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Silva HN, Toma SH, Hennemann AL, Gonçalves JM, Nakamura M, Araki K, Toyama MM, Toma HE. A New Supramolecular Tetraruthenated Cobalt (II) Porphyrazine Displaying Outstanding Electrocatalytical Performance in Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144598. [PMID: 35889469 PMCID: PMC9318768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new supramolecular electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) was synthesized from a central multibridging cobalt tetrapyridylporphyrazine (CoTPyPz) species by attaching four [Ru(bpy)2Cl]+ groups. Both CoTPyPz and the tetraruthenated cobalt porphyrazine species, TRuCoTPyPz, form very homogenous molecular films just by dropcasting their methanol solutions onto GCE electrodes. Such films exhibited low overpotentials for O2 evolution, e.g., 560 e 340 mV, respectively, displaying high stability, typically exceeding 15 h. The kinetic parameters obtained from the Tafel plots showed that the peripheral complexes are very important for the electrocatalytic activity. Hyperspectral Raman images taken along the electrochemical process demonstrated that the cobalt center is the primary active catalyst site, but its performance is enhanced by the ruthenium complexes, which act as electron-donating groups, in the supramolecular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiago N. Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (H.N.S.); (S.H.T.); (A.L.H.); (J.M.G.); (M.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Sérgio Hiroshi Toma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (H.N.S.); (S.H.T.); (A.L.H.); (J.M.G.); (M.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Artur Luís Hennemann
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (H.N.S.); (S.H.T.); (A.L.H.); (J.M.G.); (M.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Josué M. Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (H.N.S.); (S.H.T.); (A.L.H.); (J.M.G.); (M.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Marcelo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (H.N.S.); (S.H.T.); (A.L.H.); (J.M.G.); (M.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (H.N.S.); (S.H.T.); (A.L.H.); (J.M.G.); (M.N.); (K.A.)
| | - Marcos Makoto Toyama
- Maua Institute of Technology, Praça Mauá, 1-Mauá, São Caetano do Sul 09580-900, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.M.T.); (H.E.T.)
| | - Henrique Eisi Toma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (H.N.S.); (S.H.T.); (A.L.H.); (J.M.G.); (M.N.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.T.); (H.E.T.)
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Zinc(II) Sulfanyltribenzoporphyrazines with Bulky Peripheral Substituents—Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Potential Photocytotoxicity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The study’s aim was to synthesize new unsymmetrical sulfanyl zinc(II) porphyrazines and subject them to physicochemical and electrochemical characterization and also an initial acute toxicity assessment. The procedure was initiated from a commercially available dimercaptomaleonitrile disodium salt and o-phthalonitrile using Linstead’s macrocyclization reaction conditions, which led to magnesium(II) tribenzoporphyrazine with 4-(3,5-dibutoxycarbonylphenoxy)butylthio substituents. The obtained macrocycle was demetallated with trifluoroacetic acid and subsequently remetallated with zinc(II) acetate toward the zinc(II) porphyrazine derivative. The zinc(II) tribenzoporphyrazine with 4-(3,5-dibutoxycarbonylphenoxy)butylthio substituents was then subjected to the reduction reaction with LiAlH4, yielding zinc(II) tribenzoporphyrazine with 4-[3,5-di(hydroxymethyl)phenoxy]butylthio substituents. The new zinc(II) tribenzoporphyrazines were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, various NMR techniques (1HNMR, 13CNMR, 1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, and 1H-13C HMBC), and mass spectrometry. In the UV-Vis spectra, both macrocycles revealed characteristic Soret and Q-bands, whose positions were dependent on the solvent used for the measurements. Zinc(II) tribenzoporphyrazines were studied using electrochemical and photochemical methods, including the singlet oxygen generation assessment. Both zinc(II) porphyrazines revealed high singlet oxygen generation quantum yield values of up to 0.59 in DMSO, which indicates their potential photosensitizing potential for photodynamic therapy. In addition, new derivatives were subjected to a Microtox® bioluminescence assay.
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Novel cationic-chalcone phthalocyanines for photodynamic therapy eradication of S. aureus and E. coli bacterial biofilms and MCF-7 breast cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Jia T, Li L, Yin X, Chen Z, Ma S, Zhao X, Xi G, Xu T, Zhao X, Wang Y. Novel Water-Soluble Phthalocyanine-Based Small Molecule for Effective NIR Triggered Dual Phototherapy of Cancer. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06116j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) synergized photodynamic therapy (PDT) indicates more hopeful future of clinical application and is of significant importance for cancer theranostic compared with monotherapy. Dual phototherapy is attracting increasing...
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Ivanova SS, Salnikov DS, Knorr G, Ledovich O, Sliznev V, Kubat P, Novakova V, Stuzhin PA. Water-soluble sulfonated phosphorus(V) corrolazines and porphyrazines: the effect of macrocycle contraction and pyrazine ring fusion on spectral, acid-base and photophysical properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1364-1377. [PMID: 34935016 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel water-soluble dihydroxophosphorus(V) complexes of sulphophenyl substituted porphyrazine (6), corrolazine (7) and its pyrazine fused derivative (8) were prepared and their spectral, acid-base and photophysical properties in aqueous solutions were studied. Due to the presence of eight SO3H groups, the compounds were fully monomeric (7 and 8) or only slightly aggregated (6) in water. Spectrophotometric titration revealed that the two stage deprotonation of axially bonded hydroxy groups can be achieved for porphyrazine 6 (pKa1 = 5.62, pKa2 = 9.13) and pyrazine fused corrolazine 8 (pKa1 = 6.5, pKa2 = 11.7), while only the first dissociation stage could be observed for corrolazine 7 (pKa1 = 9.94). The fluorescence emission of the corrolazines 7, 8 and especially porphyrazine 6 was low in water (ΦF = 0.086, 0.18, and 0.014, respectively) and completely quenched under basic conditions due to photoinduced electron transfer. In comparison with porphyrazine 6, the contraction of the macrocycle in the corrolazines 7 and 8 induced significant improvement of singlet oxygen production in water reaching values of ΦΔ = 0.56 and 0.43, respectively, which makes the corrolazines promising photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. The observed evolution of the electronic absorption spectra and fluorescence quenching observed in a basic medium was explained using the model DFT calculations (cc-pvtz basis set) performed for the dihydroxophosphorus(V) complexes of unsubstituted porphyrazine and corrolazine and their mono- and doubly deprotonated forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Ivanova
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Denis S Salnikov
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Gleb Knorr
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Olesja Ledovich
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Valerij Sliznev
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Pavel Kubat
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel A Stuzhin
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
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Openda YI, Nyokong T. Enhanced photo-ablation effect of positively charged phthalocyanines-detonation nanodiamonds nanoplatforms for the suppression of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli planktonic cells and biofilms. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schrage BR, Nemykin VN, Ziegler CJ. Subbiliazine: A Contracted Phthalocyanine Analog. Org Lett 2021; 23:1076-1080. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44312-3601, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Openda YI, Nyokong T. Detonation nanodiamonds-phthalocyanine photosensitizers with enhanced photophysicochemical properties and effective photoantibacterial activity. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102072. [PMID: 33130028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nanophotosensitizers based on acetophenoxy tetrasubstituted metallophthalocyanines (MPc) and detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) were successfully formed and their photophysicochemical properties were determined. The zinc(II)Pc and indium(III)Pc complexes along with their nanoconjugates were found to have high singlet oxygen quantum yields (0.72 - 0.84) associated with the heavy central metal effect. The ability of the functional groups present on the DNDs to bind to the bacteria cell and the improved solubility of the nanoconjugates due to DNDs resulted in effective photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (PACT) activity against S. aureus planktonic cells, with the highest log reduction of 9.72 ± 0.02 for the conjugate of InPc conjugate with DNDs after 30 min irradiation. PACT studies were investigated at a dose of 10 μg/mL for each sample. The results suggest that the readily synthesized nanoconjugates can be used as appropriate PACT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Ikala Openda
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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Openda YI, Matshitse R, Nyokong T. A search for enhanced photodynamic activity against Staphylococcus aureus planktonic cells and biofilms: the evaluation of phthalocyanine-detonation nanodiamond-Ag nanoconjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1442-1454. [PMID: 33000851 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00075b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the synthesis and characterization of novel zinc (2) and indium (3) 2-amino-4-bromophenoxy substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs) along with the self-assembled nanoconjugates formed viaπ-π stacking interaction onto detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) to form 2@DNDs and 3@DNDs. 2@DNDs and 3@DNDs were covalently linked to chitosan-silver mediated nanoparticles (CSAg) to form 2@DNDs-CSAg and 3@DNDs-CSAg nanoconjugates. High singlet oxygen quantum yields in DMSO of 0.69 and 0.72 for Pcs alone and 0.90 and 0.92 for 2@DNDs-CSAg and 3@DNDs-CSAg, respectively, were obtained. The photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) activity of both phthalocyanines and nanoconjugates was tested against planktonic cells and biofilms of S. aureus. 2@DNDs-CSAg and 3@DNDs-CSAg caused effective killing with a log reduction of 9.74. In addition, PACT studies on single-species S. aureus biofilms were carried out with log reduction values of 5.12 and 5.27 at 200 μg mL-1 for 2@DNDs-CSAg and 3@DNDs-CSAg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Ikala Openda
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa.
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de Souza C, Carvalho JA, Abreu AS, de Paiva LP, Ambrósio JAR, Junior MB, de Oliveira MA, Mittmann J, Simioni AR. Polyelectrolytic gelatin nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis treatment. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 32:1-21. [PMID: 32847485 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1815495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, phthalocianato[bis(dimethylaminoethanoxy)] silicon (NzPC) was loaded onto gelatin nanoparticles functionalized with polyelectrolytes (polystyrene sulfonate/polyallylamine hydrochloride) by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application in promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis treatment. The process yield, and encapsulation efficiency were 80.0% ± 1.8 and EE = 87.0% ± 1.1, respectively. The polyelectrolytic gelatin nanoparticles (PGN) had a mean diameter of 437.4 ± 72.85 nm, narrow distribution size with a polydispersity index of 0.086. The obvious switching of zeta potential indicates successful alternating deposition of the polyanion PSS and polycation PAH directly on the gelatin nanoparticles. Photosensitizer photophysical properties were shown to be preserved after gelatin nanoparticle encapsulation. The impact of the PDT in the viability and morphology of Leishmania amazonensis promastigote in culture medium was evaluated. The PGN-NzPc presented low toxicity at the dark and the PDT was capable of decreasing the viability in more than 80% in 0.1 µmol.L-1 concentration tested. The PDT also triggered significant morphological alterations in the Leishmania promastigotes. These results reinforce the idea that the use of PGN as photosensitizers carriers is useful for PDT of Leishmania promastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina de Souza
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Janicy A Carvalho
- Departament of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering- Photobiology and Photomedicine (CNET), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandro S Abreu
- Departament of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering- Photobiology and Photomedicine (CNET), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas P de Paiva
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A R Ambrósio
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton Beltrame Junior
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A de Oliveira
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josane Mittmann
- Distance Education Coordination, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Andreza R Simioni
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Demuth J, Miletin M, Machan M, Kantor M, Zimcik P, Novakova V. Synthesis and J-Dimer Formation of Tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines with Different Functional Groups for Potential Biomolecular Probe Applications. Chempluschem 2020; 85:527-537. [PMID: 32187858 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though tetrapyrazinoporphyrazines (TPyzPzs) are generally presented as universal dark quenchers for oligonucleotide probes, the availability of TPyzPzs bearing different functional groups suitable for attachment to 3', and 5' ends or intrastrand positions remains rather limited. Therefore, a synthetic route to hexa(bis(2-methoxyethyl)amino) or hexa(diethylamino) TPyzPzs functionalized by an azide, hydroxy, or carboxy group or their combinations was developed. Studies of self-assembly into J-dimers in nonpolar solvents and their stability upon titration with pyridine (association constants, KP values, ranging 0.32-12.7×102 M-1 ) revealed that smaller peripheral substituents and functionalization of TPyzPzs improves the stability of J-dimers. ΦΔ and ΦF were low for the monomers (ΦF <0.0001, ΦΔ <0.008, DMF) due to quenching by intramolecular charge transfer; however, they increased in nonpolar solvents and after self-assembly into J-dimer (up to ΦF =0.027, ΦΔ =0.28).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Demuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Miletin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Machan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kantor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zimcik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Skvortsov IA, Fazlyeva AM, Khodov IA, Stuzhin PA. Porphyrazines with annulated diazepine rings. 5. Near-IR-absorbing tetrakis(6,7-dihydro-1 H-1,4-diazepino)porphyrazines and effects of acid solvation on their spectral properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04388e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel porphyrazines bearing fused 6,7-dihydro-1H-1,4-diazepine rings were synthesized and their spectral response on the change of medium acidity was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Skvortsov
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russia
| | - Alina M. Fazlyeva
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russia
| | - Ilya A. Khodov
- Institute of Solution Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences (ISC RAS)
- Ivanovo 153045
- Russia
| | - Pavel A. Stuzhin
- Research Institute of Macroheterocycles
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology (ISUCT)
- Ivanovo 153000
- Russia
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Saltini G, Cong L, Donzello MP, Ercolani C, Viola E, Pettiti I, Stuzhin PA, Kadish KM. Tetra-2,3-pyrazinoporphyrazines with Peripherally Appended Pyridine Rings. 20. Mono- and Pentanuclear Al III and Ga III Complexes: Synthesis and Physicochemical and Photoactivity Studies. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15269-15282. [PMID: 31663723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The autocyclotetramerization of the precursor 2,3-dicyano-5,6-di(2'-pyridyl)pyrazine [(CN)2Py2Pyz] in the presence of MCl3 compounds (M = AlIII, GaIII) leads to the formation of the new mononuclear porphyrazine complexes [Py8TPyzPzMCl]·xH2O (Py8TPyzPz = tetrakis-2,3-[5,6-di(2-pyridyl)pyrazino]porphyrazinato anion). From these species, the hydroxide analogues [Py8TPyzPzMOH]·xH2O were obtained by contact with hot water, and their corresponding pentanuclear species [(PdCl2)4Py8TPyzPzMCl]·xH2O could be easily formed by the reaction with PdCl2. Physicochemical characterization of the mono- and pentanuclear macrocycles was based on elemental analysis, and mass, powder X-ray, and IR spectra. UV-vis spectral studies of the mononuclear species in solutions of DMF, DMSO, or pyridine (c ≈ 10-5-10-6 M) indicate (mainly in DMF and DMSO) the initial presence of aggregation, in some cases accompanied by the concomitant occurrence for the complex of a one-electron reduction. While disaggregation into a single species evolves spontaneously over time, the -1 charged species, eventually also found present, can be brought back to its neutral form by addition of a slight amount of HCl, the final spectrum showing the presence of the starting neutral species in its pure monomeric form. Similar aspects were faced also for the parent pentanuclear complexes. Cyclic voltammetry experiments, conducted for the mono-/pentanuclear complexes in DMF and DMSO (c ≈ 10-4 M), exhibit progressive one-electron reductions (1 → 4) characterized by E1/2 values (V vs SCE) positioned to significantly less negative values than those known for the phthalocyanine (Pc) analogues, these data confirming the previously already proven higher electron-deficient character of the MII derivatives of the Py8TPyzPz macrocycle with respect to Pc. The role of the present new series of AlIII and GaIII macrocyclic species to act as photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen, 1O2, the cytotoxic agent in the anticancer treatment known as photodynamic therapy (PDT), has been explored in DMF/HCl. Among the quantum yields ΦΔ, the value found for the GaIII complex [Py8TPyzPzGaCl] (0.68), practically coincident with that observed for the TTDPz analogue (0.69), is well above those of most porphyrazines analogues (ΦΔ = 0.4-0.6), a result encouraging further research work for potential applications in the biochemical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Saltini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Roma Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Lei Cong
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
| | - Maria Pia Donzello
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Roma Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Claudio Ercolani
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Roma Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Elisa Viola
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Roma Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Ida Pettiti
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università di Roma Sapienza , P.le A. Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Pavel A Stuzhin
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology , 153460 Ivanovo , Russian Federation
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204-5003 , United States
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