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Hawks A, Daniel LM, Sorto VS, Mauro J, Skiouris P, Collier GS. Expanding Color Control of Anodically Coloring Electrochromes Based on Electron-Rich 1,4-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2- b]pyrroles. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024; 2:1235-1244. [PMID: 38962565 PMCID: PMC11217944 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.4c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Anodically coloring electrochromes have received attention in recent years as high-contrast alternatives to cathodically coloring electrochromes due to their superior optical contrast during electrochemical switching. While current systems represent significant progress for organic electrochromics, it is necessary to expand the structural diversity of these materials while simultaneously reducing the hazards associated with synthetic protocols. With these considerations in mind, a family of 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole (DHPP) chromophores with varying functionalities along the 2,5-axis was envisioned to accomplish these goals. After predicting different absorbance traits as oxidized molecules with time-dependent density functional theory, DHPP chromophores with varying peripheral functionalities were synthesized in a single aerobic synthetic step via an iron-catalyzed multicomponent reaction and characterized as high-contrast chromophores. In solution, the DHPP chromophores absorb in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, resulting in color-neutral L*a*b* color coordinates of ∼100, 0, 0. Upon chemical oxidation, each molecule transitions to absorb at various points across the visible spectrum based on the extent of electron-donating ability and can display five distinct colors. Importantly, the chromophores are redox-active and display switching capabilities with an applied electrochemical potential. In conjunction with building fundamental insights into molecular design of DHPP chromophores, the results and synthetic simplicity of DHPPs make them compelling materials for color-controlled high-contrast electrochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison
M. Hawks
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Lillian M. Daniel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Valentino S. Sorto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Julia Mauro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Perry Skiouris
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Graham S. Collier
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
- School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University
of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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Wang Z, You L, Pandit V, Chaudhary J, Lee WJ, Mei J. Transparent Electrochromic Polymers with High Optical Contrast and Contrast Ratio. JACS AU 2024; 4:2291-2299. [PMID: 38938807 PMCID: PMC11200217 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Colored-to-transmissive electrochromic polymers, known for their wide selection of colors and solution processability, have gained great attraction in thin film electrochromic devices that have entered the market. However, their adoption in the real world is limited due to their limited optical transparency and contrast. This study introduces a new molecular design strategy to overcome these issues. This strategy involves using meta-conjugated linkers (MCLs) and aromatic moieties along polymer backbones, which enable transparent-to-colored electrochromic switching. The MCL interrupts charge delocalization, increasing the band gap in the neutral state and ensuring transparency in the visible region. This innovative approach achieves nearly 100% transmittance in the neutral state and a high absorption in the oxidized state, overcoming residue absorption issues in conventional electrochromic polymers. Simultaneously, the MCL and aromatic moieties enable low oxidation potential, facilitating stable transparent-to-color switching. Polymers developed using this approach exhibit wide color tunability, optical contrast exceeding 93%, and cycling stability over 5000 cycles with less than 3% contrast decay. Our research represents a major advancement in overcoming existing challenges, enabling polymer-based electrochromic devices for visual comfort and energy conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaidehi Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jagrity Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Won-June Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Hawks A, Altman D, Faddis R, Wagner EM, Bell KJJ, Charland-Martin A, Collier GS. Relating Design and Optoelectronic Properties of 1,4-Dihydropyrrolo[3,2- b]pyrroles Bearing Biphenyl Substituents. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7352-7360. [PMID: 37561612 PMCID: PMC10461294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of peripheral functionality on optoelectronic properties of conjugated materials is an important task for the continued development of chromophores for myriad applications. Here, π-extended 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole (DHPP) chromophores with varying electron-donating or electron-withdrawing capabilities were synthesized via Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, and the influence of functionality on optoelectronic properties was elucidated. First, chromophores display distinct differences in the UV-vis absorbance spectra measured via UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy in addition to changes in the onset of oxidation measured with cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Solution oxidation studies found that variations in the electron-donating and -withdrawing capabilities result in different absorbance profiles of the radical cations that correspond to quantifiably different colors. In addition to fundamental insights into the molecular design of DHPP chromophores and their optoelectronic properties, two chromophores display high-contrast electrochromism, which makes them potentially compelling in electronic devices. Overall, this study represents the ability to fine-tune the optoelectronic properties of DHPP chromophores in their neutral and oxidized states and expands the understanding of structure-property relationships that will guide the continued development of DHPP-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison
M. Hawks
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Drake Altman
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Ryan Faddis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Ethan M. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Kenneth-John J. Bell
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Ariane Charland-Martin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Graham S. Collier
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
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Nhon L, Wilkins R, Reynolds JR, Tomlinson A. Guiding synthetic targets of anodically coloring electrochromes through density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054110. [PMID: 33557540 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic devices offer many technological applications, including flexible displays, dimmable mirrors, and energy-efficient windows. Additionally, adsorbing electrochromic molecular assemblies onto mesoporous metal-oxide surfaces facilitates commercial and manufacturing potential (i.e., screen-printing and/or roll-to-roll processing). These systems also demonstrate synthetic versatility, thus making a wide array of colors accessible. In this work, using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT), we investigated ten different bi-aryl type molecules of 3,4-ethylendioxythiophene (EDOT) conjugated to various phenyl derivatives as potential anodically coloring electrochromes (ACEs). The non-substituted phenylene, hexylthiol-EDOT-phenyl-phosphonic acid, PA1, was synthesized and characterized as a means of model validity. PA1 absorbs in the UV region in its neutral state and upon oxidation absorbs within the visible, hence showcasing its potential as an ACE chromophore. The properties of PA1 inspired the designs of the other nine structural derivatives where the number and position of methoxy groups on the phenylene were varied. Using our DFT treatment, we assessed the impact of these modifications on the electronic structures, geometries, and excited-state properties. In particular, we examined stabilization intermolecular interactions (S-O and O-H) as they aid in molecule planarization, thus facilitating charge transport properties in devices. Additionally, destabilizing O-O forces were observed, thereby making some chromophores less desirable. A detailed excited state analysis was performed, which linked the simulated UV-Vis spectra to the dominant excited state transitions and their corresponding molecular orbitals. Based on these results, the nine chromophores were ranked ergo providing an ordered list of synthetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nhon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Riley Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Aimée Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, USA
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Ochieng MA, Ponder JF, Reynolds JR. Effects of linear and branched side chains on the redox and optoelectronic properties of 3,4-dialkoxythiophene polymers. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of relevant structure–property relationships on solution-processable conjugated polymers have been shown to improve the performance of various redox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melony A. Ochieng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - James F. Ponder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
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Li W, Luo F, Zhang L, Yan S, Zhao R, Ren N, Wu Y, Chen Y, Dong Y, Ouyang M, Zhang C. Synthesis, electrochemistry, and electrochromic properties of branched thiophene polymers with different conjugation lengths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanma Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ren
- Zhejiang Chaowei Chuangyuan Industrial Co. LTD South Rd. No. 18 XingChang 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhao Wu
- Zhejiang Chaowei Chuangyuan Industrial Co. LTD South Rd. No. 18 XingChang 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuliang Chen
- Zhejiang Chaowei Chuangyuan Industrial Co. LTD South Rd. No. 18 XingChang 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Dong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
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Christiansen DT, Tomlinson AL, Reynolds JR. New Design Paradigm for Color Control in Anodically Coloring Electrochromic Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3859-3862. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Christiansen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Aimée L. Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia 30597, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Christiansen DT, Reynolds JR. A Fruitful Usage of a Dialkylthiophene Comonomer for Redox Stable Wide-Gap Cathodically Coloring Electrochromic Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Christiansen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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