An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes

The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).

Determination of thiourea by terbium (III)/ prulifloxacin sensitized potassium permanganate-sulfite chemiluminescence with quenching method

Based on the thiourea quenching of the chemiluminescence of Tb³⁺/ prulifloxacin (PUFX) sensitized KMnO₄-Na₂SO₃ system, a convenient and rapid chemiluminescence method for the determination of thiourea was proposed. The reaction between KMnO₄ and Na₂SO₃ brought only weak chemiluminescence, but the chemiluminescence increased sharply in the presence of sensitizer Tb³⁺/ PUFX. Addition of thiourea can prevent the reaction between KMnO₄ and Na₂SO₃, thus the chemiluminescence intensity was significantly decreased. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graphs for thiourea were linear in the range of 1.0 × 10^-7 to 4.0 × 10^-5 mol•L^-1. The limit of detection was 6.4 × 10^-8 mol•L^-1. The method was applied satisfactorily to the determination of thiourea in tap water, lake water and rice noodles and the spiked recoveries were between 104.7 ~ 113.4%. The possible mechanism of sensitization and quenching was also proposed.