1
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Kanbur U, Paterson AL, Rodriguez J, Kocen AL, Yappert R, Hackler RA, Wang YY, Peters B, Delferro M, LaPointe AM, Coates GW, Perras F, Sadow AD. Zirconium-Catalyzed C-H Alumination of Polyolefins, Paraffins, and Methane. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2901-2910. [PMID: 36696148 PMCID: PMC9912340 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
C-H/Et-Al exchange in zirconium-catalyzed reactions of saturated hydrocarbons and AlEt3 affords versatile organoaluminum compounds and ethane. The grafting of commercially available Zr(OtBu)4 on silica/alumina gives monopodal ≡SiO-Zr(OtBu)3 surface pre-catalyst sites that are activated in situ by ligand exchange with AlEt3. The catalytic C-H alumination of dodecane at 150 °C followed by quenching in air affords n-dodecanol as the major product, revealing selectivity for methyl group activation. Shorter hydrocarbon or alcohol products were not detected under these conditions. Catalytic reactions of cyclooctane and AlEt3, however, afford ring-opened products, indicating that C-C bond cleavage occurs readily in methyl group-free reactants. This selectivity for methyl group alumination enables the C-H alumination of polyethylenes, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly-α-olefin oils without significant chain deconstruction. In addition, the smallest hydrocarbon, methane, undergoes selective mono-alumination under solvent-free catalytic conditions, providing a direct route to Al-Me species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav Kanbur
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Andrew L. Kocen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Ryan Yappert
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan A. Hackler
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yi-Yu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Baron Peters
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States,Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Anne M. LaPointe
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Frédéric
A. Perras
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Aaron D. Sadow
- Ames
National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States,
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2
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Saito T, Hill MR, Lennon Luo SX, Ye HZ, Van Voorhis T, Johnson JA. Converting Commodity Polyolefins to Electronic Materials through Borane-Catalyzed Alkene Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23010-23018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Saito
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Technology Innovation Division, Panasonic Corporation, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
| | - Megan R. Hill
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hong-Zhou Ye
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Fazekas TJ, Alty JW, Neidhart EK, Miller AS, Leibfarth FA, Alexanian EJ. Diversification of aliphatic C-H bonds in small molecules and polyolefins through radical chain transfer. Science 2022; 375:545-550. [PMID: 35113718 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to selectively introduce diverse functionality onto hydrocarbons is of substantial value in the synthesis of both small molecules and polymers. Herein, we report an approach to aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond diversification using radical chain transfer featuring an easily prepared O-alkenylhydroxamate reagent, which upon mild heating facilitates a range of challenging or previously undeveloped aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond functionalizations of small molecules and polyolefins. This broad reaction platform enabled the functionalization of postconsumer polyolefins in infrastructure used to process plastic waste. Furthermore, the chemoselective placement of ionic functionality onto a branched polyolefin using carbon-hydrogen bond functionalization upcycled the material from a thermoplastic into a tough elastomer with the tensile properties of high-value polyolefin ionomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Fazekas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jill W Alty
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eliza K Neidhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Austin S Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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4
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López-Barrón CR, Lambic NS, Throckmorton JA, Schaefer JJ, Smith A, Raushel FN, Lin TP. One-Pot Synthesis of High-Melt-Strength Isotactic Polypropylene Ionomers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikola S. Lambic
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | | | | | - Avery Smith
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Frank N. Raushel
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | - Tzu-Pin Lin
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
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5
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Plummer CM, Li L, Chen Y. The post-modification of polyolefins with emerging synthetic methods. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01279c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This Perspective highlights the present state of polyolefin post-modification research, especially concerning recently developed C–H functionalization chemistry. Remaining challenges and emerging strategies within the field have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Plummer
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
| | - Le Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
- School of Chemistry
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education
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6
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Williamson JB, Na CG, Johnson RR, Daniel WFM, Alexanian EJ, Leibfarth FA. Chemo- and Regioselective Functionalization of Isotactic Polypropylene: A Mechanistic and Structure-Property Study. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12815-12823. [PMID: 31373806 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyolefins represent a high-volume class of polymers prized for their attractive thermomechanical properties, but the lack of chemical functionality on polyolefins makes them inadequate for many high-performance engineering applications. We report a metal-free postpolymerization modification approach to impart functionality onto branched polyolefins without the deleterious chain-coupling or chain-scission side reactions inherent to previous methods. The identification of conditions for thermally initiated polyolefin C-H functionalization combined with the development of new reagents enabled the addition of xanthates, trithiocarbonates, and dithiocarbamates to a variety of commercially available branched polyolefins. Systematic experimental and kinetic studies led to a mechanistic hypothesis that facilitated the rational design of reagents and reaction conditions for the thermally initiated C-H xanthylation of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) within a twin-screw extruder. A structure-property study showed that the functionalized iPP adheres to polar surfaces twice as strongly as commercial iPP while demonstrating similar tensile properties. The fundamental understanding of the elementary steps in amidyl radical-mediated polyolefin functionalization provided herein reveals key structure-reactivity relationships for the design of improved reagents, while the demonstration of chemoselective and scalable iPP functionalization to realize a material with improved adhesion properties indicates the translational potential of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill B Williamson
- Department of Chemistry , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Christina G Na
- Department of Chemistry , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Robert R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - William F M Daniel
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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7
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Synthesis of Brominated Polyethylene by Copolymerization of Ethylene with ω–bromoalkene Catalyzed by a Metallocene and Methylaluminoxane System. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9080660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metallocene-catalyzed copolymerization of ethylene and 11–bromo–1–undecene was carried out to synthesize brominated polyethylene (PE). A modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) solution was used as a cocatalyst and rac–Et(H4Ind)2ZrCl2 as a catalyst. The copolymerization showed a high activity and afforded the copolymer with a 11-bromo-1-undecene incorporation ranging from 1.0 to 4.3 mol%. When using a dried methylaluminoxane (dMAO) as a cocatalyst, the incorporation ratio of 11-bromo-1-undecene increased remarkably to 25.2 mol%. It was demonstrated that the type of MAO used as a cocatalyst affects the composition of the ethylene/11-bromo-1-undecene copolymer without changing the structure of the catalytic complex.
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8
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Acik G, Altinkok C. Polypropylene microfibers via solution electrospinning under ambient conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Acik
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Sciences and Letters, Piri Reis University Tuzla, Istanbul 34940 Turkey
| | - Cagatay Altinkok
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Science, Trakya University TR‐22030 Edirne Turkey
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9
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Plummer CM, Zhou H, Li S, Zhong H, Sun Z, Bariashir C, Sun WH, Huang H, Liu L, Chen Y. A direct functionalization of polyolefins for blend compatibilization by an insertion of 1,1-bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene (BPSE). Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00599d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A mild post-modification of polyethylene (PE) & polypropylene (PP) to insert phenylsulfonyl groups is reported, the modified samples demonstrated to act as blend compatibilizers.
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10
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Rakotonirina MD, Baron M, Siri D, Gaudel-Siri A, Quinebeche S, Flat JJ, Gigmes D, Cassagnau P, Beyou E, Guillaneuf Y. Acyloxyimide derivatives as efficient promoters of polyolefin C–H functionalization: application in the melt grafting of maleic anhydride onto polyethylene. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acyloxyimides as a new H-abstracting agent have been developed for the radical grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) onto polyethylene in the melt state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Baron
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- UMR CNRS 5223
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
| | - Anouk Gaudel-Siri
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
| | | | - Jean-Jacques Flat
- ARKEMA
- Centre d'Etude de Recherche et de Développement
- Serquigny
- France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- UMR CNRS 5223
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Emmanuel Beyou
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1
- UMR CNRS 5223
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille-Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
- UMR 7273
- F-13397 Marseille
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11
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Lv A, Li ZL, Wu YH, Du FS, Li ZC. Synthesis of precision polymers with regularly placed perfluoroalkyl segments and sulfonic acid groups via ADMET polymerization and internal alkene modification. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Williamson JB, Czaplyski WL, Alexanian EJ, Leibfarth FA. Regioselective C−H Xanthylation as a Platform for Polyolefin Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Williamson
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - William L. Czaplyski
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Erik J. Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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13
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Williamson JB, Czaplyski WL, Alexanian EJ, Leibfarth FA. Regioselective C−H Xanthylation as a Platform for Polyolefin Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6261-6265. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Williamson
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - William L. Czaplyski
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Erik J. Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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