction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Han
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Cameron Nickle
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFL32816USA
| | - Maria Serena Maglione
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | | | - Javier Casado‐Montenegro
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | - Dong‐Chen Qi
- Centre for Materials ScienceSchool of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQueensland4001Australia
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
| | - Anton Tadich
- Australian Synchrotron ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Bruce Cowie
- Australian Synchrotron ClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Marta Mas‐Torrent
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | - Concepció Rovira
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 20MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)/CIBER‐BBNCampus de la UABBellaterra08193Spain
| | | | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore3 Science Drive 3Singapore117543Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research CenterNational University of Singapore6 Science Drive 2Singapore117546Singapore
- Hybrid Materials for Opto‐Electronics GroupDepartment of Molecules and MaterialsMESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain‐Inspired Nano SystemsFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 217EnschedeAE 7500The Netherlands
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3
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Gaedke M, Hupatz H, Schröder HV, Suhr S, Hoffmann KF, Valkonen A, Sarkar B, Riedel S, Rissanen K, Schalley CA. Dual-stimuli pseudorotaxane switches under kinetic control. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00503k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dual-stimuli pseudorotaxane switches: Threaded complexes dissociate upon deprotonation or oxidation. A mechanical bond changes the influence of a ‘speed bump’ on the outcome of a switching event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Simon Suhr
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 35
- 40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Universität Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie der Freien Universität Berlin
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 35
- 40014 Jyväskylä
- Finland
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4
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Hupatz H, Gaedke M, Schröder HV, Beerhues J, Valkonen A, Klautzsch F, Müller S, Witte F, Rissanen K, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Thermodynamic and electrochemical study of tailor-made crown ethers for redox-switchable (pseudo)rotaxanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2576-2588. [PMID: 33133289 PMCID: PMC7590624 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown ethers are common building blocks in supramolecular chemistry and are frequently applied as cation sensors or as subunits in synthetic molecular machines. Developing switchable and specifically designed crown ethers enables the implementation of function into molecular assemblies. Seven tailor-made redox-active crown ethers incorporating tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or naphthalene diimide (NDI) as redox-switchable building blocks are described with regard to their potential to form redox-switchable rotaxanes. A combination of isothermal titration calorimetry and voltammetric techniques reveals correlations between the binding energies and redox-switching properties of the corresponding pseudorotaxanes with secondary ammonium ions. For two different weakly coordinating anions, a surprising relation between the enthalpic and entropic binding contributions of the pseudorotaxanes was discovered. These findings were applied to the synthesis of an NDI-[2]rotaxane, which retains similar spectroelectrochemical properties compared to the corresponding free macrocycle. The detailed understanding of the thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of the tailor-made crown ethers lays the foundation for the construction of new types of molecular redox switches with emergent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hupatz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544, USA
| | - Julia Beerhues
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arto Valkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Fabian Klautzsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Witte
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla P. O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34/36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,present address: Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Broløs L, Kilde MD, Hammerich O, Nielsen MB. Toward Redox-Active Indenofluorene-Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Oligomers-Synthesis and Studies of Dimeric Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3277-3286. [PMID: 31984743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The promotion of mixed-valence interactions between redox-active, π-conjugated scaffolds is of interest when developing new conducting or electrochromic materials as well as in the construction of redox-controlled supramolecular assemblies. In this work, dimeric structures of the redox-active indenofluorene-extended tetrathiafulvalene (IF-TTF) unit were synthesized in a stepwise protocol. The synthesis relied on the development of a new unsymmetrical IF-TTF building block by a combination of phosphite-mediated and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions for introduction of the dithiafulvene units. The redox properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry, where it was observed that a first one-electron oxidation, corresponding to a mixed-valence state, occurs at a significantly lower potential when the IF-TTF unit is incorporated into a dimer, compared to a monomer analogue. This result indicates that locking the redox-active IF-TTF units in close proximity promotes intramolecular mixed-valence interactions. A computational study was also conducted, supporting the involvement of intramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Schröder HV, Stein F, Wollschläger JM, Sobottka S, Gaedke M, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Accordion‐Like Motion in Electrochemically Switchable Crown Ether/Ammonium Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jan M. Wollschläger
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und BiochemieFreie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
- School of Life SciencesNorthwestern Polytechnical University 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
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7
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Schröder HV, Stein F, Wollschläger JM, Sobottka S, Gaedke M, Sarkar B, Schalley CA. Accordion-Like Motion in Electrochemically Switchable Crown Ether/Ammonium Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3496-3500. [PMID: 30623543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reversible oxidation reactions in electrochemically switchable oligorotaxanes with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) decorated 24-crown-8 ether wheels generate intramolecular mixed-valence and radical-cation interactions between the wheels. This induces shuttling of the wheels and a contraction of inter-wheel distances. Further oxidation generates repulsive forces between the TTFs and maximizes the inter-wheel distances instead. These interactions and co-conformational changes were not observed for structurally similar controls in which acetyl groups along the axle prevent translational motion of the wheels. This operation mode of oligorotaxanes, which is reminiscent of an accordion-like motion, is promising for functional materials and nanodevices such as piston-type rotaxane motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan M Wollschläger
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sobottka
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Gaedke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
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8
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Schröder HV, Mekic A, Hupatz H, Sobottka S, Witte F, Urner LH, Gaedke M, Pagel K, Sarkar B, Paulus B, Schalley CA. Switchable synchronisation of pirouetting motions in a redox-active [3]rotaxane. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21425-21433. [PMID: 30427015 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05534c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the crown/ammonium [3]rotaxane R2 is reported which allows a switchable synchronisation of wheel pirouetting motions. The rotaxane is composed of a dumbbell-shaped axle molecule with two mechanically interlocked macrocycles which are decorated with a redox-active tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments reveal that rotaxane R2 can be reversibly switched between four stable oxidation states (R2, R2˙+, R22(˙+), and R24+). The oxidations enable non-covalent, cofacial interactions between the TTF units in each state-including a stabilised mixed-valence (TTF2)˙+ and a radical-cation (TTF˙+)2 dimer interaction-which dictate a syn (R2, R2˙+, and R22(˙+)) or anti (R24+) ground state co-conformation of the wheels in the rotaxane. Furthermore, the strength of these wheel-wheel interactions varies with the oxidation state, and thus electrochemical switching allows a controllable synchronisation of the wheels' pirouetting motions. DFT calculations explore the potential energy surface of the counter-rotation of the two interacting wheels in all oxidation states. The controlled coupling of pirouetting motions in rotaxanes can lead to novel molecular gearing systems which transmit rotational motion by switchable non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik V Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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