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Dhameliya TM, Vekariya DD, Bhatt PR, Kachroo T, Virani KD, Patel KR, Bhatt S, Dholakia SP. Synthetic account on indoles and their analogues as potential anti-plasmodial agents. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8. [PMID: 38709459 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Malaria caused by P. falciparum, has been recognized as one of the major infectious diseases causing the death of several patients as per the reports from the World Health Organization. In search of effective therapeutic agents against malaria, several research groups have started working on the design and development of novel heterocycles as anti-malarial agents. Heterocycles have been recognized as the pharmacophoric features for the different types of medicinally important activities. Among all these heterocycles, nitrogen containing aza-heterocycles should not be underestimated owing to their wide therapeutic window. Amongst the aza-heterocycles, indoles and fused indoles such as marinoquinolines, isocryptolepines and their regioisomers, manzamines, neocryptolenines, and indolones have been recognized as anti-malarial agents active against P. falciparum. The present work unleashes the synthetic attempts of anti-malarial indoles and fused indoles through cyclocondensation, Fischer-indole synthesis, etc. along with the brief discussions on structure-activity relationships, in vitro or in vivo studies for the broader interest of these medicinal chemists, working on their design and development as potential anti-malarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India.
- Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Drashtiben D Vekariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja R Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarun Kachroo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kumkum D Virani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushi R Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shelly Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip P Dholakia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380 009, Gujarat, India
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2
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Perry MJ, Willis AC, Bremner JB, Keller PA. An investigation of the allylation cascade reactions of substituted indigos. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4865-4873. [PMID: 36760297 PMCID: PMC9901421 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a continuation of the exploration of indigo cascade reactions, a series of -OMe, -Ph, -Br and -NO2 substituted indigos 1a-i were synthesised to probe electronic effects upon the outcome of allylation cascade reactions. When indigos 1a-i in the presence of base were reacted with allyl bromide, spiroindolinepyridoindolones 17-25 (36-75%) were obtained as the major products in each case, marking a shift in outcome relative to that previously reported for unsubstituted indigo. In electron-rich derivatives (-OMe, -Ph), C-allylspiroindolinepyridoindolediones 26-29 (3-11%) were also isolated, which are most likely formed via a Claisen rearrangement of the respective spiroindolinepyridoindolones 18-21. Additionally, the isolation of diallylbiindolone 16, oxazinobiindole 30 and N,N'-diallyl-3,3'-bis(allyloxy)biindole 31 each represented novel polyheterocyclic derivatives, providing intriguing new mechanistic insights, reaction pathways and in the case of 30 the first common heterocyclic skeletal outcome shared in both allylation and propargylation cascade reactions of indigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - John B. Bremner
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of WollongongWollongongNSW2522Australia
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3
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Yang J, Wang Y, Guan W, Su W, Li G, Zhang S, Yao H. Spiral molecules with antimalarial activities: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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4
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McCosker PM, Butler NM, Shakoori A, Volland MK, Perry MJ, Mullen JW, Willis AC, Clark T, Bremner JB, Guldi DM, Keller PA. The Cascade Reactions of Indigo with Propargyl Substrates for Heterocyclic and Photophysical Diversity. Chemistry 2021; 27:3708-3721. [PMID: 32885487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of structurally diverse heterocycles for chemical space exploration was achieved via the cascade reactions of indigo with propargylic electrophiles. New pyrazinodiindolodione, naphthyridinedione, azepinodiindolone, oxazinoindolone and pyrrolodione products were prepared in one pot reactions by varying the leaving group (-Cl, -Br, -OMs, -OTs) or propargyl terminal functionality (-H, -Me, -Ph, -Ar). Mechanistic and density functional theory studies revealed that the unsaturated propargyl moiety can behave as an electrophile when aromatic terminal substitutions are made, and therefore competes with leaving group substitution for new outcomes. Selected products from the cascade reactions were investigated for their absorption and fluorescence properties, including transient absorption spectroscopy. This revealed polarity dependent excited state relaxation pathways, fluorescence, and triplet formation, thus highlighting these reactions as a means to access diverse functional materials rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McCosker
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicholas M Butler
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Alireza Shakoori
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Michel K Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Perry
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse W Mullen
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony C Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nägelbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - John B Bremner
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul A Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, 2522, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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5
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Gaston JJ, McCosker PM, Yu H, Keller PA. Predicting phosphirane air stability using density functional theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayden J. Gaston
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Patrick M. McCosker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales Australia
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Hong H, Conover CM, Hofsommer DT, Sanz CA, Hicks RG. Discovery and properties of a new indigoid structure type based on dimeric cis-indigos. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5838-5842. [PMID: 32705103 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of indigo with quinones in the presence of sodium hydride leads unexpectedly to products containing two indigo subunits; one indigo is featured in a cis configuration and fused via its indole nitrogen atoms to a second indigo at the central C-C bond of the latter. Structural, optical, and redox properties of the new compounds are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
| | - Cassidy M Conover
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
| | - Dillon T Hofsommer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
| | - Corey A Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
| | - Robin G Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065 STN CSC, Victoria BC V8W 3V6, Canada.
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Velezheva VS, Babii OL, Khodak AA, Alekseeva EA, Nelyubina YV, Godovikov IA, Peregudov AS, Majorov KB, Nikonenko BV. Novel base-initiated cascade reactions of hemiindigos to produce dipolar γ-carbolines and indole-fused pentacycles. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41402-41408. [PMID: 35541627 PMCID: PMC9076487 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel continuous-flow cascade reactions are developed for producing 1,4-diaryl-disubstituted dipolar γ-carbolines 2 that contain a carboxylate group and their two pentacyclic precursors 6, 7 from hemiindigos 1. The nucleophilic and pro-electrophilic chemistry described is new to the hemiindigos 1, and it led to the discovery of antimycobacterial scaffold characteristic of rimino-type pentacycles 6, 7 and potent drug clofazimine. The new scaffold like clofazimine appears to be useful in developing lead agents active against drug-resistant/dormant TB. Based on hemiindigos we developed novel reactions for producing γ-carbolines and their precursors that appeared to be active against MTB.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Velezheva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - O L Babii
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - A A Khodak
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - E A Alekseeva
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - Yu V Nelyubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - I A Godovikov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - A S Peregudov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Vavilova St. 28 119991 GSP-1, Moscow Russia
| | - K B Majorov
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis Moscow Russia
| | - B V Nikonenko
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis Moscow Russia
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8
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Synthesis and Density Functional Theory Studies of Azirinyl and Oxiranyl Functionalized Isoindigo and (3 Z,3' Z)-3,3'-(ethane-1,2-diylidene)bis(indolin-2-one) Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203649. [PMID: 31658610 PMCID: PMC6832541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of functionalized isoindigo compounds by reaction of isoindigo with (S)-glycidyl tosylate, epibromohydrin, 2-(bromomethyl)-1-(arylsulfonyl)aziridine, and 2-(bromomethyl)-1-(alkylsulfonyl)aziridine in the presence of MeONa proceed under mild conditions in moderate yields. (3Z,3’Z)-3,3’-(Ethane-1,2-diylidene)bis(1-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)indolin-2-one), with an extended central olefin π-conjugated moiety was also reacted with methyl-oxiranes to give the corresponding N,N’-disubstituted derivative. Calculations with DFT and TD-DFT of hypothetical isoindigo-thiophene DA molecules with various electron withdrawing substituents, including aziridine, oxirane, nitrile, carbonyl, and sulfonate, indicated that the proximity and strength of the functional group have a significant effect on the HOMO, LUMO, vertical excitation energy, and oscillator strength of the π–π* transitions.
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9
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Butler NM, Bremner JB, Willis AC, Lucantoni L, Avery VM, Keller PA. Desymmetrization Reactions of Indigo with Grignard Reagents for the Synthesis of Selective Antiplasmodial [1H,3′H]-3-Aryl-2,2′-diindol-3′-ones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11228-11239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Butler
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - John B. Bremner
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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10
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Singh GS. Advances in synthesis and chemistry of aziridines. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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